4.3 awiri kutalika kwa zatsopano: labu munda ndi analogi-digito

Zimene labu kupereka ulamuliro, zatsopano m'munda kupereka Kuzindikira, ndipo digito munda zatsopano kuphatikiza kulamulira ndi Kuzindikira pa sikelo.

Zomwe zimayambira zimakhala zosiyana komanso zosiyana. M'mbuyomu, ofufuza apeza kuti zimathandiza kukonza zoyesayesa pamodzi ndi kupitiliza pakati pa ma experiments ndi ma experiment . Koma tsopano, ofufuza ayeneranso kuyambitsa zowonjezereka pambali yachiwiri yopitilira pakati pa kuyesa kwa analoji ndi kuyesera kwa digito . Gawoli lalingaliro la magawo awiri lidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa mphamvu ndi zofooka za njira zosiyana ndikuwonetsera malo omwe ali ndi mwayi waukulu (Chithunzi cha 4.1).

Chithunzi 4.1: Chikhazikitso cha malo opanga zoyesera. M'mbuyomu, mayesero amasiyana mozungulira gawo la masewera. Tsopano, amasiyananso pa chikhalidwe cha analog-digital. Malo awiri ofotokoza mapulaniwa akuwonetsedwa ndi zowonjezera zinayi zimene ndikulongosola m'mutu uno. Malinga ndi lingaliro langa, malo omwe ali ndi mwayi waukulu kwambiri ndi masewera a digito.

Chinthu chimodzi chomwe mayesero angathe kukonzedwa ndi gawo la masewera. Zofufuza zambiri mu sayansi ya zachikhalidwe ndi zofufuza zomwe akatswiri a maphunziro apamwamba akuchita ntchito zachilendo mu labata ndithudi ngongole. Kufufuza kotereku kumayambitsa kafukufuku wamaganizo chifukwa amathandiza akatswiri kuti apange makonzedwe apamwamba kwambiri kuti azidzipatula ndi kuyesa zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lawo. Komabe, pali mavuto ena, koma chinachake chimakhala chachilendo pofotokoza zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la umunthu kuchokera kwa anthu odabwitsa omwe akuchita ntchito zosazolowereka. Mavuto awa adayambitsa kayendetsedwe ka kuyesa kumunda . Kuyesera kumunda kumaphatikizapo mapangidwe amphamvu a kuyesa kuyendetsa mwadzidzidzi ndi magulu oimira anthu ambiri omwe akuchita nawo ntchito zambiri pazochitika zachilengedwe zambiri.

Ngakhale anthu ena amaganiza za ma lab ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi ngati njira zopikisana, ndi bwino kuganiza za iwo monga othandizira, ndi mphamvu zosiyana ndi zofooka. Mwachitsanzo, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) adagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku m'munda pofuna kuyesa kupeza magwero a "chilango cha amayi." Ku United States, amayi amapeza ndalama zochepa kuposa amayi opanda ana, ngakhale pamene kuyerekezera akazi omwe ali ndi luso lofanana lomwe amagwira ntchito zofanana. Pali zifukwa zambiri zotheka pa chitsanzo ichi, chimodzi mwazolemba ndi chakuti olemba ntchito amatsutsana ndi amayi. (N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zosiyana ndizooneka kuti ndi zoona kwa abambo: amayamba kupeza ndalama zambiri kuposa amuna opanda ana.) Pofuna kuyesa zotsutsana ndi amayi, Correll ndi anzake amagwira ntchito zatsopano: imodzi mu labu ndi imodzi m'munda.

Choyamba, mu labata amayesera kuwuza ophunzira, omwe anali a koleji ophunzirira maphunziro, kuti kampani ikupanga ntchito yowunikira munthu kuti atsogolere dera latsopano la East Coast malonda. Ophunzirawo anauzidwa kuti kampaniyo inkafuna thandizo lawo panthawi yobwereka, ndipo adafunsidwa kuti ayang'anitsenso anthu ambiri omwe angakhale oyenerera komanso kuti awonetsere oyenerera pazithunzi zingapo monga nzeru zawo, kutentha kwawo, ndi kudzipereka kwawo. Komanso, ophunzirawo anafunsidwa ngati angapereke mwayi wopempha wogwira ntchitoyo ndi zomwe angamupatse ngati kuyamba malipiro. Ophunzirawo sadziwa, komabe mapangidwewo adakonzedwanso kuti akhale ofanana koma kupatula chinthu chimodzi: ena mwa iwo adalengeza amayi (mwa kulemba momwe polojekiti ya makolo ndi aphunzitsi amapangira) ndipo ena sanatero. Correll ndi anzake adapeza kuti ophunzira sanagwiritse ntchito ntchito yolemba amayi awo komanso kuti apereke ndalama zochepa zoyambira. Kuwonjezera apo, mwa kuwerengetsera kufufuza kwa zisankho ndi zofunkha zogwirira ntchito, Correll ndi anzake adapeza kuti kuipa kwa amayi kunkafotokozedwa kwambiri ndikuti iwo anawerengedwa mozama malinga ndi luso ndi kudzipereka. Choncho, kuyesa kobuyi kumathandiza Correll ndi anzake kuganizira zotsatira zake ndipo amapereka ndondomeko yowonjezera.

Inde, wina akhoza kukayikira kuti aganizire za msika wonse wa ogwira ntchito ku United States pogwirizana ndi zisankho za ochepa ophunzirako zaka zomwe mwinamwake sanakhalepo ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse, pokhapokha atagwira ntchito wina. Choncho, Correll ndi anzake ogwira nawo ntchito adachitanso ntchito yowonjezeramo. Iwo adayankha mazanamazana a ntchito zofalitsa ntchito ndi zilembo zabodza ndikuyambiranso. Mofananamo ndi zipangizo zomwe zawonetsedwa kwa ophunzirako, ena ayambiranso amayi ndipo ena sanatero. Correll ndi anzake adapeza kuti amayi sankatchedwa kubwereranso kukafunsira mafunso kusiyana ndi amayi omwe alibe ana omwe ali oyenerera. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, olemba enieni omwe amapanga zisankho zogwirizana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe amachita mofanana ndi omwe anaphunzira kale. Kodi anapanga chisankho chomwecho pa chifukwa chomwecho? Mwatsoka, sitikudziwa. Ofufuzawo sankatha kufunsa abwanawo kuti aone ngati akufuna kapena afotokoze zosankha zawo.

Zowonongeka izi zimasonyeza zambiri za ma lab ndi masewero ambiri. Zofufuza zamabuku zimapereka ochita kafukufuku pafupi-kulamulira kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe kumene ophunzira akupanga zosankha. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu kuyesa kobu, Correll ndi anzake anatha kuonetsetsa kuti zonse zomwe zinayambira zinkawerengedwa m'malo otetezeka; mu kuyesera kwayomwe, zina mwazomwe zingakhale zisanakhale zitawerengedwa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chifukwa otsogolera mu lemba akudziwitsa kuti akuphunzira, ochita kafukufuku amatha kusonkhanitsa deta yowonjezera yomwe ingathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake ophunzira akusankha zochita. Mwachitsanzo, Correll ndi anzake adapempha ophunzira mu kafukufuku kuti ayesere oyenerera pazosiyana. Ndondomeko yotereyi ingathandize ochita kafukufuku kumvetsetsa njira zomwe anthu amachitira zovuta zomwe zimachitika.

Kumbali ina, izi zimakhala zofanana zomwe ndangoyamba kufotokozera kuti zopindulitsa nthawi zina zimaonongeka. Ochita kafukufuku amene amafufuza masewerawa amatsutsa kuti otsogolera ma experiments amatha kuchita mosiyana chifukwa amadziwa kuti akuphunzira. Mwachitsanzo, mu kuyesa kalasiyi, ophunzira angakhale atalingalira cholinga cha kafukufuku ndikusintha khalidwe lawo kuti asawonekere kukhala osakondera. Komanso, ochita kafukufuku amene angapangitse zofufuza zapakhomo anganene kuti zochepa zazing'ono zowonjezereka zimangowonekera mu malo abwino kwambiri, omwe sangathe kulandira ma laboratory, ndipo motero kafukufukuyo adzawonetsa zotsatira za kukhala ndi amai pazochita zenizeni. Potsirizira pake, anthu ambiri omwe akuyesa ntchitoyi akudzudzula kafukufuku wa labungwe 'kudalira ophunzira a WEIRD: makamaka ophunzira ochokera ku Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, ndi Democratic countries (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010a) . Mayesero a Correll ndi anzako (2007) akuwonetseratu zovuta ziwiri pa lab-field continuum. Pakati pazinthu ziwirizi zowonjezereka palinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowakanikirana, kuphatikizapo njira monga kubweretsa osaphunzira mu labu kapena kupita kumunda koma komabe ophunzira akugwira ntchito yosazolowereka.

Kuphatikiza pa malo omwe ali ndi labu omwe akhalapo kale, zaka za digito zimatanthauza kuti ofufuza tsopano ali ndi mbali yachiwiri yayikuru yomwe mayesero angasinthenso: digog-digital. Monga momwe ziliri kuyesa kosavuta, kuyesa koyera, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hybrids pakati, pali mayesero oyera a analog, zoyesera za digito, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hybrids. Ndizosamveka kupereka tanthawuzo lovomerezeka la gawo lino, koma tanthauzo lothandizira la ntchito ndikuti kuyesa kwadongosolo kwathunthu ndiko kuyesa komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti zilembetse ophunzira, kupanga ndondomeko, kupereka mankhwala, ndi kuyeza zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, Restivo ndi van de Rijt's (2012) yophunzira za mabarnstars ndi Wikipedia anali kuyesa kwathunthu digito chifukwa idagwiritsa ntchito ma digito pazinayi zonsezi. Chimodzimodzinso, kuyesera kwa analogi kwathunthu sikugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono pazinthu izi zinayi. Zambiri zamakono zofufuza m'maganizo ndizomwe zimayesedwa. Pakati pa zovuta ziwirizi, pali njira zina zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza machitidwe a analog ndi digito.

Anthu ena akamaganizira zojambula zamagetsi, amayamba kuganiza zowonongeka pa intaneti. Izi ndizosautsa chifukwa mwayi wochita masewera a digito sikuti uli pa intaneti chabe. Ochita kafukufuku amatha kugwiritsa ntchito digito pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono pa dziko lapansi kuti athe kupereka mankhwala kapena zotsatira za zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito mafoni kuti apereke mankhwala kapena masensa kumalo omangako kuti awonetse zotsatira. Ndipotu, monga taonera chaputala chino, ochita kafukufuku adagwiritsa ntchito mamita a mphamvu zapanyumba kuti ayese zotsatira pazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimakhudza mabanja 8.5 miliyoni (Allcott 2015) . Monga zipangizo zamagetsi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri mu miyoyo ya anthu ndi masensa amatha kuphatikizidwa kumalo omangidwira, mwayi uwu wopitiliza kuyesera kachipangizo kakang'ono pa dziko lapansili udzachulukitsa kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyesera kwa digito sikungokhala kuyesera pa intaneti.

Zida zamakono zimapanga mwayi watsopano kuyesa paliponse ponseponse pambali ya ma labbu. Mu kafukufuku wangwiro woyera, mwachitsanzo, ochita kafukufuku angagwiritse ntchito makina a digito kuti awononge khalidwe la ophunzira; Chitsanzo chimodzi chakumvetsetsa kotereku ndi zipangizo zowonera maso zomwe zimapereka ndondomeko yeniyeni yowona malo. Mibadwo ya digito imapanganso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ma experiments pa intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza adatenga Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) mofulumira kuti apeze otsogolera pa intaneti (Chithunzi 4.2). MTurk amatsutsa "olemba ntchito" omwe ali ndi ntchito zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa ndi "antchito" omwe akufuna kuti amalize ntchitozo kuti azipindula. Mosiyana ndi msika wa anthu ogwira ntchito, komabe ntchito zomwe zimagwiridwa zimangotenga maminiti ochepa okha, ndipo mgwirizano wonse pakati pa abwana ndi antchito uli pa intaneti. Chifukwa MTURK amatsanzira mbali za anthu omwe amapereka ma experiments kuti azikwanitsa ntchito zomwe sangazipange kwaulere-mwachibadwa zimayesedwa kwa mitundu ina ya mayesero. Momwemonso, MTurk yakhazikitsa njira zothandizira gulu la anthu olemba ntchito ndi olembapo ndalama-ndipo ofufuza apindula ndi chitukukochi kuti akaloweretse gulu lomwe likupezekapo.

Chithunzi 4.2: Mapepala omwe amafalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito data kuchokera ku Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). MTURUK ndi misika ina yogwira ntchito pa intaneti imapereka ochita kafukufuku njira yabwino kuti adzifunse ophunzira kuti ayesere. Kuchokera ku Bohannon (2016) .

Zida zamakono zimapanga zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera. Makamaka, amathandiza ochita kafukufuku kuti agwirizane ndi kuyang'anitsitsa ndikupanga ndondomeko zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ma laboni osiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zambiri zachilengedwe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mayesero a lab. Kuonjezera apo, kuyesera kwadongosolo kwadongosolo kumaperekanso mwayi umodzi womwe unkavuta pa kuyesera kwa analoji.

Choyamba, pamene zolemba zambiri zamagetsi ndi zoyesera zapakati zimakhala ndi anthu ambiri, kuyesa masewera a digito kungakhale ndi anthu ambirimbiri. Kusintha uku ndikulingana chifukwa mayesero ena a digito akhoza kupanga deta pa mtengo wosiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kafukufuku atapanga zowonongeka, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ophunzira sikungowonjezera mtengo. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ophunzira ndi chinthu cha 100 kapena kuposa si kusintha kachulukidwe; Ndiko kusintha kwabwino , chifukwa kumapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kuphunzira zinthu zosiyana ndi zoyesera (mwachitsanzo, kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala) ndi kuyendetsa zojambula zosiyana siyana (mwachitsanzo, kuyesera magulu akuluakulu). Mfundo iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri, ndikubwerera kumapeto kwa mutuwu pamene ndikupereka malangizo okhudza kupanga digito.

Chachiwiri, pamene zolemba zambiri zamakono ndi zofufuza zapadera zimapangitsa ophunzira kukhala ma widget osadziŵika, masewera a digito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha chidziwitso cha ophunzira pazokambirana ndi kusanthula magawo a kafukufuku. Chidziwitso cha m'mbuyo ichi, chomwe chimatchedwa chidziwitso cha chithandizo chamankhwala , chimawoneka pamayesero a digito chifukwa amathamanga pamwamba pa machitidwe omwe amayendera nthawi zonse (onani chaputala 2). Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza pa Facebook ali ndi zambiri zowonjezera chithandizo cha anthu omwe ali mu kuyesa kwake kwadongosolo la digito kusiyana ndi kafukufuku wa yunivesite ali ndi anthu omwe akuyesa kuyesa munda wa analog. Izi zisanachitike chithandizochi zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe othandizira (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) monga kulepheretsa (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) komanso kukonzekeretsa anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) komanso kufufuza mozama-monga kuyerekezera kusokonezeka kwa mankhwala (Athey and Imbens 2016a) ndikukonzekera kusintha kuti apite patsogolo (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Chachitatu, pamene ma laboratory ambiri ndi ma experiments amapereka mankhwala ndi kuyeza zotsatira mu nthawi yowonjezereka, zofufuza zina zamagetsi zimapezeka pa nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Restivo ndi mayesero a van de Rijt anali ndi zotsatira zomwe zinayesedwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa masiku 90, ndipo chimodzi mwa mayesero omwe ndidzakuuzani za mtsogolo (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) Chaputala (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) mtengo. Mauthenga atatu awa, kukula kwake, chithandizo cha chithandizo cha chithandizo chisanachitike, komanso chithandizo cha nthawi yaitali komanso chidziwitso chotsatira-chimachitika kawirikawiri pamene kuyesera kumayendetsedwa pamwamba pa machitidwe a nthawi zonse (onani chaputala chachiwiri pazinthu zowonetsera nthawi zonse).

Ngakhale kuyesera kwapadera kumaphunziro kumapereka mwayi wochuluka, iwo amagawana zofooka zina ndi ma labbo onse a labanj ndi ma experiments a field analog. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesera sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito powerenga zakale, ndipo akhoza kungoyang'ana zotsatira za mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komanso, ngakhale kuti kuyesera kuli kofunikira kuti atsogolere ndondomeko, chitsogozo chenicheni chimene angapereke chimakhala chochepa chifukwa cha mavuto monga kudalira chilengedwe, mavuto ovomerezeka, ndi zotsatira zofanana (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Zomwe zimayesedwa m'munda wa Digito zimalimbikitsanso zosokoneza zomwe zimayesedwa ndi masewero oyendetsa masewera-mutu womwe nditchulapo mtsogolomu komanso chaputala 6.