4.6.2 Khalani ndi makhalidwe abwino mumapangidwe anu: m'malo, kutsitsimula, ndi kuchepetsa

Pangani kafukufuku anu woganizira kwambiri ndi kuchotsa zatsopano ndi maphunziro si experimental, akuyenga mankhwala, ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira.

Malangizo achiwiri omwe ndikufuna kupereka ponena za kupanga zojambula za digito zimakhudza machitidwe. Monga Restivo ndi van de Rijt akuyesera pamabarnstars mu Wikipedia akuwonetsa, kuchepa mtengo kumatanthauza kuti machitidwe adzakhala mbali yofunikira kwambiri yopanga kafukufuku. Kuphatikiza pa ndondomeko zoyenera kutsogolera maphunziro aumunthu omwe ndiwafotokozera mu chaputala 6, ofufuza omwe amapanga zojambula zamagetsi angathenso kulingalira malingaliro amakhalidwe ochokera kumtundu wina: mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kuti zitsogolere zovuta zokhudzana ndi zinyama. Makamaka, m'buku lawo lopindulitsa kwambiri lakuti Principles of Humane Experimental Technique , Russell and Burch (1959) adapereka mfundo zitatu zomwe ziyenera kutsogolera kafukufuku wa zinyama: m'malo, kutsitsimula, ndi kuchepetsa. Ndikufuna kufotokoza kuti R izi zitatu zingagwiritsidwe ntchito-mu mawonekedwe osinthidwa pang'ono-kutsogolera mapangidwe a kuyesedwa kwaumunthu. Makamaka,

• Bwezerani m'malo: Yesetsani kuyesera ndi njira zochepa zosavuta ngati zingatheke.
• Onetsetsani: Yesetsani mankhwala kuti musawathandize.
• Kuchepetsa: kuchepetsani chiwerengero cha ophunzira mukuyesera momwe mungathere.

Pofuna kupanga ma Konti atatuwa ndikuwonetsa momwe angapangitsire kuwonongeka kwabwino komanso kachitidwe kaumunthu, ndikulongosola kuyesa kwachitukuko komwe kunayambitsa mkangano wamakhalidwe abwino. Ndiye, ndikufotokozera momwe ma R atatuwa akusonyezera zenizeni ndikusintha kusintha kwa kuyesera kwa kuyesa.

Adam Kramer, Jamie Guillroy, ndi Jeffrey Hancock (2014) ndipo amayamba kutchedwa "Kutenga Mtima Kwambiri." Kuyesera kunachitika pa Facebook ndipo kunayambitsa kusakanikirana kwa sayansi ndi mafunso othandiza. Panthawiyi, njira yaikulu imene owerenga anatsatirana ndi Facebook anali News Feed, ndondomeko yowonjezera ya Facebook yomwe imasinthidwa kuchokera kwa anzanu a Facebook. Ena otsutsa a Facebook adanena kuti chifukwa News Feed yakhala yosangalatsa-abwenzi akuwonetsa phwando lawo laposachedwa-lingapangitse ogwiritsa ntchito kumva chisoni chifukwa moyo wawo unkawoneka wosangalatsa poyerekeza. Kumbali ina, mwinamwake zotsatira zimakhala zosiyana ndendende: mwinamwake kumuwona mzanu akusangalala zingakupangitseni kuti mukhale osangalala. Pofuna kuthana ndi zifukwa zotsutsanazi-komanso kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwathu kuti maganizo a munthu amakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro a abwenzi ake-Kramer ndi anzake adayesa kuyesa. Anayika pafupifupi 700,000 ogwiritsa ntchito m'magulu anayi kwa sabata limodzi: gulu loperewera-lopepetsedwa ", omwe malemba omwe ali ndi mawu opanda pake (mwachitsanzo," chisoni ") atsekezedwa mwachisawawa kuti awoneke mu News Feed; gulu "lochepetsetsa" lomwe malemba omwe ali ndi mawu abwino (mwachitsanzo, "okondwa") anali mwachisawawa atatsekedwa; ndi magulu awiri olamulira. Mu gulu lolamulira la kagulu ka "osayanjanitsika-kochepetsedwa", zolembazo zakhala zikuletsedwa mofanana ndi gulu la "osayanjanitsika-lochepetsedwa" koma mosasamala za zomwe zili m'maganizo. Gulu lolamulira la kagulu kakuti "kotsitsika-kochepa" linamangidwa mofanana. Zopangidwe za kuyesera uku zikusonyeza kuti gulu loyenera lolamulira silimodzi lomwe liribe kusintha. M'malo mwake, nthawi zina, gulu lolamulira limalandira chithandizo kuti apange kufananitsa komwe funso lofufuza limafuna. Nthawi zonse, zolemba zomwe zinatsekedwa ku News Feed zinali zowonjezera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kudzera m'mabuku ena a webusaiti ya Facebook.

Kramer ndi anzake akupeza kuti kwa omwe ali nawo mu chikhalidwe chochepetsetsa, peresenti ya mawu abwino muzowonjezera maonekedwe awo adachepetsedwa ndipo peresenti ya mawu olakwika adakula. Kumbali inanso, kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lochepetsedwa, chiwerengero cha mawu abwino chikuwonjezeka ndipo mawu osokonezeka anatsika (chithunzi 4.24). Komabe, zotsatirazi zinali zochepetsetsa: kusiyana pakati pa mawu abwino ndi olakwika pakati pa mankhwala ndi ma ARV anali pafupifupi 1 mwa mawu 1,000.

Chithunzi 4.24: Umboni wa matenda opatsirana (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Ophunzira omwe ali ndi vuto loperewera chifukwa cha kusowa mtima, amagwiritsa ntchito mau ochepa komanso mau abwino, ndipo odwala omwe ali ndi vutoli amagwiritsa ntchito mawu olakwika komanso ochepa. Mabotolo amaimira zolakwika zofanana. Kuchokera ku Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock (2014) , chithunzi 1.

Ndisanayambe kukambirana zokhudzana ndi zoyesayesa zomwe ndinayambitsa, ndikufuna kufotokoza nkhani zitatu za sayansi pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwe atchulidwa kale. Choyamba, sizikuwonekeratu momwe zenizeni za kuyesa zikugwirizanirana ndi zonena zachinsinsi; Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pali mafunso okhudza kumanga zomveka. Sitikuonekeratu kuti mawu abwino ndi oipa omwe amawerengera alidi chizindikiro chabwino cha maganizo a ophunzira chifukwa (1) sizikuonekeratu kuti mawu omwe anthu amawalemba ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha maganizo awo ndipo (2) si onetsetsani kuti njira yeniyeni yofufuza zomwe ochita kafukufuku anagwiritsira ntchito amatha kukhala ndi maganizo omveka bwino (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pakhoza kukhala chiyeso choyipa cha chizindikiro chokondera. Chachiwiri, kupanga ndi kusanthula kwa kuyesedwa sikukutanthauza kanthu za yemwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, palibe kuyerekezera kwa kusokonezeka kwa zotsatira za mankhwala) ndi zomwe zingakhalepo. Pankhaniyi, ochita kafukufukuwa anali ndi zambiri zambiri zokhudza ophunzirawo, koma amawonekeratu ngati ma widget mu kufufuza. Chachitatu, kukula kwa zotsatira mu kuyesera uku kunali kochepa; Kusiyana pakati pa chithandizo ndi machitidwe olamulira ndi pafupifupi 1 mwa mawu 1,000. Papepala lawo, Kramer ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito mlanduwu kuti zotsatira za kukula kwake ndizofunikira chifukwa mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu amalandira News Feed tsiku lililonse. M'mawu ena, amatsutsa kuti ngakhale zotsatira zake zili zochepa kwa munthu aliyense, zimakhala zazikulu. Ngakhale mutati muvomereze mfundoyi, sizikuwonekeratu ngati zotsatira za kukula kwake ndizofunikira pa funso lachidziwitso lachidziwitso ponena za kufalikira kwa maganizo (Prentice and Miller 1992) .

Kuphatikiza pa mafunso awa asayansi, patapita masiku angapo papepalali lidasindikizidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , kudandaula kwakukulu kwa ochita kafukufuku ndi ofalitsa (Ine ndikufotokozera zifukwa pazokambirana izi mwatsatanetsatane chaputala 6 ). Nkhani zomwe zinakambidwa pampikisano umenewu zinapangitsa kuti magaziniyi isindikize "zosamveka zosonyeza chidwi" za makhalidwe abwino komanso ndondomeko yowonongeka (Verma 2014) .

Chifukwa cha chiyambi cha Kugonjetsa kwa Mtima, tsopano ndikufuna kusonyeza kuti atatu a R angathe kupereka chithunzithunzi, kusintha bwino kwa maphunziro enieni (zilizonse zomwe mungaganize za makhalidwe abwino). Yoyamba R imalowetsa m'malo : ofufuza amayenera kufufuza njira zowonongeka ndi zoopsa ngati n'kotheka. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo moyesa kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane, ochita kafukufukuyo angagwiritse ntchito masoka achilengedwe . Monga momwe tafotokozera mu chaputala 2, kuyesera zachilengedwe ndizochitika zomwe zimachitika padziko lapansi kuti zimakhala zofanana ndi ntchito yochiritsira yopanda chithandizo (mwachitsanzo, lottery kuti adziwe yemwe angalowe usilikali). Kupindulitsa kwa chikhalidwe cha kuyesera kwachilengedwe ndikuti wofufuza samasowa kupereka chithandizo: chilengedwe chimakuchitirani zimenezo. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndi kuyesa kwapakati pa mtima, Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zingatchedwe kuyesedwa kwachilengedwe. Coviello ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adapeza kuti anthu amalemba mawu olakwika komanso osachepera mawu abwino pamasiku omwe imvula. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kosavuta kwa nyengo, iwo adatha kuphunzira zotsatira za kusintha kwa News Feed popanda kufunikira kuchitapo kanthu. Zinali ngati nyengo ikuyesa iwo. Zomwe zimachitika pazochitikazo ndi zovuta, koma mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa zolinga zathu apa ndikuti pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesera kwachilengedwe, Coviello ndi anzake adatha kuphunzira za kufalikira kwa maganizo popanda kufunikira kuyesa okha.

Gawo lachiwiri mwa ma Rs atatu ndi loyeretsa : ofufuza ayenera kuyesetsa kukonzanso chithandizo chawo kuti awawononge ngati n'kotheka. Mwachitsanzo, mmalo moletsa zinthu zomwe zili zabwino kapena zoipa, ochita kafukufuku amatha kulimbikitsa zomwe zili zabwino kapena zoipa. Kukonzekera kotereku kunasintha maganizo a anthu omwe akuphunzira nawo, koma izi zikanakambilana chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe otsutsa ananena: kuti mayeserowa angachititse kuti anthu asaphonye mfundo zofunika mu News Feed. Ndi kapangidwe kogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Kramer ndi anzako, uthenga wofunika ndi wotsekedwa ngati wotero. Komabe, pokonza mapulani, mauthenga omwe adzasamutsidwa adzakhale omwe sali ofunikira.

Pomalizira, lachitatu lachitatu likuchepetsedwa : ofufuza ayenera kuyesetsa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira pakuyesera zochepa kuti athe kukwaniritsa cholinga chawo cha sayansi. Mu kuyesera kwa analogi, izi zinachitika mwachibadwa chifukwa cha ndalama zosiyana za ophunzira. Koma mu kuyesa kwa digito, makamaka omwe ali ndi ndalama zosiyana, ochita kafukufuku samayang'anizana ndi mtengo wolemetsa pa kukula kwa kuyesera kwawo, ndipo izi zitha kutsogolera kuyesera kwakukulu kosafunikira.

Mwachitsanzo, Kramer ndi anzake akugwiritsanso ntchito chithandizo cha chithandizo cha chithandizo cha chithandizo choyambitsa chithandizo cha odwala-monga chitukuko chisanayambe chithandizo-kuti awonetsetse kuti akuwunika bwino. Kwenikweni, m'malo moyerekezera chiwerengero cha mawu abwino mu chithandizo ndi chithandizo, Kramer ndi anzake angathe kuyerekeza kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha mawu abwino pakati pa zikhalidwe; njira yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa wosakanikirana (chifaniziro cha 4.5) ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa osiyana-siyana-osiyana-siyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kwa ophunzira aliyense, ochita kafukufukuwo angapange mapepala othandizira (pambuyo mankhwala mankhwala) \(-\) mankhwala omwe amachititsa chithandizo chamankhwala). Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi statistically, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ofufuza akhoza kupeza chiwerengero chowerengerachi pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zing'onozing'ono.

Popanda kukhala ndi deta yosavuta, zimakhala zovuta kudziwa ndendende momwe zingakhalire zovuta kwambiri kusiyana-siyana-mu-kulingalira kusiyana kumeneku. Koma tikhoza kuyang'ana zoyesera zina zokhudzana ndi lingaliro lovuta. Deng et al. (2013) adanena kuti pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osiyana-siyana-osiyana-siyana, iwo anatha kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa mawerengedwe awo ndi pafupifupi 50% muzoyesera zitatu zosiyana pa intaneti; Zotsatira zofanana zafotokozedwa ndi Xie and Aurisset (2016) . Kusintha kwapakati pa 50% kumatanthauza kuti ochita kafukufuku wa Emotional Contracton akhoza kuthyola zitsanzo zawo mwa theka ngati atagwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyanitsira mosiyana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi kusintha kochepa mu kusanthula, anthu 350,000 angakhale atalephera kuchita nawo kuyesayesa.

Panthawiyi, mwina mukudabwa kuti n'chifukwa chiyani ochita kafukufuku ayenera kusamala ngati anthu 350,000 ali ndi Matenda Akumverera Mwachisawawa. Pali mbali ziwiri zomwe zimakhudza kugwidwa ndi mtima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamakhale zovuta kwambiri, ndipo izi zimagawidwa ndi zoyesera zambiri zamagetsi: (1) pali kusatsimikizika ngati kuyesa kudzavulaza ena komanso (2) kutenga mbali sanali kudzipereka. Zikuoneka zomveka kuyesa kuyesa zomwe zili ndizing'ono ngati n'kotheka.

Kuti mukhale omveka, chikhumbo chochepetsera kukula kwa kuyesa kwanu sichikutanthauza kuti simuyenera kuthamanga kwambiri, zero zosinthika mtengo zoyesera. Zimangotanthauza kuti mayesero anu sayenera kukhala aakulu kuposa momwe mukufunikira kukwaniritsira cholinga chanu cha sayansi. Njira imodzi yofunika yowonetsetsa kuti kuyesa ndiyeso yoyenera ndiyo kuyesa mphamvu (Cohen 1988) . M'nthaŵi ya analoji, kafukufuku adafufuza kuti athetse kuti phunziro lawo silinali laling'ono (ie, pansi-powered). Tsopano, komabe ofufuza amayenera kufufuza mphamvu kuti atsimikizire kuti kuphunzira kwawo si kwakukulu (ie, kupitirira mphamvu).

Pomalizira, atatu a R-amalowetsa, kuwongolera, ndi kuchepetsa-kupereka mfundo zomwe zingathandize ochita kafukufuku kupanga malingaliro muzojambula zawo zoyesera. Zoonadi, chimodzi mwaziwombozi zowonjezereka kumayambitsa matendawa zimayambitsa malonda. Mwachitsanzo, umboni wochokera kumayesero a chilengedwe sakhala woyeretsa nthawi zonse monga momwe anayesera mwadzidzidzi, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwowonjezera kukhoza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito kusiyana ndi kutseka zinthu. Choncho, cholinga chowonetsera kusintha kumeneku sikunali kuganiza mozama zomwe asayansi ena adasankha. M'malo mwake, kunali kufotokoza momwe R atatu angagwiritsire ntchito mkhalidwe weniweni. Ndipotu, nkhani za malonda zimabwera nthawi zonse pochita kafukufuku, ndipo mu digiti-zaka, izi zotsatsa malonda zidzaphatikizapo kulingalira. Pambuyo pake, mu chaputala 6, ndikupereka mfundo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zingathandize ochita kafukufuku kumvetsa ndikukambirana za malondawa.