Activities

• vuto lalikulu: zosavuta , wamkati , zovuta , molimbika kwambiri
• imakhala masamu ( )
• imayenera kuwerengera ( )
• kusonkhanitsa deta ( )
• zokondedwa zanga ( )

1. [ , ] Berinsky ndi anzake (2012) anafufuza MTurk mwachindunji pofotokoza zochitika zitatu zoyambirira. Lembani zovuta zakuda zaku Asia zomwe zikupanga kuyesa kwa Tversky and Kahneman (1981) . Kodi zotsatira zanu zikugwirizana ndi Tversky ndi Kahneman? Kodi zotsatira zanu zimagwirizana ndi Berinsky ndi anzake? Kodi-ngati pali chirichonse-kodi izi zikutiphunzitsa ife za kugwiritsa ntchito MTURUK pofuna kuyesa kufufuza?

2. [ , ] Papepala linalake lachilankhulo lotchedwa "Tifunika Kusweka," katswiri wina wa zamaganizo, dzina lake Robert Cialdini, mmodzi mwa olemba a Schultz et al. (2007) , analemba kuti akuchoka pantchito yake monga pulofesa, makamaka chifukwa cha mavuto omwe anakumana nawo pakuyesa masewera olimbitsa thupi (psychoald) omwe amachititsa ma experiments (Cialdini 2009) . Werengani pepala la Cialdini, ndipo lembani imelo yomwe imamupempha kuti ayang'anenso za kutha kwake chifukwa cha zovuta za digito. Gwiritsani ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za kafufuzidwe zomwe zimathetsa nkhawa zake.

3. [ ] Kuti mudziwe ngati kupambana kochepa koyamba kunatsekedwa kapena kutha, van de Rijt ndi ogwira nawo ntchito (2014) adaloŵerera m'zinthu zinayi zosiyana zomwe zimapereka mwayi kwa ophunzira osankhidwa mwachangu, ndiyeno anayeza zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za kupambana kumeneku. Kodi mungaganize za machitidwe ena omwe mutha kuyesa kuyesa komweko? Ganizirani machitidwewa motsatira mfundo za sayansi, zosokoneza zowonjezereka (onani chaputala 2), ndi chikhalidwe.

4. [ , ] Zotsatira za kuyesera zingadalire pa ophunzira. Pangani kuyesera ndikuyendetsa pa MTURK pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zolembera. Yesetsani kusankha njira zowesera ndikugwiritsira ntchito kuti zotsatira zikhale zosiyana momwe zingathere. Mwachitsanzo, njira zanu zothandizira ena ndizofunikira kupeza ophunzira m'mawa ndi madzulo kapena kupereka malipiro kwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi malipiro apamwamba komanso otsika. Mitundu yosiyana ya njira yolembera ingayambitse madera osiyanasiyana a ophunzira ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera. Zotsatira zanu zinali zosiyana motani? Kodi izo zimasonyeza chiyani za kuyesa pa MTURK?

5. [ , , ] Tangoganizani kuti mukukonzekera kuyesa kwapakati pa mtima (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Gwiritsani ntchito zotsatira kuchokera pa kafukufuku wakale wa Kramer (2012) kuti muwone chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu chikhalidwe chilichonse. Maphunziro awiriwa sagwirizana bwino kwambiri kotero onetsetsani kuti mndandanda wazinthu zonse zomwe mukuganiza:

   1. Yesetsani kuyimirira komwe kungasankhe kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe angafunike kuti azindikire zotsatira zake monga zotsatira ku Kramer (2012) ndi \(\alpha = 0.05\) ndi \(1 - \beta = 0.8\) .
   2. Chitani zowerengera zomwezo molongosola.
   3. Kuchokera zotsatira za Kramer (2012) chinali Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) opitirira mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, kodi iwo anali ndi ophunzira ambiri kuposa momwe anafunira)?
   4. Mwa malingaliro omwe inu munapanga, omwe ali ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa kuwerengera kwanu?

6. [ , , ] Yankhani funso lapitalo kachiwiri, koma nthawi ino m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito phunziro loyang'ana mwachidule la Kramer (2012) , gwiritsani ntchito zotsatira kuchokera kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) .

7. [ ] Onse awiri Margetts et al. (2011) ndi van de Rijt et al. (2014) adayesa kufufuza momwe anthu akulembera pempho. Yerekezerani ndikusiyanitsa zojambula ndi zofufuza za maphunzirowa.

8. [ ] Dwyer, Maki, and Rothman (2015) adayesa zochitika ziwiri zapadera pa mgwirizano pakati pa miyambo ya anthu ndi khalidwe lachilengedwe. Pano pali zolemba za pepala lawo:

   "Kodi sayansi yaumaganizo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito motani pofuna kulimbikitsa khalidwe la proenvironmental? Mu maphunziro awiri, zomwe zathandiza kulimbikitsa mphamvu zowonongeka kwa mphamvu m'madzi osambira zimayang'ana zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zomveka komanso udindo wawo. Mu Phunziro 1, kuunika kwapadera (mwachitsanzo, pamtunda kapena pamtunda) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito musanalowe munthu wina wosambira osasamala, ndikuwonetsera chikhalidwe chofotokozera pa chikhalidwechi. Ophunzirawo anali otheka kwambiri kutsegula magetsi ngati atachoka. Mu Phunziro 2, chikhalidwe china chinaphatikizidwapo momwe chizoloŵezi chochotsa kuwalacho chinasonyezedwa ndi gulu limodzi, koma otsogolera sanali okhawo omwe ali ndi udindo wochitembenuza. Udindo waumwini umayesetsa zotsatila za zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe; pamene ophunzira sankakhala ndi udindo wounikira kuwala, mphamvu ya chikhalidwecho inachepetsedwa. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa momwe ziganizo zotsatila ndi udindo waumwini zingayambitse kupambana kwa njira zowonjezereka. "

   Werengani pepala lawo ndikupanga kupititsa patsogolo phunziro 1.

9. [ , ] Kumanga pa funso lapitalo, tsopano pangani dongosolo lanu.

   1. Zotsatirazo zimagwirizanitsa motani?
   2. N'chiyani chingafotokoze kusiyana kumeneku?

10. [ ] Pakhala pali kukangana kwakukulu ponena za kuyesera komwe akugwiritsa ntchito ophunzira omwe adatumizidwa kuchokera ku MTURK. Mofananamo, pakhalanso kukangana kwakukulu ponena za kuyesera pogwiritsa ntchito ophunzira omwe adatumizidwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira omwe ali pansi pa maphunziro. Lembani memo ya masamba awiri omwe akuyerekeza ndikusiyana ndi a Turkers ndi aphunzitsi oyambirira monga ochita kafukufuku. Kuyerekezera kwanu kuyenera kufotokoza zokambirana za sayansi ndi zovomerezeka.

11. [ ] Buku la Jim Manzi la Uncontrolled (2012) ndilo kulengeza kodabwitsa kwa mphamvu yakuyesera mu bizinesi. M'bukuli adalemba nkhani yotsatirayi:

    "Nthawi ina ndakhala ndikukumana ndi katswiri weniweni wamalonda, mabiliyoniyake wodzipangira okha omwe anali ndi mphamvu zakuya, zowonongeka ndi mphamvu zamayesero. Kampani yake inagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera kuyesera kupanga masitolo akuluakulu osungirako zenera zomwe zingakopeko ogula ndi kuwonjezera malonda, monga momwe adanenera nzeru. Akatswiri amayesedwa mwaluso kamangidwe kamangidwe kameneka, ndipo patsiku loyesa kukayezetsa payekha payekha sizinayambe kusonyeza kanthu kochititsa chidwi kwa kapangidwe katsopano katsopano pa malonda. Otsogolera akuluakulu ogulitsa malonda ndi ogulitsa katundu adakumana ndi CEO kuti ayang'ane izi zotsatira za mayesero akale. Atapereka chidziwitso chonse choyesera, adaganiza kuti nzeru yowonongeka inali yolakwika - mawindo awo sakuyendetsa galimoto. Cholinga chawo chinali kuchepetsa ndalama ndi khama m'dera lino. Izi zikuwonetsa mwakuya kuthekera koyesera kuti ziwononge nzeru zachibadwa. Yankho la CEO linali losavuta: 'Zomwe ndikuganiza ndizakuti opanga anu si abwino kwambiri.' Yankho lake linali kuonjezera khama kuwonetsera kapangidwe, ndi kupeza anthu atsopano kuti achite. " (Manzi 2012, 158–9)

    Kodi chidwi cha CEO ndi chotani?

12. [ ] Kumanga pa funso lapitalo, tangoganizani kuti mudali pamsonkhanowo komwe kukambidwa zotsatira za mayesero. Kodi ndi mafunso anai omwe mungapemphe-amodzi mwa mtundu uliwonse wa zovomerezeka (ziwerengero, kumanga, mkati, ndi kunja)?

13. [ Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) anaphunzira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsatira za kutetezedwa kwa madzi ku Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) (onani chithunzi 4.11). Papepala lino, Bernedo ndi anzake amagwiranso ntchito kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatirazi poyerekezera khalidwe la mabanja omwe alibe komanso osasunthira atalandira chithandizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amayesa kuona ngati chithandizochi chinakhudza nyumba kapena mwini nyumba.

    1. Werengani pepalali, fotokozani momwe anapangidwira, ndi kufotokozera mwachidule zomwe apeza.
    2. Kodi zofukufuku zawo zimakhudza momwe mungayesere mtengo wogwira ntchito zomwezo? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji? Ngati sichoncho, bwanji?

14. [ ] M'kutsata kwa Schultz et al. (2007) , Schultz ndi anzake adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zitatu zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira za zochitika zachilengedwe (kugwiritsira ntchito thaulo) m'magulu awiri (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) .

    1. Sungani mwachidule mapangidwe ndi zofufuza za mayesero atatuwa.
    2. Bwanji, ngati angasinthe malingaliro anu a Schultz et al. (2007) ?

15. [ ] Poyankha Schultz et al. (2007) , Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) adayendetsa zolemba zambiri monga ma experiments kuti aphunzire mapangidwe a ngongole zamagetsi. Apa ndi momwe akufotokozera izi muzowoneka:

    "Pa kafukufuku wofufuza, wophunzira aliyense adawona ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito magetsi kwa banja lomwe lili ndi magetsi akuluakulu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zokhudzana ndi (a) kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri, (b) kuyerekeza kwa anzako, ndi (c) kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mbiri ndi kugwidwa kwa magetsi. Ophunzirawo adawona mitundu yonse ya mauthenga mu imodzi mwa maonekedwe atatu kuphatikizapo (a) matebulo, (b) ma grafu, ndi (c) zizindikiro zamakono. Tinafotokozera zotsatira zitatu zazikuluzikulu. Choyamba, ogula amamvetsetsa mtundu uliwonse wa magwiritsidwe ntchito ka magetsi makamaka pamene aperekedwa patebulo, mwinamwake chifukwa matebulo amawunikira kuwerenga kosavuta. Chachiwiri, zokonda ndi zolinga zopezera magetsi zinali zamphamvu kwambiri pazolemba zamagwiritsidwe ka mbiri yakale, zopanda mawonekedwe. Chachitatu, anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoperewera kuŵerenga amamvetsa zonse zochepa. "

    Mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena otsogolera, zotsatira zake za chidwi ku Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) zimanenedwa khalidwe, osati khalidwe lenileni. Kodi mphamvu ndi zofooka za kafukufuku wamtundu wanji mu pulogalamu yowonjezera yopititsa patsogolo ndalama zosungirako magetsi?

16. [ , ] Smith and Pell (2003) anafotokoza kafukufuku wochititsa chidwi wa maphunziro omwe akuwonetsa kuti ma parachutes ali othandiza. Iwo anamaliza kuti:

    "Mofanana ndi njira zambiri zothandizira kuti asadwale, kupambana kwa ma parachuti sikunayesedwe mosagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero osagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta. Ovomerezeka a mankhwala ochiritsira umboni adatsutsa kulandira njira zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito deta chabe. Timaganiza kuti aliyense akhoza kupindula ngati umboni wodalirika wotsutsa wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala wodalitsidwa ndikugwira nawo ntchito yowonongeka, yopangidwira, yowonongeka, yowonongeka ya parachute. "

    Lembani mndandanda woyenera wa nyuzipepala ya owerenga-ambiri, monga New York Times , kutsutsana ndi kukulitsa umboni wa zowonetsera. Perekani zitsanzo zenizeni, zenizeni. Malangizo: Onaninso Deaton (2010) ndi Bothwell et al. (2016) .

17. [ , , ] Kusiyanitsa-mu-kusiyana kulingalira kwa zotsatira za mankhwala kungakhale kosavuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuyerekezera-mu-kutanthawuza kutanthauza. Lembani mzere kwa injiniya yemwe amayang'anira kuyesa kwa A / B kumayambiriro koyambitsako makampani owonetsera ubwino wa njira yosiyana-yosiyana pofuna kuyesa kuyesa pa intaneti. Memo iyenera kuphatikizapo ndondomeko ya vutoli, zina mwazidziwitso zokhudzana ndi momwe ziwonetsero zosiyana-siyana-zosiyana zidzasinthira kulingalira kwapakati-mu-kutanthawuza, ndi kuwerenga kophweka.

18. [ , ] Gary Loveman anali pulofesa ku Harvard Business School asanakhale mkulu wa CEO wa Harrah's, imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu a casino padziko lapansi. Pamene anasamukira ku Harrah's, Loveman adasintha kampaniyo ndi pulogalamu yowonjezera yowonjezera yomwe inasonkhanitsa deta yambiri pokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kasitomala. Pamwamba pa kachitidwe kachitidwe ka nthawi zonse, kampaniyo idayamba kuyesayesa. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kuyesa kuyesa zotsatira za chiphonje kwa hotelo yaulere usiku kwa makasitomala omwe ali ndi njuga yeniyeni. Momwe Loveman anafotokozera kufunikira kwa kuyesera kuchitidwe ka bizinesi tsiku ndi tsiku:

    "Zimakhala ngati simukuzunza akazi, simubabe, ndipo mumayenera kukhala ndi gulu lolamulira. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe mungathe kutaya ntchito yanu ku Harrah-osati kuthamanga gulu lolamulira. " (Manzi 2012, 146)

    Lembani imelo kwa wogwira ntchito watsopano kuti afotokoze chifukwa chake chikondi amalingalira kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri kukhala ndi gulu lolamulira. Muyese kuyesa chitsanzo-kaya chenicheni kapena chopanga-kusonyeza mfundo yanu.

19. [ , ] Kuyesedwa kwatsopano kumalimbikitsa kulingalira zotsatira za kulandila mauthenga a mauthenga pa katemera. Zipatala zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu, aliyense ali ndi odwala 600 oyenerera, akufunitsitsa kutenga nawo mbali. Pali ndalama zokwana madola 100 pa kliniki iliyonse imene mukufuna kugwira nayo, ndipo zimadola $ 1 pa uthenga uliwonse womwe mukufuna kutumiza. Komanso, makanki onse omwe mukugwira nawo ntchito adzayesa zotsatira (ngati wina adalandira katemera) kwaulere. Ganizirani kuti muli ndi bajeti ya $ 1,000.

    1. Pansi pa zifukwa ziti zingakhale bwino kuganizira chuma chanu pazipatala zing'onozing'ono ndipo pansi pazifukwa ziti zingakhale bwino kuzifalitsa kwambiri?
    2. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingapangitse kukula kwazing'ono kwambiri zomwe mungathe kuziwona bwinobwino ndi bajeti yanu?
    3. Lembani memo kufotokozera izi malonda kwa ndalama zomwe zingatheke.

20. [ , ] Vuto lalikulu pa maphunziro a pa intaneti ndi attrition: ophunzira ambiri amene ayambitsa maphunziro amatha kutuluka. Tangoganizani kuti mukugwira ntchito pawuni yophunzirira pa Intaneti, ndipo wokonza pa pulatifomu wapanga bwalo lamakono lomwe akuganiza kuti lidzathandiza ophunzira kuti asatulukemo. Mukufuna kuyesa zotsatira za mapulogalamu ophunzirira ophunzira pa maphunziro akuluakulu othandizira anthu. Pambuyo pokambirana zovuta zomwe zingayambe pa kuyesayesa, inu ndi anzanu mukuda nkhaŵa kuti maphunzirowo sangakhale nawo okwanira kuti azindikire zotsatira za bar. Mu ziwerengero zotsatirazi, mukhoza kuganiza kuti theka la ophunzira adzalandira malo obwereza komanso hafu. Komanso, mungaganize kuti palibe kulowetsedwa. M'mawu ena, mungaganize kuti ophunzira akukhudzidwa ngati adalandira chithandizo kapena chithandizo; Sitikudziwitsani ngati anthu ena adalandira chithandizo kapena kulamulira (kwa tanthawuzo lolondola, onani chaputala 8 cha Gerber and Green (2012) ). Onetsetsani ziganizo zina zomwe mumapanga.

    1. Tiyerekeze kuti pulogalamuyi ikufunika kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe amaliza maphunzirowo ndi 1 peresenti; Kodi kukula kwakukulu kotani kumayenera kuti muone bwinobwino zotsatira zake?
    2. Tiyerekeze kuti pulogalamuyi ikufunika kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe amaliza maphunzirowo ndi magawo khumi; Kodi kukula kwakukulu kotani kumayenera kuti muone bwinobwino zotsatira zake?
    3. Tsopano ganizirani kuti mwathamanga kuyesa, ndipo ophunzira amene amaliza zipangizo zonse za maphunziro adatenga yesiti yomaliza. Mukayerekeza maphunzilo omaliza a ophunzira omwe adalandira malo obwera patsogolo ndi ambiri omwe sanatero, mumadabwa kwambiri, kuti ophunzira omwe sanalandire chigawo choyendetsera polojekitiyi adapeza kuti apamwamba. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti galimoto yopita patsogolo inapangitsa ophunzira kuphunzira pang'ono? Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku deta yotsatirayi? (Zokuthandizani: Onani mutu 7 wa Gerber and Green (2012) )

21. [ , , ] Tangoganizani kuti mukugwira ntchito monga katswiri wa deta ku kampani yamakono. Wina wochokera ku dipatimenti yopanga zamalonda akupempha thandizo lanu poyesa kuyesa komwe akukonzekera kuti ayese kubwezeretsanso ndalama (ROI) yachitukuko chatsopano cha malonda. ROI imatanthauzidwa ngati phindu lenileni kuchokera pamsonkhanowu wopatulidwa ndi mtengo wa pulogalamuyo. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu yomwe inalibe zotsatira pa malonda ingakhale ndi ROI ya -100%; pulogalamu yomwe phindu limene linapangidwa linali lofanana ndi ndalama zomwe zingakhale ndi ROI ya 0; ndi pulogalamu yomwe phindu limene linapangidwa linali kawiri mtengo umene unali ndi ROI ya 200%.

    Musanayambe kuyesa, dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda imakupatsani inu mfundo zotsatirazi kuchokera pa kafukufuku wawo wakale (zowona, izi ndizomwe zimayambira pa mapulogalamu enieni a pa Intaneti omwe ali pa Lewis ndi Rao (2015) ):

    • Zotanthawuza malonda pa kasitomala amatsatira zogawira-zozoloŵera zogawidwa ndi tanthauzo la $ 7 ndi kupotoka kwa $ 75.
    • Ntchitoyi ikuyembekezerekanso malonda ndi $ 0.35 pa kasitomala, zomwe zikufanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa phindu la $ 0.175 pa kasitomala.
    • Kukula kwakukulu kwa kuyesera ndi 200,000 anthu: theka mu gulu lachipatala ndi theka mu gulu lolamulira.
    • Mtengo wa pulogalamuyi ndi $ 0.14 pothandizira.
    • ROI yodalirika pa msonkhanowu ndi 25% [ \((0.175 - 0.14)/0.14\) ]. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda imakhulupirira kuti pa ndalama iliyonse ya madola 100 potsatsa malonda, kampaniyo idzalandira $ 25 phindu.

    Lembani memo pofufuza kuyesayesa kumeneku. Memo yanu iyenera kugwiritsira ntchito umboni kuchokera pa choyimira chomwe mumalenga, ndipo iyenera kuthetsa nkhani zazikulu ziwiri: (1) Kodi mungapangire kuyendetsa kuyesera monga momwe zalinganizidwire? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji? Ngati sichoncho, bwanji? Onetsetsani kuti muwone bwino zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito kuti musankhe. (2) Ndi kukula kwanji kamene mungapangire kuyesera? Kachiwiri chonde onetsetsani kuti muwone bwino zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito kuti musankhe.

    Memo yabwino idzayankha nkhaniyi; Memo yabwino idzapangidwira pazochitika izi (mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza momwe chisankho chikusinthira monga ntchito ya kukula kwa zotsatira za polojekiti); ndipo memo yaikulu idzapereka zotsatira zowonjezeredwa. Memo yanu iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma grafu kuti afotokoze zotsatira zanu.

    Nazi mfundo ziwiri. Choyamba, dipatimenti yogulitsira katundu ikhoza kukupatsani inu chidziwitso chosafunikira, ndipo mwina iwo alephera kukupatsani inu zina zofunika. Chachiwiri, ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito R, dziwani kuti ntchito yayikulu () siigwira ntchito momwe anthu ambiri amayembekezera.

    Ntchitoyi idzapangitsa kuti muyese mukuyesa mphamvu, kupanga zofanana, ndi kuyankhula zotsatira zanu ndi mawu ndi ma grafu. Iyenera kukuthandizani kuyendetsa mphamvu kwa mtundu uliwonse wa kuyesa, osati kungoyesera kuti kulingalira ROI. Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa kuti muli ndi chidziwitso choyesera ndi kufufuza kwa mphamvu. Ngati simukudziwa bwino kusanthula mphamvu, ndikukupemphani kuti muwerenge "Primer Power" ndi Cohen (1992) .

    Ntchitoyi inalembedwa ndi pepala lokongola la RA Lewis and Rao (2015) , lomwe likuwonetsa momveka bwino chiwerengero choyambirira cha ngakhale kuyesa kwakukulu. Mapepala awo-omwe poyamba anali ndi mutu wakuti "Pafupi-N'zosatheka Kuyeza Kubwezeretserako Kukopa" -kusonyeza momwe kulili kovuta kuyesa kubwereranso kwa malonda a pa intaneti, ngakhale ndi kuyesera kwa digito kuphatikizapo mamilioni a makasitomala. Kawirikawiri, RA Lewis and Rao (2015) amasonyeza mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri pa kuyesera kwa zaka zapakati pa digito: n'zovuta kulingalira zotsatira zazing'ono pakati potsatira phokosolo.

22. [ , ] Chitani chimodzimodzi ndi funso lapitalo, koma, m'malo moyimira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zowonongeka.

23. [ , , ] Chitani zofanana ndi funso lapitalo, koma gwiritsani ntchito zofanana ndi zotsatira zowunika.

24. [ , , ] Tangoganizani kuti mwalemba ndemanga yomwe ili pamwambapa, ndipo wina wochokera ku dipatimenti yopanga zamalonda amapereka chidziwitso chatsopano: akuyembekeza mgwirizano wa 0.4 pakati pa malonda asanafike ndi pambuyo poyesera. Kodi izi zimasintha bwanji malingaliro anu memo? (Zokuthandizani: wonani gawo 4.6.2 pazinthu zowonongeka mosiyana-ndi-njira ndi kulingalira kwa kusiyana-kosiyana.)

25. [ , ] Pofuna kufufuza momwe ntchito yatsopano yopezera ntchito, yunivesite ikuyendera, yunivesite inayesedwa mwachangu pakati pa ophunzira 10,000 omwe amapita ku sukulu yawo yomaliza. Kulembetsa kwaulere ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu cha zolembera chinatumizidwa kupyolera mwa pempho lapadera la maimelo kwa ophunzira 5,000 osankhidwa mosavuta, pamene ophunzira ena 5,000 anali mu gulu lolamulira ndipo sanalembedwe. Patapita miyezi khumi ndi iwiri, kafukufuku wotsatira (mosasamala kanthu) anawonetsa kuti m'magulu onse ochiritsira ndi olamulira, ophunzira 70% adapeza ntchito nthawi zonse mumunda wawo osankhidwa (tebulo 4.6). Kotero, zinkawoneka kuti utumiki wa intaneti unalibe zotsatira.

    Komabe, dokotala wodziwa zambiri za sayansi ku yunivesite adawona deta mwatsatanetsatane ndipo anapeza kuti 20% mwa ophunzira omwe ali m'gulu lachipatala adalowa mu akauntiyi atalandira imelo. Komanso, ndikudabwitsa kuti, pakati pa omwe adalowa mu webusaitiyi, 60 peresenti okha adapeza ntchito yanthawi zonse m'munda wawo wosankhidwa, womwe unali wochepa kusiyana ndi mlingo wa anthu omwe sanalowemo ndi kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa mlingo wa anthu mu chikhalidwe cholamulira (tebulo 4.7).

    1. Perekani tsatanetsatane wa zomwe zidachitika.
    2. Kodi ndi njira ziwiri ziti zowerengera zotsatira za mankhwala mu kuyesayesa uku?
    3. Chifukwa cha zotsatirazi, kodi mupereke chithandizo kwa ophunzira onse? Kuti mukhale omveka, ichi si funso ndi yankho lolunjika.
    4. Kodi achite chiyani kenako?

    Chothandiza: Funsoli likuposa zinthu zomwe zili mu chaputala chino, koma zimayankhula zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuyesera. Kawirikawiri mtundu wa kuyesera umatchedwa kulimbikitsidwa chifukwa ophunzira akulimbikitsidwa kupita kuchipatala. Vutoli ndi chitsanzo cha zomwe zimatchedwa kusagwirizana (onani mutu 5 wa Gerber and Green (2012) ).

26. [ ] Pambuyo pofufuza mwatsatanetsatane, zinapezeka kuti kuyesedwa kofotokozedwa mu funso lapitayi kunali kovuta kwambiri. Panali kuti anthu 10 mwa anthu omwe ali mu gulu lolamulira adalipiritsa mwayi wopezeka, ndipo adatha ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito ya 65% (tebulo 4.8).

    1. Lembani imelo mwachidule zomwe mukuganiza kuti zikuchitika ndikupatseni zochita.

    Chothandiza: Funsoli likuposa zinthu zomwe zili mu chaputala chino, koma zimayankhula zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuyesera. Vutoli ndi chitsanzo cha zomwe zimatchedwa kusagwirizanitsa mbali ziwiri (onani mutu 6 wa Gerber and Green (2012) ).