4.4.1 n'loonadi

N'loonadi amatanthauza mmene zotsatira za kuyesera kuthandizira mapeto ambiri.

Palibe kuyesera kuli koyenera, ndipo ofufuza apanga mawu ochuluka kuti afotokoze zovuta. Kuvomerezeka kumatanthawuza momwe zotsatira za kuyesera kwake zimathandizira zowonjezereka. Asayansi a zaumoyo apeza kuti zimathandiza kupatukana kuzindikiritsa mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri: chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chotsimikizirika, chovomerezeka cha mkati, kumanga zomveka, ndi (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2001, chap. 2) kwina (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2001, chap. 2) . Kuzindikira malingalirowa kudzakupatsani mndandanda wamaganizo kuti muwone ndikusintha kapangidwe ndi kuyesedwa kwa kuyesedwa, ndipo kudzakuthandizani kulankhula ndi ochita kafukufuku ena.

Zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizovomerezeka zowonjezereka ngati zowerengera za kuyesedwa kwachitidwa bwino. M'nkhani ya Schultz et al. (2007) , funsoli likhoza kukhazikika ngati iwo adawerengera \(p\) -maluko awo molondola. Ziwerengero za chiwerengero chofunikira kupanga ndi kufufuza zowona sizingatheke pa bukhu ili, koma sizinasinthe kwenikweni m'badwo wa digito. Zomwe zasintha, komabe, kuti chidziwitso cha chidziwitso cha digito chinapanga mipata yatsopano monga kugwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira makina kuti aganizire zotsatira zowononga mankhwala (Imai and Ratkovic 2013) .

Zida zovomerezeka za mkati pozungulira ngati njira zoyesera zinachitidwa molondola. Kubwerera ku kuyesedwa kwa Schultz et al. (2007) , mafunso okhudza zowoneka mkati angayambe kuzungulirana, kupereka mankhwala, ndi kuyeza kwa zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kudera nkhaŵa kuti othandizi a kafukufuku sanawerenge mzere wamagetsi motsimikizika. Ndipotu, Schultz ndi anzake ankadandaula za vutoli, ndipo anali ndi mayina a mamita amawerengedwa kawiri; mwamwayi, zotsatira zake zinali zofanana. Kawirikawiri, Schultz ndi kuyesayesa anzake akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zovomerezeka zapamwamba, koma izi sizili choncho nthawi zonse: munda wovuta komanso kuyesera pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta makamaka kupereka chithandizo chabwino kwa anthu abwino ndikuyesa zotsatira za aliyense. Mwamwayi, zaka za digito zingathandize kuchepetsa nkhaŵa zokhudzana ndi zenizeni chifukwa tsopano ndi zosavuta kuonetsetsa kuti chithandizochi chaperekedwa kwa omwe akuyenera kulandira ndi kuyesa zotsatira kwa ophunzira onse.

Pangani malo ovomerezeka pozungulira masewera pakati pa deta ndi zomangamanga. Monga momwe tafotokozera mu chaputala 2, zomangamanga ndizo lingaliro lomwe anthu asayansi amalingalira. Mwamwayi, mfundo zosadziwikazi sizimakhala ndi tsatanetsatane yeniyeni. Kubwerera ku Schultz et al. (2007) , chidziwitso chakuti zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe za anthu zimatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magetsi kumafuna ofufuza kupanga chithandizo chomwe chingayambitse "zizoloŵezi zoipa za anthu" (mwachitsanzo, chidziwitso) komanso kuyesa "kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi". M'zofufuza za analogi, ofufuza ambiri adapanga njira zawo zothandizira ndikudziyesa okha. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti, ngati momwe zingathere, kuyesera kumagwirizana ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziphunzire. Mu kuyesa kwa digito kumene ochita kafukufuku amagwirizana ndi makampani kapena maboma kuti apereke mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse-pazinthu za deta kuti athe kuyeza zotsatira, machesi pakati pa kuyesera ndi zomangamanga zikhoza kukhala zochepa kwambiri. Choncho, ndikuyembekeza kuti kumanga zovomerezeka kudzakhala kudetsa nkhaŵa kwakukuru mu kuyesa kwa digito kusiyana ndi kuyesera kwa analoji.

Potsiriza, malo ovomerezeka akunja pafupi ngati zotsatira za kuyesayesa uku zingatheke kuzinthu zina. Kubwerera ku Schultz et al. (2007) , wina angathe kufunsa ngati lingaliro lomwelo-kupereka anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mphamvu zawo zogwirizana ndi anzawo komanso chizindikiro cha malingaliro olakwika (mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero) -chikhoza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati chinachitidwa mosiyana mu malo osiyana. Pazinthu zowonongeka bwino komanso zoyendetsa bwino, nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zakunja ndizovuta kwambiri kuti zithetse. M'mbuyomu, zokambirana izi zokhudzana ndi zakunja nthawi zambiri sizikuphatikizapo gulu la anthu omwe akhala mu chipinda choyesera kulingalira chomwe chingachitike ngati njirazo zakhala zikuchitidwa mwanjira ina, kapena m'malo osiyana, kapena osiyana . Mwamwayi, zaka za digito zimapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kusuntha zowonongeka zapaderazi ndi kuwona zovomerezeka zakunja zovomerezeka.

Chifukwa zotsatira za Schultz et al. (2007) anali okondweretsa kwambiri, kampani ina yotchedwa Opower inagwirizana ndi zofunikira ku United States kuti athe kupereka mankhwala ambiri. Malingana ndi kapangidwe ka Schultz et al. (2007) , Opower inakhazikitsa Home Energy Reports yomwe ili ndi ma modules awiri akuluakulu: imodzi yosonyeza kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi pafupi ndi oyandikana nawo ndi mafilimu ndipo imodzi imapereka malangizo othandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi (chithunzi 4.6). Kenako, pogwirizana ndi ochita kafukufuku, Opower adayesa kufufuza zowonongeka kuti aone momwe zotsatira za Home Energy Reports zimakhudzira. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa atayesedwa kawirikawiri pamakalata akale-zotsatira zake zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kudziko lapansi (mwachitsanzo, mamita amphamvu). Kuwonjezera apo, m'malo molemba mwatsatanetsatane mfundoyi ndi othandizira ochita kafukufuku akuyendera nyumba iliyonse, kuyesera kwa Opower zonse kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi makampani amphamvu pofuna kuthandiza ochita kafukufuku kuti alandire kuwerenga. Choncho, kuyesera kwapadera kwa derali kunali kothamanga kwambiri pa mtengo wotsika wochepa.

Chithunzi 4.6: Mapulogalamu a Home Energy anali ndi Kulinganiza Kwachikhalidwe ndi Action Steps Module. Kubwerezedwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera kwa Allcott (2011) , chiwerengero cha 1 ndi 2.

Muyeso yoyamba yowunikira yokhudza nyumba 600,000 kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana, Allcott (2011) inapeza kuti Home Energy Report inachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zotsatira zochokera kuzinthu zazikulu kwambiri, kufufuza kosiyanasiyana komweko kunali zofanana ndi zotsatira za Schultz et al. (2007) . Kuwonjezera apo, mu kafukufuku wotsatizana wokhudzana ndi mabanja asanu ndi atatu okwana mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu kuchokera kumalo osiyana 101, Allcott (2015) adapezanso kuti Home Energy Report nthawi zonse imachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Zomwe zikuyesa zowonjezerekazi zasonyezeranso njira yatsopano yosangalatsa yomwe sichidzawoneka muyeso iriyonse yodziyesa: kukula kwa zotsatira zatsalira muzoyesera zam'tsogolo (chithunzi 4.7). Allcott (2015) anaganiza kuti kuchepa kumeneku kunachitika chifukwa, patapita nthawi, chithandizochi chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Zowonjezereka, zogwiritsira ntchito ndi makasitomala owonetsetsa zachilengedwe mwinamwake anayamba kulandira pulogalamuyi, ndipo makasitomala awo anali omvera kwambiri kuchipatala. Monga zothandiza ndi makasitomala ochepa omwe adakondwera ndi chilengedwe, adayamba kuchepa. Choncho, monga momwe ntchitoyi imayendera ndikuonetsetsa kuti gululi ndi lofanana, kupitiliza kufufuza malo kumatsimikiziranso kuti chiwerengerochi chikhoza kufalitsidwa kuchokera ku gulu limodzi la ophunzira kupita ku anthu ambiri (ganiziraninso chaputala 3 za zitsanzo). Ngati malo ofufuzira samasankhidwe mwachisawawa, ndiye kuti kuikapoza-ngakhale kuchokera kuyesayesa yopangidwira ndi kuyendetsedwa bwino-kungakhale kovuta.

Chithunzi 4.7: Zotsatira za 111 kuyesera kuyesa zotsatira za Home Energy Report pa kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Kumalo komwe pulojekitiyo inalandiridwa pambuyo pake, izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa. Allcott (2015) imanena kuti chitukuko chachikulu cha machitidwe amenewa ndi malo omwe ali ndi makasitomala ambiri omwe ali otetezedwa ndi chilengedwe anali oyenera kutenga pulogalamuyo kale. Kuchokera ku Allcott (2015) , chithunzi 3.

Pamodzi, izi 111 zoyesera-10 ku Allcott (2011) ndi 101 ku Allcott (2015) -zinayambira pafupifupi 8,5 miliyoni mabanja ochokera konsekonse ku United States. Iwo amawonetsa nthawi zonse kuti Home Energy Reports amachepetsa pafupifupi magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zoyambirira za Schultz ndi anzake kuchokera ku nyumba 300 ku California. Kuwonjezera pa kungotchula zotsatirazi zoyambirirazo, kuyesayesa kwotsatira kukuwonetsanso kuti kukula kwa zotsatira kumasiyana ndi malo. Zowonongeka izi zikuwonetsanso mfundo zina ziwiri zokhudzana ndi masewera a digito. Choyamba, ochita kafukufuku adzatha kuyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi zochitika zenizeni pokhapokha ngati mtengo woyesa kuyesa ndi wotsika, ndipo izi zikhoza kuchitika ngati zotsatira zakhala zikuyang'aniridwa ndi kachitidwe ka nthawi zonse. Choncho, zikusonyeza kuti ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuyang'ana zochitika zina zosangalatsa ndi zofunika zomwe zalembedwa kale, ndikukonzekera zoyesayesa pamwamba pa zowonongeka zomwe zilipo kale. Chachiwiri, kuyesera kumeneku kumatikumbutsa kuti mayesero amtundu wa digito sali pa intaneti; Powonjezera, ndikuyembekeza kuti adzakhala paliponse ndi zotsatira zambiri zomwe zimayesedwa ndi masensa mumalo omangidwa.

Mitundu inayi ya chigamulo chotsimikizirika chotsimikizirika, chovomerezeka mkati, kumanga chovomerezeka, ndi kuvomerezedwa kwina-perekani mndandanda wa mndandanda kuti athandizi afufuze ngati zotsatira kuchokera ku kuyesera kwake zithandizira kumapeto kwake. Poyerekeza ndi mayesero akale a zaka zam'mbuyomu, pakuyesera kwa digito-zaka, ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kuthana ndi zovomerezeka zakunja, komanso ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kuonetsetsa kuti zitsimikizo zenizeni. Kumbali ina, zomangamanga zowonjezereka zingakhale zophweka kwambiri mu kuyesa-zaka zamayesero, makamaka zofufuza zamakono zamagetsi zomwe zikuphatikiza mgwirizano ndi makampani.