4.4.2 Heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala

Kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amayeza kuchuluka kwa zotsatira, koma zotsatira zake sizili zofanana kwa aliyense.

Lingaliro lachiwiri lachidule la kusuntha kupyolera mu zosavuta zophweka ndi kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala . Kuyesedwa kwa Schultz et al. (2007) akufotokozera bwino momwe mankhwala omwewo angakhudzire mosiyana mitundu ya anthu (Fanizo 4.4). Komabe, mu mayesero ambiri akale, akatswiri ofufuza anagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za mankhwala chifukwa analipo owerengeka ochepa chabe ndipo ambiri sanadziwe za iwo. Mu kuyesera kwa digito, komabe, nthawi zambiri anthu ambiri amakhala nawo gawo ndipo zambiri zimadziwika bwino. M'malo osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana, ochita kafukufuku amene amapitirira kulingalira za zotsatira za mankhwala okhaokha amaphonya njira zomwe kulingalira za kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala kungapereke ndondomeko za momwe mankhwala amathandizira, momwe angakhalire abwino, ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kwa omwe angakhale opindula.

Zitsanzo ziwiri zosiyana siyana za zotsatira za mankhwala zimabwera kuchokera ku kafukufuku wowonjezera pa Mapu Energy Energy. Choyamba, Allcott (2011) adagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake kwakukulu (nyumba 600,000) kuti apitirize kugawitsa zitsanzozo ndi kulingalira momwe zotsatira za Home Energy Report zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. Ngakhale Schultz et al. (2007) anapeza kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito olemera komanso owala, Allcott (2011) adapeza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa gulu lolemera-ndi lowala. Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (omwe ali pamwamba pa decile) amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo mobwerezabwereza ngati wina pakati pa gulu lolemera (chithunzi 4.8). Komanso, kuyerekezera zotsatirapo ndi khalidwe la chithandizo choyambitsanso kunawonetsa kuti panalibenso zovuta zowonjezera, ngakhale kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (Chithunzi cha 4.8).

Chithunzi 4.8: Kukhalitsa kwa zotsatira za mankhwala ku Allcott (2011) . Kuchepa kwa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kunali kosiyana kwa anthu osiyana siyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuchokera ku Allcott (2011) , chithunzi 8.

Pa phunziro lina lofanana, Costa and Kahn (2013) adanena kuti mphamvu ya Home Energy Report ingasinthe malinga ndi maganizo a ndale komanso kuti chithandizochi chingapangitse anthu kukhala ndi malingaliro ena kuti apititse patsogolo magetsi awo. M'mawu ena, iwo amaganiza kuti Home Energy Reports angakhale akupanga zotsatira za boomerang kwa mitundu ina ya anthu. Pofuna kuwona izi, Costa ndi Kahn adagwirizanitsa deta ya Opower ndi deta yomwe idagulidwa kuchokera ku gulu lachitatu lomwe linaphatikizapo mfundo monga ndale yolembetsa, zopereka kwa mabungwe a zachilengedwe, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pazinthu zamagetsi zowonjezereka. Ndi dataset iyi yogwirizanitsidwa, Costa ndi Kahn adapeza kuti Home Energy Reports zinapanga zotsatira zofanana zofanana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana; panalibenso umboni wakuti gulu lirilonse limasonyeza zotsatira za boomerang (chithunzi 4.9).

Chithunzi 4.9: Kukhalitsa kwa mankhwalawa ku Costa and Kahn (2013) . Chiwerengero cha mankhwala omwe amachokera pa zitsanzo zonse ndi -2.1% [-1.5%, -2.7%]. Pambuyo pophatikiza chidziwitso kuchokera ku kuyesa kwadzidzidzi za mabanja, Costa and Kahn (2013) adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zowerengera kuti awonetsetse zotsatira za mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magulu a anthu. Ziwerengero ziwiri zikufotokozedwa pa gulu lirilonse chifukwa chiwerengero chimadalira ma covariates omwe amawaphatikiza muzithunzi zawo (onani zitsanzo 4 ndi 6 pa matebulo 3 ndi 4 ku Costa and Kahn (2013) ). Monga momwe chitsanzo ichi chikusonyezera, zotsatira zothandizira zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana ndi kuyerekezera kwa zotsatira za mankhwala zomwe zimachokera ku zojambula zowonetsera zingadalire ndi zitsanzo za zitsanzo (Grimmer, Messing, and Westwood 2014) . Kuchokera ku Costa and Kahn (2013) , magome 3 ndi 4.

Monga momwe zitsanzo ziwirizi zikuwonetsera, mu nthawi ya digito, timatha kuchoka kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira za mankhwala poyesa kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala chifukwa titha kukhala ndi ophunzira ambiri ndipo timadziwa zochuluka za omwe akugwira nawo ntchito. Kuphunzira za kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala kungathandize kulondolera chithandizo pamene kuli kovuta kwambiri, kupereka mfundo zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko chatsopano, ndi kupereka ndondomeko zokhudzana ndi njira zothetsera, mutu womwe ndikupita tsopano.