4.4 Kupita kuseri zatsopano yosavuta
Tiyeni tisunthe zophweka zosavuta. Mfundo zitatu ndi zothandiza pa kuyesera kolemera: zowona, zowonongeka kwa zotsatira za mankhwala, ndi njira.
Ofufuza omwe ali atsopano kuyesera nthawi zambiri amaganizira funso losavuta, lophweka: Kodi mankhwalawa "amagwira ntchito"? Mwachitsanzo, kodi foni kuchokera kwa wodzipereka imalimbikitsa wina kuvota? Kodi kusintha tsamba la webusaiti kuchoka ku buluu mpaka kubiriwira kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwakudutsa? Mwamwayi, kumasulira momveka bwino za "ntchito" kumatsutsa mfundo yakuti kuyesera kwakukulu sikungakuuzeni ngati chithandizo "ntchito" mwachindunji. M'malo mwake, kuyesera kwakukulu kuyankha funso lofunika kwambiri: Kodi zotsatira zake zenizeni za mankhwalawa ndizomwe zikuchitika chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha anthuwa panthawiyi? Ndidzayesa mayesero omwe akuyang'ana pa funso lophweka losavuta .
Kuyesera kosavuta kumapereka zowunikira, koma amalephera kuyankha mafunso ambiri omwe ali ofunikira komanso osangalatsa, monga ngati pali anthu ena amene mankhwalawa anali ndi zazikulu kapena zochepa; kaya pali mankhwala ena omwe angakhale othandiza kwambiri; ndipo ngati kuyesayesa uku kukugwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zambiri zachikhalidwe.
Kuti tisonyeze kufunika kokasuntha zopanda zosavuta, tiyeni tione kuyesa kwa munda wa analog ndi P. Wesley Schultz ndi anzake pa mgwirizano pakati pa miyambo ya anthu ndi magetsi (Schultz et al. 2007) . Schultz ndi anzake adagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomopo m'nyumba zoposa 300 ku San Marcos, California, ndipo amishonalewa ankamasulira mauthenga osiyanasiyana omwe amathandiza kulimbikitsa mphamvu za magetsi. Kenaka, Schultz ndi anzake adayesa zotsatira za mauthengawa pa magetsi, onse pambuyo pa sabata limodzi ndi masabata atatu; onani chithunzi 4.3 kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa zojambulazo.
Chithunzi 4.3: Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka kuyesera kuchokera ku Schultz et al. (2007) . Ntchitoyi inali kuyendera nyumba pafupifupi 300 ku San Marcos, California kawiri pa nthawi ya masabata asanu ndi atatu. Pa ulendo uliwonse, ochita kafukufukuwo anawerenga kuwerenga kuchokera pamtunda wa mphamvu. Pa maulendo awiriwa, iwo adayika anthu ogwira ntchito pa nyumba iliyonse kuti apereke zambiri zokhudza ntchito zapakhomo. Funso lofufuzira linali momwe mauthenga awa angakhudzire kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Kuyesera kunali ndi zinthu ziwiri. Poyamba, mabanja amalandira malangizo othandizira kupulumutsa mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, gwiritsani ntchito mafani m'malo mwa ma air conditioner) ndi mauthenga ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo poyerekeza ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo m'dera lawo. Schultz ndi anzake ankanena kuti izi ndizofotokozera chikhalidwe chodziwika chifukwa chidziwitso chokhudza mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu m'dera lanu chinapereka chidziwitso chokhudza khalidwe labwino (mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe chofotokozera). Pamene Schultz ndi anzake ankayang'ana magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gulu lino, mankhwalawa adawoneka kuti alibe mphamvu, kaya yayitali kapena yayitali; Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chithandizochi sichidawonekere "kugwira ntchito" (chithunzi 4.4).
Mwamwayi, Schultz ndi anzake sanagwirizane ndi kusanthula kosavuta. Asanayambe kuyesa, iwo amaganiza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi olemera-anthu oposa-amatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuti ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi-anthu omwe ali pansi pa tanthauzo-angapangitse kuti azidya. Pamene iwo ankayang'ana pa deta, ndizo zomwe iwo adapeza (chithunzi 4.4). Kotero, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chithandizo chomwe chinalibe zotsatira zinali kwenikweni mankhwala omwe anali ndi zotsatira ziwiri. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kosabala zipatso pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kuwala ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu ya boomerang , komwe chithandizo chingakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana ndi zomwe zinalengedwa.
Chithunzi 4.4: Zotsatira za Schultz et al. (2007) . Gulu (a) likuwonetsa kuti chithandizo chodziwikiratu chimawerengedwa kuti chiwerengero cha mankhwala amatha. Komabe, gulu (b) likuwonetsa kuti mankhwalawa amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira ziwiri. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, chithandizochi chinachepa kugwiritsidwa ntchito koma kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, mankhwalawa adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pomaliza, gulu (c) likuwonetsa kuti mankhwala achiwiri, omwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndondomeko ndi zolakwika, anali ndi zotsatira zofanana kwa ogwiritsira ntchito olemera koma anachepetsa zotsatira zowonongeka pa ogwiritsa ntchito bwino. Kuchokera ku Schultz et al. (2007) .
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Schultz ndi anzake adagwiranso ntchito yachiwiri. Mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri adalandira chithandizo chimodzimodzi-njira zopezera mphamvu zopulumutsa mphamvu komanso zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zawo zapakhomo poyerekezera ndi anthu omwe amakhala nawo pafupi-ndi zina zochepa: Kuwonjezera apo, ) komanso kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chiwerengero choposa omwe adawonjezerapo: "." Mafilimu awa adakonzedwa kuti ayambitse zomwe ochita kafukufuku adazitcha kuti zilolezo zopanda kulumikiza. Makhalidwe abwino amatanthauza malingaliro omwe amavomerezedwa (ndi osavomerezedwa), pomwe ziganizo zimatanthauzira malingaliro a zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .
Mwa kuwonjezera kamodzi kameneka kameneka, ochita kafukufukuwo adachepetsa kwambiri chiwombankhanga (chifaniziro 4.4). Choncho, pakupanga kusintha kosavutako-kusintha komwe kunakhudzidwa ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino la maganizo a anthu (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) -wafukufuku anatha kusintha pulogalamu yomwe inkawoneka yosagwira ntchito yomwe idagwira ntchito, ndipo, panthawi yomweyo, amatha kuthandiza kumvetsetsa momwe zikhalidwe za anthu zimakhudzira khalidwe laumunthu.
Panthawiyi, mungaone kuti chinachake chosiyana ndi kuyesera. Makamaka, kuyesedwa kwa Schultz ndi anzake sikuti ali ndi gulu lolamulira mofanana ndi momwe mayesero olamuliridwa mwadzidzidzi amachitira. Kuyerekeza pakati pa mapangidwe awa ndi a Restivo ndi van de Rijt akusonyeza kusiyana pakati pa mapangidwe awiri akuluakulu oyesera. Pakati pa maphunziro , monga a Restivo ndi van de Rijt, pali gulu lachipatala ndi gulu lolamulira. M'zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake, khalidwe la ophunzira likufanizidwa kale ndi pambuyo pa chithandizo (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Muyeso ya mkati mwa phunziroli ndi ngati aliyense akuchita monga gulu lake lolamulira. Mphamvu ya anthu omwe amapanga masewerowa ndikuti amateteza anthu osokoneza bongo (monga momwe ndanenera kale), pamene mphamvu zamakono zatsopano zikuyendetsedwa bwino. Pomalizira, kufotokozera lingaliro lomwe lidzadza mtsogolomu pamene ndikupereka uphungu wokhudzana ndi kuyesa digito, zojambula_zinthu zopangidwira_zimene zimapangidwira bwino momwe zilili mkati mwazolemba ndizo chitetezero cha kusokonezeka kwa maphunzilo omwe ali pakati pawo (Chithunzi cha 4.5).
Chithunzi 4.5: Zithunzi zitatu zojambula. Kafukufuku wamakono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu amagwiritsa ntchito maphunzilo pakati pa maphunziro . Chitsanzo cha zochitika pakati pa maphunziro ndi Restivo ndi Van de Rijt's (2012) kuyesa pa nkhokwe ndi zopereka ku Wikipedia: Ofufuzawa anagawikana mwachangu kuti akhale odwala ndi otsogolera, amapereka gawo ku gulu lachipatala, ndikuyerekeza zotsatira za magulu awiri. Mtundu wachiwiri wa mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe apakati . Zofufuza ziwiri mu Schultz ndi ochita nawo ntchito (2007) zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe apakati: ochita kafukufuku amayerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwa ophunzira asanayambe kulandira chithandizo. M'malo mwake-nkhani zimapanga zowerengera bwino bwino, koma zimakhala zotseguka zowonjezereka (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa nyengo pakati pa chithandizo chisanachitike ndi mankhwala) (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . M'kati mwake-nkhani zojambula nthawi zina zimatchedwanso zochitika mobwerezabwereza. Pomalizira, mapangidwe ophatikizana amaphatikizapo kukonza bwino kwa mkati-maphunziro opangidwa ndi kutetezedwa kusokonezeka kwa mapangidwe omwe ali pakati pa maphunziro. Muzithunzi zosiyana, wofufuza amafanizira kusintha kwa zotsatira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi magulu ochizira ndi olamulira. Akatswiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chithandizo cha chithandizo cha mankhwala asanakhalepo, monga momwe zimayendera pa digito zambiri zamagetsi, zojambula zosiyana zimakonda kupangidwa pakati pa-maphunziro opangidwa chifukwa zimayambitsa ndondomeko yowonongeka.
Zonsezi, kapangidwe ndi zotsatira za phunziro la Schultz ndi anzake (2007) zimasonyeza kufunika kosuntha zopitirira zosavuta. Mwamwayi, simukusowa kukhala katswiri wopanga kupanga zatsopano ngati izi. Akatswiri a zaumoyo apanga mfundo zitatu zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuti muyese kuyesera: (1) kutsimikizirika, (2) kusagwirizana kwa zotsatira za mankhwala, ndi (3) njira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati mutasunga malingaliro atatu awa mukulingalira pamene mukukonzekera kuyesa kwanu, mwachibadwa mudzapanga kuyesa kokondweretsa komanso kothandiza. Pofuna kufotokozera mfundo zitatu izi ndikugwira ntchito, ndikufotokozera zochitika zina zamagetsi zomwe zimamangidwa pa zokongola komanso zotsatira za Schultz ndi anzake (2007) . Monga momwe muwonera, kupyolera mwa kukonza mwakuya, kukhazikitsa, kusanthula, ndi kutanthauzira, inunso mukhoza kusuntha zopitirira zosavuta.
