oyamba

Bukhu ili linayamba mu 2005 m'chipinda chapansi ku Columbia University. Panthawiyo, ndinali wophunzira wophunzira, ndipo ndinali kuyesa kuyesa pa intaneti komwe pamapeto pake kudzakhala kufotokoza kwanga. Ndikukuuzani inu zonse zokhudza gawo la sayansi la zomwe mukuwerenga mu chaputala 4, koma tsopano ndikukuuzani za chinachake chomwe sichiri mulemba langa kapena pamapepala anga onse. Ndipo ndi chinachake chimene chinasintha kwambiri momwe ndimaganizira za kafukufuku. Tsiku lina m'mawa, nditalowa m'chipinda changa chapansi, ndinapeza kuti pafupifupi anthu pafupifupi 100 ochokera ku Brazil adagwira nawo ntchitoyi. Zovuta izi zinandikhudza kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyo, ndinali ndi abwenzi omwe anali kuyesa zofufuza zamakono, ndipo ndinadziwa momwe amafunikira kugwira ntchito kuti apeze, kuyang'anira, ndi kulipira anthu kuti ayambe kuchita nawo zofufuzazi; ngati akanakhoza kuthamanga anthu 10 tsiku limodzi, icho chinali chitukuko chabwino. Komabe, ndikuyesera pa intaneti, anthu 100 adagwira nawo ntchito ndikugona . Kuchita kafukufuku wanu pamene mukugona kungakhale kosavuta kuti mukhale owona, koma ayi. Kusintha kwa teknoloji-makamaka kusintha kuchokera ku zaka za analogi mpaka m'badwo wa digito-kutanthawuza kuti tsopano tikhoza kusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula deta ya anthu mwa njira zatsopano. Bukhuli likukhudza kupanga kafukufuku wamagulu m'njira izi zatsopano.

Bukuli ndi la asayansi omwe amafuna kudziwa zambiri za sayansi, asayansi omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi wosakanizidwa ndi madera awiriwa. Popeza kuti bukuli ndi ndani, liyenera kupita popanda kunena kuti si ophunzira okhaokha komanso aphunzitsi. Ngakhale, tsopano ndikugwira ntchito ku yunivesite (Princeton), ndagwiranso ntchito mu boma (ku US Census Bureau) komanso mu malonda apamwamba (pa Microsoft Research) kotero ndikudziwa kuti pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zimachitika kunja kwa mayunivesite. Ngati mukuganiza za zomwe mukuchita monga kufufuza kwa anthu, buku ili ndi lanu, ziribe kanthu komwe mukugwira ntchito kapena njira zamtundu zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito panopa.

Monga momwe mwaonera kale, mau a bukhuli ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi a mabuku ena ambiri. Izi ndi zolinga. Bukhuli linachokera ku semiti yophunzira maphunziro omwe ndaphunzitsa ku Princeton mu Dipatimenti ya Sociology kuchokera mu 2007, ndipo ndikufuna kuti idzatenge mphamvu ndi chisangalalo kuchokera ku semina imeneyi. Makamaka, ndikufuna kuti bukhu ili likhale ndi zizindikiro zitatu: Ndikufuna kuti zikhale zothandiza, zamtsogolo, ndi zokhumba.

Zothandiza : Cholinga changa ndi kulemba buku lomwe limakuthandizani. Kotero, ine ndikuti ndilembe polemba, yotseguka, ndi chitsanzo choyendetsedwa. Ndicho chifukwa chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe ndikufuna ndikuwonetsa ndi njira yeniyeni yoganizira za kafukufuku wamagulu. Ndipo, zomwe ndikukumana nazo zikusonyeza kuti njira yabwino yolongosolera njirayi yolingalira ndi yosadziwika komanso ndi zitsanzo zambiri. Komanso kumapeto kwa mutu uliwonse, ndili ndi gawo lotchedwa "Zimene muyenera kuwerenga" zomwe zidzakuthandizani kuti musinthe ndikuwerenga mwatsatanetsatane mitu yambiri yomwe ndimayambitsa. Pamapeto pake, ndikuyembekeza kuti bukhuli lidzakuthandizani inu nonse kufufuza ndi kuyesa kufufuza kwa ena.

Zolinga zamtsogolo : Bukuli lidzakuthandizani kuchita kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito digito zomwe zilipo lero ndi zomwe zidzakhazikitsidwe mtsogolomu. Ndinayamba kuchita kafukufukuyu mu 2004, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo ndawona kusintha kwakukulu, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti panthawi ya ntchito yanu mudzawona kusintha kwakukulu. Chizoloŵezi chokhalabe chofunikira pakukumana ndi kusintha sikutanthauza . Mwachitsanzo, izi sizingakhale buku limene limakuphunzitsani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito Twitter API momwe iliri lerolino; M'malo mwake, zidzakuphunzitsani momwe mungaphunzire kuchokera kuzipangizo zazikulu (chaputala 2). Ichi sichidzakhala bukhu lomwe limakupatsani malangizo a magawo ndi ndondomeko kuti muthe kuyesa pa Amazon Mechanical Turk; M'malo mwake, idzakuphunzitsani momwe mungapangire ndi kutanthauzira mayesero omwe amadalira zipangizo zamakono za digito (chaputala 4). Kupyolera mu kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyana, ndikuyembekeza kuti iyi idzakhala buku losasinthika pa mutu wa panthawi yake.

Zosangalatsa : Midzi ziwiri zomwe bukhu ili likuchita-zamasamba asayansi ndi asayansi-ali ndi miyambo yosiyana ndi zofuna. Kuwonjezera pa zosiyana zokhudzana ndi sayansi, zomwe ndimayankhula m'bukuli, ndazindikiranso kuti magulu awiriwa ali ndi mitundu yosiyana. Asayansi asayansi ambiri amasangalala; Amakonda kuona galasi ngati theka lathunthu. Asayansi amtundu wa anthu, komano, ndi ofunika kwambiri; Amakonda kuona galasi ngati theka yopanda kanthu. Mu bukhu ili, ine ndikhala ndi tanthauzo labwino la sayansi ya deta. Kotero, pamene ndikupereka zitsanzo, ndikukuuzani zomwe ndimakonda zitsanzo izi. Ndipo, ndikafotokozera mavuto ndi zitsanzo-ndipo ndidzachita zimenezo chifukwa palibe kafukufuku wabwino-ndikuyesera kufotokozera mavutowa m'njira yabwino komanso yokhutira. Sindingakhale wotsutsa chifukwa chakunyoza-ndikukhala wovuta kuti ndikuthandizeni kuti muyambe kufufuza bwino.

Ife tidakalipo m'masiku oyambirira a kafukufuku wamakhalidwe m'zaka zadijito, koma ndawona kusamvetsetsana kwina komwe kuli kofala kwambiri kotero kuti n'kwanzeru kuti ndiwathetse pano, pachiyambi. Kuchokera ku deta asayansi, ndawona kusamvetsetsana kawiri komwe kumagwirizana. Woyamba akuganiza kuti deta zambiri zimathetsa mavuto. Komabe, pofufuza kafukufuku, izi sizinachitikepo. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino, deta yabwino-mosiyana ndi deta zambiri-amawoneka kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri. Kusamvetsetsa kwachiwiri kumene ndawona kuchokera kwa asayansi a deta ndikuganiza kuti chikhalidwe cha sayansi ndi chabe mndandanda wa zokongoletsera wokhudzana ndi nzeru. Inde, monga sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu-makamaka makamaka ngati katswiri wa zachikhalidwe-sindimagwirizana nazo. Anthu anzeru akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti amvetse khalidwe laumunthu kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo zikuwoneka ngati kupanda nzeru kunyalanyaza nzeru zomwe zapezeka mu khama limeneli. Chiyembekezo changa n'chakuti bukuli lidzakupatsani nzeru zina mwanjira yosavuta kumva.

Kuchokera kwa asayansi a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndaonanso kusamvetsetsana kawiri komwe kumagwirizana. Choyamba, ndawona anthu ena akulemba lingaliro lonse la kafukufuku wamagulu pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za m'badwo wa digito chifukwa cha mapepala angapo olakwika. Ngati mukuwerenga bukhuli, mwinamwake mwawerengapo kale mapepala omwe amagwiritsira ntchito deta yamtundu wazinthu mwa njira zomwe ziri banal kapena zolakwika (kapena zonse). Ndili nawo. Komabe, kungakhale kulakwitsa kwakukulu kuti titsimikizire kuchokera ku zitsanzo izi kuti kafukufuku wamagulu onse azakale ndi oipa. Ndipotu, mwinamwake mwawerenganso gulu la mapepala omwe amagwiritsira ntchito deta yowonongeka m'njira zomwe ziri banal kapena zolakwika, koma simunalembe kufufuza konse pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza. Ndichifukwa chakuti mukudziwa kuti pali kufufuza kwakukulu kochitidwa ndi deta yofufuza, ndipo mu bukhu ili ndikuwonetsani kuti palinso kufufuza kwakukulu kochitidwa ndi zipangizo za m'badwo wa digito.

Chisamaliro chachiwiri chomwe anthu ambiri samvetsetsa zomwe ndachiwonera kuchokera kwa asayansi a zachikhalidwe ndi kusokoneza zamakono ndi tsogolo. Tikamafufuza kafukufuku wa anthu m'zaka za digito-kufufuza komwe ndikufotokoza-ndikofunika kuti tifunse mafunso awiri osiyana: "Kodi kafukufukuyu akugwira ntchito bwanji pakalipano?" Ndi "Kodi kalembedwe kake kabwino kotani? "Kodi akatswiri amaphunzitsidwa bwanji kuti ayankhe funso loyambirira? Koma ndikuganiza kuti funso lachiwiri ndilofunika kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakhalidwe a anthu m'zaka zapitazi sanagwiritse ntchito zopereka zowonjezereka, kusintha kwapadera kwa kafukufuku wamakono ndikuthamanga mofulumira kwambiri. Izi ndi kusintha kwa-kuposa kuposa msinkhu wamakono-umene umapangitsa kafukufuku wamasinkhu wa zaka zamakono kukhala wosangalatsa kwa ine.

Ngakhale ndimeyi yomaliza ikhoza kukuwoneka kuti ikukupatsani chuma chamtundu wina wosadziŵika m'tsogolomu, cholinga changa sikuti ndikugulitseni pa mtundu uliwonse wafukufuku. Sindili nawo gawo pa Twitter, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, kapena kampani ina iliyonse yachitukuko (ngakhale kuti, kuti ndidziwe bwino, ndiyenera kunena kuti ndagwira ntchito, kapena ndalandira ndalama zofufuzira kuchokera ku Microsoft, Google, ndi Facebook). M'buku lonseli, cholinga changa ndi kukhala wokamba nkhani wodalirika, ndikukuuzani za zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingatheke, ndikukuchotsani ku misampha yochepa imene ndawonapo ena akugwera (ndipo nthawizina inagwa mwa ine ndekha) .

Njira yothandizana ndi sayansi ndi deta nthawi zina imatchedwa computational social science. Ena amaganiza kuti izi ndizofunikira, koma izi sizitha kukhala buku lachidziwitso mwachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, palibe ziganizo m'mawu akuluakulu. Ndinasankha kulemba bukuli motere chifukwa ndinkafuna kupereka ndondomeko yeniyeni ya kafukufuku wamakhalidwe m'zaka za digito, kuphatikizapo magulu akuluakulu a deta, kufufuza, kuyesera, kugwirizana kwakukulu, ndi miyambo. Zinali zosatheka kuphimba mitu yonseyi ndikupatseni mfundo zenizeni pazokha. M'malo mwake, kufotokozera mfundo zina zamakono zimaperekedwa mu gawo la "Zimene mungachite kuti muwerenge" kumapeto kwa mutu uliwonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, bukhu ili silinapangidwe kuti likuphunzitseni momwe mungachitire chiwerengero chilichonse; M'malo mwake, adapangidwa kuti asinthe njira yomwe mumaganizira za kufufuza kwa anthu.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bukhuli muzochita

Monga ndanenera poyamba, bukuli linachokera ku seminala yophunzira maphunziro omwe ndakhala ndikuphunzitsa kuyambira 2007 ku Princeton. Popeza mukuganiza kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito buku lino kuti muphunzitse maphunziro, ndinaganiza kuti zingakhale zothandiza kuti ndifotokoze momwe zinakhalira kuchokera mu maphunziro anga komanso momwe ndikuganizira kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi zina.

Kwa zaka zingapo, ine ndinkaphunzitsa maphunziro anga opanda bukhu; Ndikungopatsa zokambirana. Pamene ophunzira adatha kuphunzira kuchokera m'nkhanizi, nkhanizi zokha sizinawatsogolere kusintha kwa maganizo omwe ndikuyembekezera. Kotero ndimakhala nthawi zambiri mukalasi ndikupereka maonekedwe, mauthenga, ndi uphungu kuti ndiwathandize ophunzira kuona chithunzi chachikulu. Bukhuli ndilo kuyesa kulemba zonse zomwe ndikuwona, nkhani, ndi uphungu mwa njira zomwe sizili zoyenera-ponena za chikhalidwe cha sayansi kapena deta.

Mu semester-long course, ndingakonde kulumikiza bukuli ndi kuwerenga kosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, njirayi ikhoza kukhala ndi milungu iwiri pa zoyesayesa, ndipo mutha kuwerengera chaputala 4 ndikuwerenga pa nkhani monga gawo la chidziwitso cha chithandizo cha chithandizo cham'mbuyo pa kapangidwe ndi kafukufuku wa zoyesayesa; ziwerengero ndi zolemba zamakono zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi mayeso akulu A / B pa makampani; Kukonzekera kwa zoyesayesa makamaka kuganizira njira; ndi zothandiza, zasayansi, ndi zoyendetsera nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ochokera kumsika wogwira ntchito pa intaneti monga Amazon Mechanical Turk. Ikhozanso kuwiridwa ndi kuwerenga ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi mapulogalamu. Chisankho choyenera pakati paziwirizi zingatheke kuchokera kwa ophunzira mu maphunziro anu (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro apamwamba, master's, kapena PhD), chikhalidwe chawo, ndi zolinga zawo.

Maphunziro a kutalika kwa semester angaphatikizepo masewera a mlungu ndi mlungu. Mutu uliwonse uli ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimalembedwa ndi zovuta: zosavuta ( ), sing'anga ( ), zovuta ( ), ndi zovuta kwambiri ( ). Komanso, ndatchula vuto lililonse ndi luso limene limafuna: masamu ( ), kulembetsa ( ), ndi kusonkhanitsa deta ( ). Pomalizira, ndalemba zochepa zomwe ndikuzikonda ( ). Ndikuyembekeza kuti mkati mwa zochitika zosiyanasiyanazi, mudzapeza zomwe zili zoyenera kwa ophunzira anu.

Pofuna kuthandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito buku lino pa maphunziro, ndayambitsa zopangira zophunzitsa monga syllabuses, slides, pairings for chaputala chilichonse, ndi zothetsera zochitika zina. Mungapeze zipangizozi-ndipo perekani kwa iwo-pa http://www.bitbybitbook.com.