Activities

• vuto lalikulu: zosavuta , wamkati , zovuta , molimbika kwambiri
• imakhala masamu ( )
• imayenera kuwerengera ( )
• kusonkhanitsa deta ( )
• zokondedwa zanga ( )

1. [ , ] Kukhumudwitsidwa kwachinsinsi kunali vuto ndi Google Flu Trends. Werengani pepala ndi Lazer et al. (2014) , ndipo lembani imelo yeniyeni, yomveka bwino kwa injiniya ku Google kufotokoza vuto ndi kupereka lingaliro la momwe mungakonzekere.

2. [ ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) akunena kuti deta kuchokera ku Twitter ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulosera msika wogulitsa. Kupeza izi kunachititsa kuti pakhale kampani yotchedwa hedge fund-Derwent Capital Markets-kuyika msika wogulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochokera ku Twitter (Jordan 2010) . Ndi umboni uti womwe ungafune kuona musanayambe kuika ndalama zanu mu thumba lanu?

3. [ ] Ngakhale anthu ena ogwira ntchito zaumoyo amaganiza kuti e-ndudu ndi zothandiza zothandiza kusuta fodya, ena amachenjeza za zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo, monga nicotine yapamwamba. Tangoganizani kuti wofufuzira akuganiza zophunzira maganizo a anthu pa e-ndudu ndi kusonkhanitsa zokhudzana ndi e-cigarettes za Twitter ndi kuwonetsa maganizo.

   1. Kodi ndi zinthu zitatu zotani zomwe mukudandaula nazo mu phunziro lino?
   2. Clark et al. (2016) anathamanga kuphunzira koteroko. Choyamba, iwo anasonkhanitsa ma tepi 850,000 omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mawu a fodya kuyambira January 2012 mpaka December 2014. Atayang'anitsitsa, adapeza kuti ambiri a ma tweetswa anali odziwika bwino (ie, osati opangidwa ndi anthu) ndipo ambiri mwa ma tweets omwewo malonda. Anapanga dongosolo lozindikiritsa anthu kuti athetse ma tweets okhaokha kuchokera ku tweet organic. Pogwiritsa ntchito munthuyu kuzindikira chidziwitso, adapeza kuti 80% ya ma tweets anali ovomerezeka. Kodi izi zikusintha yankho lanu ku gawo (a)?
   3. Pamene iwo ankafanizira malingaliro awo mu ma tweets omwe amapezeka ndi osakaniza, amapeza kuti ma tweets omwe amadziwika okha ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa ma tweets omwe amapezeka (6.17 potsata 5.84). Kodi izi zikusintha yankho lanu ku (b)?

4. [ ] Mu November 2009, Twitter inasintha funsoli pa bokosi la tweet kuchokera ku "Kodi mukuchita chiyani?" Kuti "N'chiyani chikuchitika?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).

   1. Kodi mukuganiza kuti kusintha kotani kumakhudza ma tweets omwe ndi / kapena tweet?
   2. Tchulani ntchito imodzi yofufuza yomwe mungakonde mwamsanga "Mukuchita chiyani?" Chifukwa chake.
   3. Tchulani ntchito imodzi yofufuzira yomwe mungakonde mwamsanga "Kodi chikuchitika chiani?" Fotokozani chifukwa chake.

5. [ ] "Retweets" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza mphamvu ndi kufalitsa mphamvu pa Twitter. Poyamba, ogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kujambula ndi kusunga tweet yomwe adaikonda, ikani wolemba woyambirira ndi chogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo yesani kuika "RT" musanatumize tsamba kuti ikhale retweet. Kenako, mu 2009, Twitter adawonjezera batani "retweet". Mu June 2016, Twitter inachititsa kuti owerenga azibwezera ma tweet awo (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). Kodi mukuganiza kuti kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito "retweets" mufukufuku wanu? Chifukwa chiyani?

6. [ , , , ] Pa pepala lofotokozedwa kwambiri, Michel ndi anzake (2011) adasanthula zomwe zili m'mabuku oposa mamiliyoni asanu pofuna kuyesa chikhalidwe cha nthawi yaitali. Deta yomwe agwiritsira ntchito tsopano yamasulidwa monga deta ya Google NGrams, kotero kuti tigwiritse ntchito deta kuti tibwereze ndikuwonjezera ntchito yawo.

   Pa imodzi mwa zotsatira zomwe zili pamapepala, Michel ndi anzake ankanena kuti tikuiwala mofulumira komanso mofulumira. Kwa chaka chimodzi, akuti "1883," iwo anawerengetsera kuchuluka kwa ma gramu 1 omwe amafalitsidwa chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1875 ndi 1975 omwe anali "1883". Iwo ankaganiza kuti chiwerengero ichi ndi chiwerengero cha chidwi pa zochitika zomwe zinachitika m'chaka chimenecho. Mu chifaniziro cha 3a, adakonza njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa kwa zaka zitatu: 1883, 1910, ndi 1950. Zaka zitatuzi zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chimodzi: kusagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chisanafike, kenaka kumathamanga, kenako kuwonongeka. Kenaka, pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa chaka chilichonse, Michel ndi anzake ankawerengetsera "hafu ya moyo" wa chaka chilichonse kwa zaka zonse pakati pa 1875 ndi 1975. Mu chithunzi chawo 3a (mkati), iwo anasonyeza kuti theka la moyo wa aliyense chaka chikucheperachepera, ndipo adatsutsa kuti izi zikutanthauza kuti tikuiwala mofulumira komanso mofulumira. Anagwiritsa ntchito Version 1 ya Chingerezi corpus, koma kenako Google yatulutsa kachiwiri kachiwiri ka corpus. Chonde werengani mbali zonse za funso musanayambe kulemba.

   Ntchitoyi ikupatsani chizoloŵezi cholemba zolemba zosinthika, kutanthauzira zotsatira, ndi kudumpha deta (monga kugwira ntchito ndi mafayilo osakondweretsa ndi kusamala deta yosowa). Ntchitoyi idzakuthandizani kuti mudzuke ndi deta yamtengo wapatali komanso yosangalatsa.

   1. Pezani deta yofiira ku webusaiti ya Google Books Ngram Viewer. Makamaka, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lachiwiri la Chingerezi corpus, limene linatulutsidwa pa July 1, 2012. Osagonjetsedwa, fayiloyi ndi 1.4GB.

   2. Bwezeretsani gawo lalikulu la chithunzi cha 3a cha Michel et al. (2011) . Kuti muwerenge chiwerengerochi, mukufunikira ma fayilo awiri: omwe mumasulidwa mu gawo (a) ndi fayilo "zonse," zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kutembenuza chiwerengero choyipa muyeso. Tawonani kuti mafayilo onsewa ali ndi dongosolo lomwe zingakhale zovuta kuziwerenga. Kodi ndime 2 ya data ya NGram imabweretsa zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Michel et al. (2011) , zomwe zakhazikika pa deta yoyamba 1?

   3. Tsopano fufuzani grafu yanu motsutsana ndi graph yomwe ili ndi NGram Viewer.

   4. Kubwezeretsanso chifaniziro cha 3a (chiwerengero chachikulu), koma kusintha \(y\) -axis kukhala chiwerengero choyambirira chotchulidwa (osati chiwerengero cha kutchulidwa).

   5. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa (b) ndi (d) kukutsogolerani kuti muyambiranenso zotsatira za Michel et al. (2011). Chifukwa chiyani?

   6. Tsopano, pogwiritsira ntchito chiwerengero chazinthu, tchulani zofunikira za fanizo 3a. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1875 ndi 1975, chiwerengero cha moyo wa chaka chimenecho. Theka la moyo limatanthauzidwa kukhala chiwerengero cha zaka zomwe zimadutsa kale kuti chiwerengero cha mafotokozedwe sichifikira theka la mtengo wake wapatali. Onani kuti Michel et al. (2011) chitani chinthu chovuta kwambiri kuti muwonetsetse gawo la magawo a magawo asanu a moyo-onani gawo III.6 la Information Online Support - koma amanena kuti njira zonsezi zimabweretsa zotsatira zofanana. Kodi ndime 2 ya data ya NGram imabweretsa zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Michel et al. (2011) , zomwe zakhazikika pa deta yoyamba 1? (Zokuthandizani: Musadabwe ngati sizili choncho).

   7. Kodi pangakhale zaka zomwe zinali zapadera monga zaka zomwe zinaiwalidwa makamaka mwamsanga kapena makamaka pang'onopang'ono? Fotokozerani mwachidule zokhudzana ndi zifukwa zoterezi ndikufotokozerani momwe munazindikiritsira zolembera.

   8. Tsopano pempherani zotsatira izi kwa ndondomeko yachiwiri ya data ya NGrams mu Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian and Spanish.

   9. Poyerekeza ndi zilankhulo zonse, kodi panali zaka zilizonse zomwe zinali zolembera, monga zaka zomwe zinaiwalidwa makamaka mwamsanga kapena makamaka pang'onopang'ono? Fotokozani mwachidule zokhudzana ndi zifukwa zomwe zingatheke.

7. [ , , , ] Penney (2016) adafufuza ngati kufalitsa kwa NSA / PRISM kuyang'anitsitsa (mwachitsanzo, mavumbulutso a Snowden) mu June 2013 kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwidwa kwakukulu ndi mwadzidzidzi pamsewu kumabuku a Wikipedia pamitu yomwe imabweretsa nkhawa zachinsinsi. Ngati ndi choncho, kusintha kotereku kudzakhala kofanana ndi zotsatira zowopsya chifukwa cha kuyang'aniridwa kwakukulu. Njira yomwe Penney (2016) imafikira nthawi zina imatchedwa nthawi yosokoneza nthawi yopangidwa, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu gawo 2.4.3.

   Kusankha mutu wachinsinsi, Penney wotchulidwa m'ndandanda imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Dipatimenti ya Ufulu Yachibadwidwe ku United States pofuna kufufuza ndi kuwunika momwe anthu akuyendera. Mndandanda wa DHS umaphatikizapo mawu ena ofufuzira muzinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, "Matenda a zaumoyo," "Infrastructure Security," ndi "Ugawenga." Kwa gulu lophunzira, Penney anagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofunika okhudzana ndi "Ugawenga" (onani chithunzi cha 8) ). Kenaka adagwirizanitsa malemba a Wikipedia pamwezi pazinthu zokwana 48 za Wikipedia pamwezi wa 32, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa January mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa August 2014. Kuti apititse patsogolo mfundo zake, adawonanso magulu angapo oyerekezera ndi kufufuza Nkhaniyi ikuwoneka pazinthu zina.

   Tsopano, mutembenuza ndikuwonjezera Penney (2016) . Zonse zosavuta zomwe mukufunikira pa ntchitoyi zimapezeka kuchokera ku Wikipedia. Kapena mungathe kuzilandira pa R-package wikipediatrend (Meissner and R Core Team 2016) . Mukamalemba mayankho anu, chonde onani chinsinsi chomwe mudagwiritsa ntchito. (Zindikirani kuti ntchito yomweyi ikuwonanso mu chaputala 6.) Ntchitoyi idzapangitsa kuti muzichita deta kukangana ndi kuganizira za kuyesayesa kwachilengedwe m'zinthu zazikulu za deta. Idzakuthandizanso kuti muthamangire ndi chitsimikizo chothandizira pulojekiti.

   1. Werengani Penney (2016) ndikuwerenganso fanizo lake 2 lomwe likuwonetsa tsamba lowonera "Ugawenga" -lipo mapepala asanakhale ndi pambuyo pa mavumbulutso a snowden. Tanthauzani zotsatirazi.
   2. Kenaka, pempherani chifaniziro cha 4A, chomwe chifanizitsa gulu la maphunziro ("Uchigawenga" -li nkhani zogwirizana) ndi gulu lofananamo pogwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe ali pansi pa "DHS ndi Maofesi Ena" kuchokera ku DHS mndandanda (onani ndondomeko yowonjezera 10 ndi mawu am'munsi 139). Tanthauzani zotsatirazi.
   3. Mwachigawo (b) munafanizira gulu lophunzira ndi gulu limodzi lofanana. Penney nayenso anayerekezera ndi magulu ena awiri omwe amafanana nawo: "Zowonongeka za Infrastructure Security" (ndondomeko ya 11) ndi masamba otchuka a Wikipedia (tabletseni 12). Bwerani ndi gulu lina lofananako, ndipo yesani ngati zomwe mwapeza kuchokera ku gawo (b) zikugwirizana ndi kusankha kwanu gulu. Ndi chisankho chiti chomwe chimapangitsa kumveka bwino? Chifukwa chiyani?
   4. Penney adanena kuti mawu okhudzana ndi "Uchigawenga" adagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha nkhani za Wikipedia chifukwa boma la United States linanena kuti chigawenga ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazomwe zili pa Intaneti. Pofufuza za "Uchigawenga" -kuphatikizapo mawu achinsinsi, Penney (2016) adachitanso kafukufuku pa MTURK, kufunsa omwe akufunsapo kuti awononge aliyense wa malembo a ht pamutu wa Bvuto la Boma, Zomwe Zidzakhala Zosungunuka, Zomwe Zingatheke, ndi Kupewa (Zowonjezera table 7 ndi 8 ). Limbikitsani kufufuza pa MTurk ndikuyerekezera zotsatira zanu.
   5. Malingana ndi zotsatira mu gawo (d) ndi kuwerenga kwa nkhaniyi, kodi mumavomerezana ndi kusankha kwa Penney mutu wa mawu mu gulu la phunziro? Chifukwa chiyani? Ngati sichoncho, kodi munganene chiyani m'malo mwake?

8. [ ] Efrati (2016) adanena kuti, "kugawa kwathunthu" pa Facebook kunatsika ndi 5,5% pachaka pachaka pamene "kugawidwa kwapachiyambi" kunachepera 21% pachaka. Kutsika kumeneku kunali kwakukulu kwambiri ndi owerenga a Facebook osakwanitsa zaka 30. Lipotilo linati kuchepa kwa zinthu ziwiri. Chimodzi ndicho kukula kwa chiwerengero cha "abwenzi" omwe ali pa Facebook. Lina ndilo kuti kugawana kwina kwasintha kupita ku mauthenga ndi kwa mpikisano monga Snapchat. Lipotili linasonyezanso njira zingapo zomwe Facebook adayesera kulimbikitsa kugawidwa, kuphatikizapo News Feed masinthidwe omwe amachititsa kuti zolemba zoyambirira zikhale zolemekezeka, komanso zikumbutso zam'mbuyomu zazithunzi zapachiyambi ndi "Tsiku Lino". Kodi zikutanthauzanji, ngati zilipo, kodi zotsatirazi zili ndi ochita kafukufuku amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook monga chinsinsi?

9. [ ] Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi wolemba mbiri? Malingana ndi Goldthorpe (1991) , kusiyana kwakukuru ndiko kuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa deta. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito zojambulajambula, pamene akatswiri a zaumunthu amatha kusonkhanitsa kusonkhanitsa deta kuzinthu zina. Werengani Goldthorpe (1991) . Kodi kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mbiriyakale kumagwirizana motani ndi lingaliro la kusungidwa ndi anthu omwe ali okonzeka?

10. [ ] Izi zimamanga pa quesiton yapitayo. Goldthorpe (1991) inafotokoza mayankho ena ofunika, kuphatikizapo wina wochokera kwa Nicky Hart (1994) omwe adafuna kudzipereka kwa Goldthorpe kuti apange deta. Kuti afotokoze zoperewera zomwe zingapangitse deta, Hart adalongosola Pulojekiti Yopindulitsa Yogwira ntchito, kufufuza kwakukulu kuti azindikire mgwirizano pakati pa gulu la anthu ndi kuvota zomwe zinachitidwa ndi Goldthorpe ndi anzake pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960. Monga momwe wina angaganizire kuchokera kwa katswiri wina yemwe adakonda deta yolinganiza pazomwe adapeza deta, Project Affluent Worker inasonkhanitsa deta zomwe zinakonzedwa kuti zithetsere chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza tsogolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu m'nthaŵi yowonjezera moyo. Koma, Goldthorpe ndi anzake amaganiza kuti "akuiwala" kusonkhanitsa zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kuvota la amayi. Momwe Nicky Hart (1994) adafotokozera mwachidule nkhani yonseyi:

    "... zimakhala zovuta kuti tipewe kuganiza kuti amayi sanathenso chifukwa chakuti 'chidawoneka bwino' chimasungidwa ndi ndondomeko yapamwamba yomwe inalepheretsa chidziwitso cha akazi. Poyendetsedwa ndi malingaliro ophiphiritsira a chidziwitso cha kalasi ndi zochitika monga azimayi okhudzidwa ..., Goldthorpe ndi anzake anakhazikitsa maumboni ovomerezeka omwe anadyetsa ndi kusamalira malingaliro awoawo kusiyana ndi kuwawonetsa iwo ku mayeso oyenerera oyenerera. "

    Hart anapitiriza:

    "Zofufuza zapamwamba za Project Affluent Worker Project zimatiuza zambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe cha masculinist pakati pa zaka za m'ma 500 zakale kuposa momwe amachitira zinthu zotsatila, ndale ndi moyo."

    Kodi mungaganizire zitsanzo zina pamene kusonkhanitsa deta kumapangitsa kuti osonkhanitsa deta alowemo? Kodi izi zimagwirizana bwanji ndi zosokoneza zokhazikika? Kodi zotsatirazi zingakhale zotani pamene ochita kafukufuku ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito prammades komanso ngati agwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa?

11. [ ] M'chaputala chino, ndasiyanitsa deta yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa ndi ofufuza kwa ofufuza omwe ali ndi malamulo otsogolera opangidwa ndi makampani ndi maboma. Anthu ena amawatchula kuti "ma data" omwe amalembedwa, omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi "deta yolinganiza." N'zoona kuti mauthenga otsogolera amapezeka ndi ochita kafukufuku, komanso amapangidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga zamakono amagwira ntchito molimbika kuti asonkhanitse ndi kutetezera deta yawo. Choncho, zolemba zonsezi ndizokhazikitsidwa, zimadalira momwe mukuonera (chifaniziro 2.12).

    

    Chithunzi 2.12: Chithunzichi ndi bakha ndi kalulu; zomwe mukuwona zimadalira momwe mukuonera. Zida zazikulu zopezeka pazinthu zonse zimapezeka ndi zopangidwa; kachiwiri, zomwe mukuwona zimadalira momwe mukuwonera. Mwachitsanzo, mauthenga a deta omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi kampani ya foni amapezedwa deta kuchokera kwa wofufuza. Koma, izi zolembera zomwezo ndizopangidwa kuchokera kwa munthu wogwira ntchito mu dipatimenti yolipira foni ya kampani. Chitsime: Popular Science Monthly (1899) / Wikimedia Commons .

    Perekani chitsanzo cha chidziwitso cha deta pamene kuwona izo zonse zopezeka ndi zowonongeka ndi zothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito deta yopezera kufufuza.

12. [ ] M'nkhani yochititsa chidwi, Christian Sandvig ndi Eszter Hargittai (2015) anagawanitsa kafukufuku wa digito m'magulu awiri akuluakulu malingana ndi ngati digito ndi "chida" kapena "chinthu chophunzira." Chitsanzo cha mtundu woyamba chida ndifukufuku ndi Bengtsson ndi anzako (2011) pogwiritsa ntchito foni zam'manja kuti azitha kuthamangitsidwa pambuyo pa chivomerezi ku Haiti mu 2010. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wachiwiri-kumene dongosolo ndilo phunziro-ndifukufuku ndi Jensen (2007) momwe momwe kuyambitsira mafoni a m'manja ku Kerala, India kunakhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa msika kwa nsomba. Ndimapeza kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza chifukwa kumamvetsetsa kuti maphunziro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito deta yamagetsi akhoza kukhala ndi zolinga zosiyana ngakhale ngati akugwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo wa deta. Pofuna kufotokozera bwino kusiyana kumeneku, afotokoze maphunziro anai omwe mwawawona: awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito digito ngati chida ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito digito ngati chinthu chophunzira. Mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za mutu uno ngati mukufuna.