2.3.4 zosakwanira
Ziribe kanthu kukula kwanu kwakukulu, mwina alibe chidziwitso chimene mukufuna.
Zambiri zopezera deta sizikwanira , chifukwa chakuti alibe chidziwitso chomwe mukufuna kuti mufufuze. Ichi ndichizoloŵezi chodziwika cha deta zomwe zinalengedwa m'malo mwafukufuku. Akatswiri ambiri asayansi akhala akudziŵa kale za kuthetsa nzeru, monga kafukufuku omwe sanafunse funso lomwe likufunikira. Mwamwayi, mavuto osakwanira amakhala ovuta kwambiri pa deta yaikulu. Zomwe ndikukumana nazo, deta yaikulu ikusowapo mitundu itatu ya chidziwitso chothandizira pa kafukufuku wa anthu: chidziwitso cha anthu pazokambirana, makhalidwe pa mapulaneti ena, ndi deta kuti agwiritse ntchito zomangamanga.
Mwa mitundu itatu ya kusakwanitsa, vuto la deta zosakwanira kuti zigwiritse ntchito zomangamanga ndizovuta kwambiri kuthetsa. Ndipo pazochitika zanga, nthawi zambiri zimangopeka mwangozi. Zomwe zili choncho, zongopeka zongopeka ndizo lingaliro losavuta lomwe akatswiri a sayansi amaphunzira ndikugwiritsira ntchito lingaliro lalingaliro limatanthawuza kupanga njira yowombera iyo yomanga ndi deta yooneka. Tsoka ilo, ndondomeko yophweka imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiyesetse kuyesa mwatsatanetsatane chidziwitso chosavuta kuti anthu omwe ali anzeru amapeza ndalama zambiri. Pofuna kuyesa izi, muyenera kuyesa "luntha." Koma nzeru ndi chiyani? Gardner (2011) adatsutsa kuti pali mitundu eyiti ya nzeru. Ndipo kodi pali njira zomwe zingathe kufotokoza molondola zamtundu uliwonse wa nzeru? Ngakhale kuti ntchito zamaganizo ndizochuluka kwambiri, mafunso awa alibebe mayankho osamveka.
Choncho, ngakhale chidziwitso chosavuta-anthu omwe ali anzeru kwambiri amapeza ndalama zambiri-zingakhale zovuta kuzifufuza mwachilungamo chifukwa zingakhale zovuta kuti agwiritse ntchito zolemba zongopeka. Zitsanzo zina za zomangamanga zomwe ziri zofunika koma zovuta kugwira ntchito ndi "zikhalidwe," "chikhalidwe cha anthu," ndi "demokarase." Asayansi asayansi amatcha machesi pakati pa zowonongeka ndi deta zomangidwa bwino (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Monga momwe mndandanda wafupikali wa zomangamanga umasonyezera, kumanga chovomerezeka ndi vuto lomwe asayansi ammudzi akhala akulimbana nawo kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma pa zomwe ndakumana nazo, mavuto omwe amamanga ndi othandiza kwambiri pamene akugwira ntchito ndi deta zomwe sizinapangidwe kuti (Lazer 2015) .
Pamene mukuyesa zotsatira za kafukufuku, njira imodzi yofulumira komanso yothandiza kuyesa kumanga zomveka ndikutenga zotsatira, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mofanana ndi zomangidwe, ndikuzifotokozeretsanso malinga ndi deta yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ganizirani kafukufuku awiri omwe amasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali anzeru amapeza ndalama zambiri. Phunziro loyambirira, wofufuzirayo anapeza kuti anthu omwe amapindula bwino pa Raven Progressive Matrices Test-kafukufuku wophunzira bwino (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) - ali ndi malipoti oposa omwe amapeza pa msonkho wawo. Phunziro lachiwiri, wofufuzira adapeza kuti anthu pa Twitter omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mawu achilendo amatha kutchula zamtengo wapatali. Pazochitika zonsezi, akatswiriwa anganene kuti asonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali anzeru amapeza ndalama zambiri. Komabe, mu phunziro loyamba, zomangamanga bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi deta, pamene yachiwiri sali. Komanso, monga chitsanzo ichi chikuwonetseratu, deta zambiri sizithetsa mavuto okhaokha pomanga zomveka. Muyenera kukayikira zotsatira za phunziro lachiwiri ngati zikuphatikizapo tweets miliyoni, biliyoni tweets, kapena tweets tillioni. Kwa ofufuza omwe sakudziwa kuti apanga chidziwitso, tebulo 2.2 limapereka zitsanzo za maphunziro omwe agwiritsira ntchito ntchito zomangamanga pogwiritsa ntchito deta yolongosola deta.
| Chinsinsi cha deta | Zomangamanga | Zolemba |
|---|---|---|
| Zolemba zamakalata kuchokera ku yunivesite (maeta-deta okha) | Ubale wamtundu | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| Zolemba pa TV pa Weibo | Chiyanjano | Zhang (2016) |
| Malembo amtundu wochokera kumtunda (meta-data ndi mawu omaliza) | Chikhalidwe chikugwirizana mu bungwe | Srivastava et al. (2017) |
Ngakhale kuti vuto la chidziwitso chosadziwika chogwira ntchito yopanga zongopeka ndilovuta kuthetsa, pali njira zowonongeka kwa mitundu ina yowonjezereka yosadziwika: chidziwitso chosadziwika cha chiwerengero cha anthu ndi zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi khalidwe pazigawo zina. Njira yoyamba ndiyokusonkhanitsa deta yomwe mukusowa; Ndikukuuzani za chaputala 3 ndikukuuzani za kafukufuku. Yankho lachiwiri lalikulu ndikuchita zomwe dokotala asayansi amachitcha kuti munthu wogwiritsira ntchito mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito komanso asayansi amachitcha kuti kutengera . Mwa njirayi, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe iwo ali nazo pa anthu ena kuti apereke zikhumbo za anthu ena. Njira yachitatu yothetsera vutoli ndi kuphatikizapo mauthenga ambiri. Njira imeneyi nthawi zina imatchedwa kuphatikiza mauthenga . Zomwe ndimazikonda kwambiri pazinthuzi zinalembedwa ndi Dunn (1946) mu ndime yoyamba ya pepala loyamba lomwe linalembedwera pazowonongeka:
"Munthu aliyense padziko lapansi amapanga Bukhu la Moyo. Bukhu ili limayamba ndi kubadwa ndipo limathera ndi imfa. Masamba ake ali ndi zolemba za zochitika zazikulu pamoyo. Lembani mgwirizano ndi dzina loperekedwa pokonzekera masamba a bukhu ili muvotuku. "
Dunn atalemba ndimeyi akuganiza kuti Bukhu la Moyo likhoza kuphatikizapo zochitika zazikulu za moyo monga kubadwa, ukwati, kusudzulana, ndi imfa. Komabe, tsopano kuti zambiri zokhudzana ndi anthu zalembedwa, Bukhu la Moyo likhoza kukhala chithunzi chodabwitsa kwambiri, ngati masamba omwewo (mwachitsanzo, njira zathu zamagetsi) angagwirizane palimodzi. Bukhu ili la Moyo lingakhale lothandiza kwambiri kwa ofufuza. Koma, zikhoza kutchedwanso deta yachisokonezo (Ohm 2010) , yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zamtundu uliwonse, monga momwe ndifotokozere mu chaputala 6 (Ethics).
