6.5 awiri frameworks zikuyenela
Kutsutsana kwambiri za chikhalidwe kafukufuku kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati consequentialism ndi deontology.
Anayiwa kutsatira mfundo zabwino Ulemu kwa Anthu, Beneficence, Justice, ndipo Kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Public Chidwi ali okha kwakukulukulu anachokera ku frameworks awiri zambiri umboni koyenela: consequentialism ndi deontology. Kumvetsetsa zigawozi ndizothandiza chifukwa zidzakuthandizani kuzindikira ndi kulingalira za chimodzimodzi mwazimene zimayambitsa zofufuza: kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda nzeru kuti zithetsedwe.
Zotsatira zake, zomwe zinayambira mu ntchito ya Jeremy Bentham ndi John Stuart Mill, zikuwongolera kuchita zinthu zomwe zimatsogolera kudziko labwino (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Mfundo ya Beneficence, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusamalitsa chiopsezo ndi phindu, imakhala yozikika pamalingaliro oyenera. Kumbali ina, deontology, yomwe imachokera ku ntchito ya Immanuel Kant, ikuyang'ana pazochita zoyenera, popanda zotsatira zake (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Mfundo ya kulemekeza anthu, yomwe ikukhudzana ndi kudziimira kwa ophunzira, imakhala yozikika pamalingaliro aumulungu. Njira yofulumira komanso yopanda pake yosiyanitsa zigawo ziwirizi ndikuti akatswiri a deontologists amaganizira njira ndi otsogolera kuyang'ana pamapeto .
Kuti muwone momwe zigawo ziwirizi zikugwirira ntchito, ganizirani chilolezo chodziwitsidwa. Zida zonsezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito povomereza chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa, koma pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga chovomerezera chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa ndikuti chimathandiza kupewa chiopsezo kwa ophunzira mwa kuletsa kafukufuku omwe sagwirizane bwino ndi chiopsezo ndi kuyembekezera zopindulitsa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuganiza moyenera kumapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chifukwa chimathandiza kupewa zotsatira zoipa za ophunzira. Komabe, mtsutso wokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino umayang'ana ntchito ya wofufuza kuti azilemekeza ufulu wake. Chifukwa cha njirayi, munthu wodalirika angakhale wokonzeka kukwaniritsa chilolezo chovomerezeka mwadzidzidzi pokhapokha ngati panalibe chiopsezo, komabe katswiri wa deontologist sangathe.
Zotsatira zonse za utsogoleri ndi zaumulungu zimapereka kuzindikira kofunikira, koma aliyense akhoza kutengeredwa mopambanitsa. Pofuna kutsatila, imodzi mwazochitika zowonjezereka zingatchedwe Kudzala . Tangoganizani dokotala yemwe ali ndi odwala asanu omwe akufa ndi ziwalo zomwenso ndi wodwala wathanzi omwe ziwalo zawo zingathe kupulumutsa zisanu. Muzochitika zina, dokotala wodzipereka adzaloledwa-ndipo ngakhale kuyesedwa-kupha wodwala wathanzi kuti apeze ziwalo zake. Kuganizira kwathunthu pa mapeto, mosasamala kanthu, ndiko kulakwitsa.
Mofananamo, deontology ingathenso kutengedwa mopitirira malire, monga momwe angatchedwe nthawi ya bomba . Tangoganizirani apolisi amene atenga amphawi omwe amadziwa komwe kuli bomba la nthawi yomwe imapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Wapolisi wa zaumulungu sakanama kuti am'pusitse chigawenga kuti awulule malo a bomba. Kulingalira kwathunthu pa njira, mopanda malire, kumakhalanso kolakwika.
Mwachizoloŵezi, akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zachikhalidwe amavomereza mwatsatanetsatane mfundo ziwirizi. Kuzindikira izi kuphatikizapo sukulu zamakhalidwe abwino kumamvetsetsa chifukwa chake mikangano yambiri yamakhalidwe abwino-yomwe imakhala pakati pa omwe ali ofunika kwambiri ndi omwe ali okhudzidwa kwambiri-samapitabe patsogolo. Otsatira ambiri amapereka zifukwa zokhudzana ndi mapeto-otsutsana omwe sali okhuza kwa amulungu, omwe ali ndi nkhawa za njira. Mofananamo, okhulupirira zachipembedzo amayamba kupereka zotsutsana za njira, zomwe sizikukhutiritsa kuti azitsatira, omwe akuyang'ana pamapeto. Zotsutsana pakati pa oweruza ndi olemba zaumulungu zili ngati ngalawa ziwiri zomwe zimadutsa usiku.
Njira imodzi yothetsera mikanganoyi ndi yomwe anthu ochita kafukufuku angakhazikitse kuti akhale ndi mgwirizano wokhazikika, wamakhalidwe abwino komanso wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mwatsoka, izo sizikuwoneka kuti zichitike; Afilosofi akhala akulimbana ndi mavutowa kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito mfundo ziwirizi - ndi mfundo zinayi zomwe amalingalira-kulingalira za zovuta, kutsindika malonda, ndikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kafukufuku.
