Zimene muyenera kuwerenga kenako

• Chiyambi (gawo 6.1)

Malamulo a kafukufuku akhala akuphatikizansopo nkhani monga chinyengo cha sayansi ndi kugawa ngongole. Izi zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu On Being a Scientist by Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .

Chaputala chino chikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zili ku United States. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa ndondomeko yoyendetsera ndondomeko ya mayiko m'mayiko ena, onani mutu 6 mpaka 9 wa Desposato (2016b) . Kwa kutsutsa kuti mfundo zachikhalidwe zomwe zakhudza mutu uno ndizopambana kwambiri ku America, onani Holm (1995) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamabungwe a Review Institutional Review ku United States, onani Stark (2012) . Nyuzipepala PS: Sayansi Yandale ndi Ndale zakhala ndi mphunzitsi wosiyirana wokhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa asayansi ndi mabungwe a IRB; onani Martinez-Ebers (2016) mwachidule.

Lipoti la Belmont ndi malamulo otsatira ku United States amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa kufufuza ndi kuchita. Sindinapange kusiyana kotere m'mutu uno chifukwa ndikuganiza mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonjezera zonsezi. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kusiyana kumeneku ndi mavuto omwe amachititsa, onani Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , boyd (2016) , ndi Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kufufuza kafukufuku pa Facebook, onani Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Kuti mupeze maganizo okhudza kufufuza kafukufuku ku makampani ndi mabungwe osagwirizana ndi maboma, onani Calo (2013) , Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , ndi Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la Ebola ku West Africa (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zoopsa zachinsinsi pafoni, onani Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Kuti mupeze zitsanzo za kafukufuku wokhudza mavuto oyambirira omwe mukugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja, onani Bengtsson et al. (2011) ndi Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , ndi zina zambiri pamakhalidwe a zovuta zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku, onani ( ??? ) .

• Zitsanzo zitatu (gawo 6.2)

Anthu ambiri alemba za Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima. Magazini ya Research Ethics inapereka nkhani yawo yonse mu January 2016 kukambirana za kuyesera; onani Hunter and Evans (2016) mwachidule. The Proceedings of the National Academics of Science inafalitsa zidutswa ziwiri za kuyesa: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) ndi Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ena okhudza kuyesedwawa ndi awa: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , ndi ( ??? ) .

• Digital ndi yosiyana (chigawo 6.3)

Pogwiritsa ntchito maulendo akuluakulu, mafotokozedwe ochuluka amaperekedwa ku Mayer-Schönberger (2009) ndi Marx (2016) . Kwachitsanzo chonchi, Bankston and Soltani (2013) akuwonetsa kuti kufufuza munthu wogwidwa ndi zigawenga pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja ndi pafupifupi mtengo wotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi kuyang'anitsitsa. Onaninso Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) kuti akambirane za kuyang'aniridwa kuntchito. Bell and Gemmell (2009) amapereka chitsimikizo champhamvu cha kudziyang'anira.

Kuwonjezera pa kuyang'anira khalidwe lowonetsetsa lomwe liri lachidziwitso kapena lachinyamata (mwachitsanzo, Zosangalatsa, Makhalidwe, ndi Nthawi), ofufuza akhoza kuwonjezera zinthu zomwe anthu ambiri amaona kuti ndizopadera. Mwachitsanzo, Michal Kosinski ndi anzake (2013) adawonetsa kuti angathe kudziwa zambiri zokhudza anthu, monga kugonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuchokera ku deta yowoneka ngati yodabwitsa (Facebook Likes). Izi zingawoneke ngati zamatsenga, koma njira yomwe Kosinski ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito-zomwe zimagwirizanitsa njira zamagetsi, kufufuza, ndi maphunziro oyang'aniridwa-ndizoona zomwe ndakuuzani kale. Kumbukirani kuti mu chaputala 3 (Kufunsa mafunso). Ndinakuuzani momwe Yoswa Blumenstock ndi anzake (2015) adagwirizanitsa deta ndi ma foni kuti awonetse umphaŵi mu Rwanda. Njira yeniyeni yomweyi, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa umphawi m'dziko lotukuka, ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito potsutsa zachinsinsi-kuphwanya mauthenga.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito deta O'Doherty et al. (2016) , onani O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Kuwonjezera pa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zachiwiri zomwe sizinali zoyembekezeredwa, kulengedwa kwachinsinsi chosamveka bwino kungakhale ndi zotsatira zowopsya pamoyo ndi ndale ngati anthu sakufuna kuwerenga zinthu zina kapena kukambirana nkhani zina; onani Schauer (1978) ndi Penney (2016) .

Muzochitika ndi malamulo ophwanyaphwanya, wofufuzira nthawi zina amagwira ntchito "yogula (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) " (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Makamaka, ofufuza ena omwe akufuna kuti apewe kuyang'anira IRB akhoza kupanga mgwirizano ndi ochita kafukufuku omwe saphimbidwa ndi IRBs (mwachitsanzo, anthu pa makampani kapena NGOs), ndi kuwagwiritsira ntchito kuti asonkhanitse deta. Kenaka, kafukufuku yemwe ali ndi IRB akhoza kusanthula deta yomwe yadziwika popanda kuyang'anira IRB chifukwa kafukufuku sichiwerengedwanso "maphunziro a anthu," malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwina kwa malamulo amasiku ano. Kutuluka kwa IRB kotereku sikungakhale kosagwirizana ndi mfundo zoyendetsera zofufuza.

Mu 2011, kuyesayesa kunayambanso kusintha Common Rule, ndipo ndondomekoyi inatsirizidwa mu 2017 ( ??? ) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazomwe mukuyesa kusintha malamulowa, onani Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , Hudson and Collins (2015) , ndi Metcalf (2016) .

• Mfundo zinayi (gawo 6.4)

Mfundo zapamwamba zozikidwa pamayendedwe a zamoyo ndizo za Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Amatsindika kuti mfundo zinayi zofunika ziyenera kutsogolera makhalidwe abwino: Kulemekeza Autonomy, Kukhumudwa, Kupindulitsa, ndi Chilungamo. Mfundo yosalimbikitsidwa imalimbikitsa munthu kupewa kuvulaza anthu ena. Lingaliro limeneli likugwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la Hippocratic la "Musamavulaze." Muzochita zamaphunziro, mfundo imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala pamodzi ndi mfundo ya Beneficence, koma onani chaputala 5 cha @ beauchamp_principles_2012 kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kusiyana pakati pa awiriwo. Pozitsutsa kuti mfundo izi ndi zapamwamba kwambiri ku America, onani Holm (1995) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazomwe mukutsutsana pamene mfundo zikutsutsana, onani Gillon (2015) .

Mfundo zinayi zomwe zili mu chaputala chino zakonzedwanso kuti zitsogolere mwachilungamo kuti kafukufuku (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) pa makampani ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) kudzera mu matupi omwe amatchedwa "Mabungwe Oyang'anira Zokambirana za Anthu Okhudzidwa" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Kulemekeza Anthu (gawo 6.4.1)

Kuphatikiza pa kulemekeza ulamuliro, Belmont Report imavomereza kuti si munthu aliyense amene angathe kudzilamulira yekha. Mwachitsanzo, ana, anthu omwe akudwala, kapena anthu omwe akukhala m'mabungwe omwe ali ndi ufulu woletsedwa sangathe kukhala odzilamulira okhaokha, ndipo anthuwa ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kulemekeza anthu m'zaka za digito kungakhale kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, mu kafukufuku wa zaka zam'chipatala, zingakhale zovuta kupereka zowonjezera zowonjezera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yodzipangira okha chifukwa ochita kafukufuku amadziwa zambiri za otsogolera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuvomereza kwadzidzidzi kufukufuku wam'badwo wa digito ndi vuto lalikulu. Nthawi zina, indetu kuuzidwa chilolezo akhoza kuvutika chifukwa cha chilungamo chododometsa (Nissenbaum 2011) , kumene mudziwe komanso muzimvetsetsa sizigwirizana. Kawirikawiri, ngati ochita kafukufuku amapereka chidziwitso chonse chokhudza momwe deta yosonkhanitsira, kusanthula deta, ndi kusungirako deta, zidzakhala zovuta kwa anthu ambiri kumvetsetsa. Koma ngati ochita kafukufuku amapereka chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa, icho sichikhoza kukhala ndi mfundo zofunika zamakono. Pa kafukufuku wa zachipatala m'nthaŵi ya analogi-malo owonedwa ndi Belmont Report-wina akhoza kulingalira dokotala akuyankhula payekha ndi aliyense kuti athandize kuthetsa chidziwitso. Pa maphunziro a pa intaneti omwe alipo anthu zikwizikwi kapena mamiliyoni ambiri, kuyang'ana pamaso ndi maso sikutheka. Vuto lachiwiri ndi chivomerezo m'zaka za digito ndikuti mu maphunziro ena, monga kuwonetsa zapadera zowonongeka zapadera, sikungatheke kupeza chidziwitso chodziwika kuchokera kwa onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito. Ndikukambirana mafunsowa ndi ena mafunso okhudza chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa mu gawo 6.6.1. Ngakhale zili zovuta izi, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuvomereza kwadzidzidzi sikofunikira kapena kokwanira kulemekeza anthu.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kafukufuku wamankhwala musanavomereze, onani Miller (2014) . Kuti mupeze kutalika kwa buku la chidziwitso chodziwika, onani Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Onaninso mafotokozedwe omwe atchulidwa pazomwe mwadziwitsidwa pamunsi.

• Kupindula (gawo 6.4.2)

Zowonongeka kuti zithe kufotokozera ndizovuta zomwe kafufuzidwe zingayambitse osati kwa anthu enieni koma kumalo osungira anthu. Lingaliro limeneli ndi losavuta kumva, koma ine ndifotokozera chitsanzo chotsatira: Wichita Jury Study (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) -ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . Mu phunziro lino, ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Chicago, monga gawo la maphunziro akuluakulu a zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha malamulo, adalemba mwachinsinsi mafunso asanu ndi limodzi a milandu ku Wichita, Kansas. Oweruza ndi mabwalo a milandu m'milandu adavomereza zojambulazo, ndipo panali kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala. Komabe, oweruzawo sanadziwe kuti zolembazo zikuchitika. Pomwe phunzirolo litapezeka, panali kudandaula kwa anthu. Dipatimenti Yachilungamo inayamba kufufuzira za phunziroli, ndipo ochita kafukufuku adaitanidwa kukachitira umboni pamaso pa Congress. Pamapeto pake, Congress inakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano limene limapangitsa kuti likhale loletsa kubwereza mwachinsinsi milandu.

Chodetsa nkhaŵa cha otsutsa a Phunziro la Jumulo la Wichita sichinali chiopsezo kwa ophunzira; M'malo mwake, chinali chiopsezo chachikulu pa nkhani ya ndondomeko yamalamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu amaganiza kuti ngati mamembala asanakhulupirire kuti akukambirana pa malo otetezeka ndi otetezedwa, zikanakhala zovuta kuti ziganizo zamilandu zizichitika mofulumira. Kuphatikiza pa zokambirana zamilandu, palinso zina zomwe anthu amapereka ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka, monga maubwenzi-makasitomala maubwenzi ndi chisamaliro cha maganizo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Kuopsa kwa (Desposato 2016b) ndi kusokonezeka kwa machitidwe a anthu kumayambanso (Desposato 2016b) . Kuti mukhale chitsanzo cha zowerengera zowonjezera mtengo-phindu lowerengera kuti munda uyesere mu sayansi zandale, onani Zimmerman (2016) .

• Chilungamo (chigawo 6.4.3)

Malipiro kwa ophunzira adakambidwa mndandanda wa zochitika zambiri zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa zaka za digito. Lanier (2014) akupereka kulipira anthu pazithunzi zapamwamba zomwe amapanga. Bederson and Quinn (2011) akukambirana za malipiro a msika wogulitsa ntchito pa intaneti. Potsirizira pake, Desposato (2016a) akupempha kulipira ophunzira m'mayesero. Iye akunena kuti ngakhale ophunzira sangathe kulipidwa mwachindunji, chopereka chingapangidwe kwa gulu lomwe likuwathandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Encore, ofufuzawo akanatha kupereka zopereka kwa gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito kuti lipeze chithandizo cha intaneti.

• Kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Chidwi (gawo 6.4.4)

Mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wamagulu uyenera kukhala wochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mgwirizano womwe umagwirizanitsa pakati pa maphwando ofanana komanso malamulo omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi maboma ovomerezeka. Makhalidwe omwe ofufuza aphwanya mgwirizano wamagwirizano m'mbuyomo akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mafunso ovomerezeka kuti ayang'ane khalidwe la makampani (mofanana ndi kuyesa kusanthula). Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , ndi Bruckman (2016b) . Kuti mupeze kafukufuku wamakono omwe akukambirana mautumiki apadera, onani Soeller et al. (2016) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazovuta zalamulo zomwe ofufuza akukumana nazo ngati akuphwanya malamulo, onani Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Makhalidwe awiri a chikhalidwe (gawo 6.5)

Mwachiwonekere, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwakhala kulembedwa za kutsatila ndi deontology. Kwa chitsanzo cha momwe zikhalidwezi, ndi zina, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulingalira za kafukufuku wa zaka za digito, onani Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Kuti mudziwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito pazomwe zikuyendera pazitukuko zachuma, onani Baele (2013) .

• Chidziwitso chodziwika (gawo 6.6.1)

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa zofukufuku zachinyengo, onani Pager (2007) ndi Riach and Rich (2004) . Zophunzira izi sizimangokhala ndi chilolezo chodziwika bwino, zimaphatikizaponso chinyengo popanda kusinkhasinkha.

Desposato (2016a) ndi Humphreys (2015) amapereka uphungu zokhudzana ndi malo popanda chilolezo.

Sommers and Miller (2013) akuwongolera zotsutsana zambiri kuti asagwirizanitse ophunzira pambuyo ponyenga, ndipo akutsutsa kuti ochita kafukufuku ayenera kupeleka zokambirana

"Pansi pa zinthu zochepa kwambiri, zomwe ndizo, kufufuza m'munda momwe kufotokozera kumakhala ndi zopinga zambiri koma ochita kafukufuku sangakhale ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi kukambirana ngati angathe. Ochita kafukufuku sayenera kuloledwa kusiya zopikisana kuti asunge gulu la anthu osadzikonda, ateteze ku mkwiyo, kapena kuteteza ophunzira kuti asapweteke. "

Ena amanena kuti nthawi zina ngati kukhumudwa kumayambitsa mavuto kusiyana ndi zabwino, ziyenera kupeŵa (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Debriefing ndi pamene ochita kafukufuku ena amapereka ulemu patsogolo pa kulemekeza anthu pamwamba pa Beneficence, pamene ochita kafukufuku ena amachita zosiyana. Njira imodzi yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kupeza njira zopangira zokambirana za ophunzira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo momangokhalira kuganiza kuti pali vuto limene lingapweteke, mwina kukambirana kungakhale chinthu chomwe chimapindulitsa ophunzira. Kwa chitsanzo cha mtundu wa maphunzirowa, onani Jagatic et al. (2007) . Akatswiri a zamaganizo atulukira njira zothetsera kukambirana (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , ndipo zina mwa izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera ku kafukufuku wa zaka za digito. Humphreys (2015) amapereka malingaliro okondweretsa za chilolezo chololedwa , chomwe chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi njira yothetsera mavuto yomwe ndinayankha.

Lingaliro lopempha chitsanzo cha ophunzira kuti avomereze likugwirizana ndi zomwe Humphreys (2015) akuyitanitsa chilolezo chosagonjetsedwa .

Mfundo yowonjezera yokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa chomwe chaperekedwa ndikupanga gulu la anthu omwe amavomereza kukhala pa intaneti (Crawford 2014) . Ena adatsutsa kuti gululi lidzakhala chitsanzo cha anthu osadziwika. Koma chaputala 3 (Kufunsa mafunso) kumasonyeza kuti mavutowa angathe kuthandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito stratification. Komanso, kuvomereza kukhala pa gulu kungapangitse mayesero osiyanasiyana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ophunzira sangafunike kuvomereza kuyesedwa kulikonse payekha, lingaliro lotchedwa chilolezo chachikulu (Sheehan 2011) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kusiyana pakati pa nthawi imodzi ndi chilolezo cha phunziro lililonse, komanso mtundu wosakanizidwa, onani Hutton and Henderson (2015) .

• Kumvetsetsa ndi kuyang'anira chiopsezo chadzidzidzi (gawo 6.6.2)

M'malo mosiyana, Mphoto ya Netflix ikuwonetseratu malo ofunika kwambiri a ma datasete omwe ali ndi zambiri zokhudza anthu, ndipo amapereka maphunziro ofunikira ponena za kuthekera kwa "zodziwika" za masiku ano. Mafelemu okhala ndi zidziwitso zambiri za munthu aliyense akhoza kukhala ochepa , motanthauziridwa mokhazikika ku Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, pa zolembedwa zonse, palibe zolemba zomwe ziri zofanana, ndipo kwenikweni palibe malemba omwe ali ofanana kwambiri: munthu aliyense ali patali ndi oyandikana nawo pafupi ndi dataset. Munthu akhoza kulingalira kuti deta ya Netflix ikhoza kukhala yaying'ono chifukwa ali ndi mafilimu pafupifupi 20,000 pa nyenyezi zisanu-zisanu, pali pafupifupi \(6^{20,000}\) mfundo zomwe munthu aliyense angakhale nazo (6 chifukwa, kuwonjezera pa 1 mpaka 5 nyenyezi, winawake mwina sangayambe kujambula kanema konse). Nambalayi ndi yaikulu kwambiri, ndi kovuta kumvetsa.

Sparsity ali ndi zifukwa zazikulu ziwiri. Choyamba, zikutanthawuza kuti kuyesa "kulepheretsa" dataset yokhudzana ndi kusokonezeka mwadzidzidzi kungathe kulephera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale Netflix angasinthe zina mwazochita (zomwe adazichita), izi sizikanakhala zokwanira chifukwa mbiri yosokonezekayi ndi mbiri yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe munthu wotsutsa ali nazo. Chachiwiri, sparsity imatanthawuza kuti kudziwitsidwa kotheka ndi kotheka ngakhale ngati wotsutsa ali ndi chidziwitso chopanda tsankho kapena mopanda tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, mu deta ya Netflix, tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti wotsutsa amadziwa zomwe mumakonda pa mafilimu awiri ndi masiku omwe munapanga ziwerengero zanu \(\pm\) masiku atatu; Chidziwitso chokhacho n'chokwanira kuti mudziwe 68% mwa anthu mu data la Netflix. Ngati wotsutsa amadziwa mafilimu asanu ndi atatu omwe mwawerengera \(\pm\) masiku 14, ndiye ngakhale ngati awiriwa ali olakwika, zolemba 99% zikhoza kudziwika bwino pa dataset. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugawidwa ndi vuto lalikulu pakuyesera "kuwonetsa" deta, zomwe ndizosautsa chifukwa zamakono zamasiku ano ndizochepa. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa "zodziwika" za deta, onani Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .

Meta-deta-deta imatha kuwoneka ngati "osadziwika" ndipo sizimvetsetsa, koma si choncho. Manambala a telefoni ndi ozindikiritsa komanso omveka (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Pachifanizo cha 6.6, ndinayesa malonda pakati pa chiopsezo kwa ophunzira ndi phindu kwa anthu kuchokera pa kumasulidwa kwa deta. Kuyerekeza pakati pa njira zosavuta zowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, munda wotchingidwa ndi mipanda) ndi njira zochepetsera deta (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wina wa "chithunzi") onani Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogawidwa zadongosolo, onani Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Kuti mumve zambiri za kugawa deta, onani Yakowitz (2011) .

Kuti mupeze tsatanetsatane wokhudzana ndi malondawa pakati pa chiopsezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta, onani Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , ndi Goroff (2015) . Kuwona malondawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku deta yeniyeni kuchokera ku maphunziro apamwamba pa Intaneti (MOOCs), onani Daries et al. (2014) ndi Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Kusiyanasiyana kwachinsinsi kumaperekanso njira ina yomwe ingagwirizanitse chiopsezo chachikulu kwa ophunzira komanso kupindulitsa kwa anthu; onani Dwork and Roth (2014) ndi Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza chidziwitso chodziwika bwino (PII), chomwe chili pakati pa malamulo ambiri okhudza zofufuza, onani Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) ndi Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazomwe mukudziwira, onani Ohm (2015) .

M'chigawo chino, ndasonyeza kuyanjana kwa ma datasita osiyanasiyana monga chinthu chomwe chingawononge ngozi. Komabe, zingathenso kupanga mwayi watsopano wofufuza, monga momwe ananenera mu Currie (2013) .

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazipinda zisanu, onani Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Mwachitsanzo, onani momwe Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) amasonyezera kuti zotsatira zake zingatheke bwanji. Dwork et al. (2017) amalingaliranso kusokoneza deta, monga chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda enaake.

Mafunso okhudza kutulutsidwa kwa deta komanso kumasulidwa kwa deta imabweretsanso mafunso okhudza deta. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, podziwa deta, onani Evans (2011) ndi Pentland (2012) .

• Ubwino (gawo 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) ndi nkhani yovomerezeka yokhudza zachinsinsi ndipo imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi lingaliro lakuti chinsinsi ndi ufulu wokasiyidwa wokha. Njira zothandizira zachinsinsi zomwe ndikupempha ndikuphatikizapo Solove (2010) ndi Nissenbaum (2010) .

Kuti muwerenge kafukufuku wogwira mtima momwe anthu amaganizira zachinsinsi, onani Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) amapereka ndondomeko yawiri-kuti nthawi zina anthu amaganizira zovuta komanso nthawi zina amaika maganizo awo kuti afotokoze momwe anthu angapangire mawu otsutsana. Kuti mumve zambiri pazomwe mukukhala payekha pa intaneti monga Twitter, onani Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .

Magazini Science inafalitsa gawo lapadera lotchedwa "The End of Privacy," lomwe likukamba za nkhani zachinsinsi ndi chidziŵitso chodziŵika kusiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana; Mwachidule, onani Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) amapanga maziko oganiza za zowawa zomwe zimachokera ku kuphwanya kwachinsinsi. Chitsanzo choyambirira cha nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chinsinsi pa nthawi yoyamba ya zaka za digito ndi Packard (1964) .

• Kupanga zisankho popanda chidziwitso (gawo 6.6.4)

Vuto lina pamene akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochepetsera chiwopsezo ndikuti sikudziwikiratu kuti moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji (National Research Council 2014) . Mwachitsanzo, anthu opanda pokhala amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu m'moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndizovomerezeka kuulula anthu opanda pokhala ku kafukufuku wapamwamba. Pachifukwa ichi, zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizanitsa kuti chiopsezo chochepa chiyenera kuwonetsedwa pambali ya anthu ambiri , osati chiwerengero cha anthu . Ngakhale kuti ndimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri, ndimaganiza kuti pazenera zazikulu zapa intaneti monga Facebook, ndondomeko yeniyeni ya anthu ndi yovomerezeka. Potero, pakuganizira Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima, ndikuganiza kuti ndizomveka kutsutsana ndi zoopsa za tsiku ndi tsiku pa Facebook. Chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri pa nkhaniyi ndi chosavuta kuunika ndipo sichikutsutsana ndi mfundo ya Chilungamo, yomwe imayesetsa kuletsa kuti zovuta zowonjezera zisawonongeke pamagulu ovutika (mwachitsanzo, akaidi ndi ana amasiye).

• Malangizo othandiza (gawo 6.7)

Akatswiri ena adafunanso mapepala ena kuti aphatikizepo zolembera zoyenera (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) imaperekanso malangizo othandiza. Zook ndi anzawo (2017) amapereka "malamulo khumi osavuta kuti apeze kafukufuku wamkulu wa deta."