6.1 Kuyamba

Mitu yapitayo yasonyeza kuti zaka za digito zimapanga mipata yatsopano yosonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula deta ya anthu. Mibadwo ya digito yakhazikitsanso mavuto atsopano. Cholinga cha mutu uno ndi kukupatsani zida zomwe mukufunikira kuthana nazo zovuta zoyenera.

Pakalipano palibe kukayikira za zoyenera za kafukufuku wina wazaka zapakati pa digito. Kusakayikira kumeneku kwabweretsa mavuto awiri ofanana, omwe amathandizidwa kwambiri kuposa ena. Akatswiri ena amaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsana ndi zachinsinsi za anthu kapena kulembetsa ophunzira mwazofufuza zosayenerera. Milanduyi-yomwe ine nditi ndifotokoze mu mutu uno-yakhala ikuyambitsa kutsutsana kwakukulu ndi kukambirana. Kumbali inayi, kusadziwika kwa makhalidwe abwino kunakhalanso ndi zotsatira zowopsya, kulepheretsa kufufuza kwabwino ndi kofunikira kuti zisadzachitike, zomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndizosavomerezedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya Ebola ya 2014, akuluakulu a zaumoyo ankafuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudza kuyenda kwa anthu m'mayiko omwe ali ndi HIV kwambiri kuti athetse vutoli. Makampani apakompyuta anali ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zingapereke zina. Komabe zoyendetsera malamulo ndi zoyipa za malamulo zinapangitsa kuti ochita kafukufuku ayese kufufuza deta (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) . Ngati ife, monga dera, tikhoza kukhazikitsa miyambo ndi miyezo yomwe ochita kafukufuku ndi anthu amagawana nawo-ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tikhoza kuchita izi-ndiye kuti tikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za m'badwo wa digito m'njira zomwe zimapindulitsa anthu .

Chinthu chimodzi cholepheretsa kulumikiza izi ndikuti asayansi ndi deta asayansi amatha kukhala ndi njira zosiyana siyana ndizochita kafukufuku. Kwa asayansi a zachikhalidwe, kulingalira za makhalidwe abwino kumayang'aniridwa ndi Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) ndi malamulo omwe akuyenera kuti azikakamiza. Ndipotu, njira yokhayo yomwe akatswiri ambiri amachitukuko amavomerezera ndi kutsutsana ndi machitidwe ovomerezeka a IRB. Dokotala asayansi, komano, alibe zochitika zovuta zogwirizana ndi zoyendetsera kafukufuku chifukwa sizimakambidwa mozama mu kompyuta ndi sayansi. Zonse mwazinthuzi- malamulo ozikidwa pazinthu zamagulu asayansi kapena njira zamakono za asayansi odziwa deta-ndizoyenera kuti azisanthula kafukufuku m'zaka zapitazi. M'malo mwake, ndikukhulupirira kuti ife, monga dera, tidzapita patsogolo ngati titengera njira zoyendetsera mfundo . Ndiko kuti, ofufuza ayenera kuunikira kafukufuku wawo kudzera alipo malamulo ndidzachotsa amapereka ndipo amaganiza akhale followed- ndi kudzera kwambiri ambiri kutsatira mfundo zabwino. Njirayi imathandiza ochita kafukufuku kupanga zosankha zoyenera pa milandu yomwe malamulo sanalembedwe, ndipo amathandiza akatswiri kufotokozera malingaliro awo ndi anzawo.

Mfundo zokhudzana ndi mfundo zomwe ndikulengeza sizatsopano. Icho chimagwirizana ndi zaka zambiri za m'mbuyomu kuganiza, zomwe zambiri zinalumikizidwa mu malipoti awiri ofunika kwambiri: Report Belmont ndi Menlo Report. Monga momwe mudzaonera, nthawi zina mfundo zoyendetsera mfundo zimayambitsa njira zowonongeka, zothetsera mavuto. Ndipo, pamene sichikutsogolera ku zothetsera zoterezi, zimamveketsa malonda omwe akukhudzidwa nawo, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti apeze zoyenera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, njira zoyendetsera mfundozi ndizokwanira kuti zikhale zothandiza ngakhale mutagwira ntchito (monga yunivesite, boma, NGO, kapena kampani).

Mutu uno wapangidwa kuti athandize wofufuza wofuna bwino. Kodi mukuganiza bwanji za makhalidwe abwino a ntchito yanu? Kodi mungatani kuti ntchito yanu ikhale yoyenera? Mu gawo 6.2, ndifotokozera mapulojekiti atatu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito digiti yomwe yakhazikitsa kukambirana. Kenaka, mugawo 6.3, nditha kuona zitsanzo zenizeni zomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chokhalira osatsimikizirika: mphamvu yowonjezereka kwa ochita kafukufuku kuti ayang'ane ndi kuyesera anthu popanda chilolezo kapena ngakhale kuzindikira. Izi zimasintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo athu. Kenaka, mugawo 6.4, ndikufotokozera mfundo zinayi zomwe zingathe kutsogolera malingaliro anu: Kulemekeza Anthu, Kukonda, Chilungamo, ndi kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Chidwi. Kenaka, mugawo 6.5, ndifotokozera mwachidule njira ziwiri zoyenera kutsata-zotsatila zamaganizo ndi zamulungu - zomwe zingakuthandizeni ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto omwe mungakumane nawo: Ndi liti pamene mukuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka kuti mukwaniritse mapeto abwino. Mfundozi ndi ndondomeko zamakhazikitso-mwachidule mu chifaniziro 6.1-zidzakuthandizani kuti musamayende mopitirira kuganizira zomwe zikuloledwa ndi malamulo omwe alipo ndikuonjezerani kuthekera kwanu kuyankhula maganizo anu ndi ochita kafukufuku ndi anthu.

Ndimeyi, mugawo 6.6, ndidzakambirana magawo anayi omwe ali ovuta kwambiri kwa ochita kafukufuku wam'badwo wa digito: chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa (gawo 6.6.1), kumvetsetsa ndi kusamalira chidziwitso cha chidziwitso (gawo 6.6.2), chinsinsi (gawo 6.6.3 ), ndikupanga zosankha zoyenera pakadalirika (gawo 6.6.4). Pomalizira, mugawo 6.7, ndikupereka malangizo atatu othandiza ogwira ntchito m'deralo ndi makhalidwe osokonezeka. Chaputalachi chimamaliza ndi zolemba za mbiri yakale, kumene ndikufotokozera mwachidule kusinthika kwa kayendetsedwe ka kafukufuku ku United States, kuphatikizapo zovuta za Phunziro la Tuskegee Syphilis, Belmont Report, Common Rule, ndi Menlo Report.

Chithunzi 6.1: Malamulo oyendetsa kafukufuku amachokera ku mfundo zomwe zimachokera kumakhalidwe abwino. Mtsutso waukulu wa mutu uwu ndi wakuti ofufuzira amayenera kufufuza kafukufuku wawo kupyolera mu malamulo omwe alipo-omwe ndizitenga monga momwe ndikuperekera ndikuganiza kuti azitsatiridwa- komanso kudzera mu mfundo zowonongeka. Common Rule ndi malamulo omwe panopa akuyendetsa kafukufuku wopindulitsa kwambiri ku United States (kuti mumve zambiri, wonani zowonjezera zambiri mu chaputala chino). Mfundo zinayi zimachokera ku magulu awiri a buluu omwe anapangidwa kuti apereke malangizo othandizira ochita kafukufuku: Report Belmont ndi Menlo Report (kuti mumve zambiri, onani zolemba zambiri). Potsirizira pake, kutsatiridwa ndi chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe abwino omwe apangidwa ndi akatswiri a filosofi kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Njira yofulumira komanso yopanda pake yosiyanitsa zigawo ziwirizi ndikuti akatswiri a deontologists amaganizira njira ndi otsogolera kuyang'ana pamapeto.