Activities

• vuto lalikulu: zosavuta , wamkati , zovuta , molimbika kwambiri
• imakhala masamu ( )
• imayenera kuwerengera ( )
• kusonkhanitsa deta ( )
• zokondedwa zanga ( )

1. [ ] Potsutsana ndi kuyesa kwa Emotional Conteston, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) analemba kuti:

   "Ngakhale ziri zoona kuti zoopsa za Facebook zowonongeka zinali zochepa ndipo ngakhale, poona kuti zotsatirazo zikuwoneka kuti zothandiza, pali mfundo yofunikira yomwe ikuyenera kuchitidwa pano. Momwemo kuba kuba ndikobe kanthu kaya pali ndalama zingati, choncho tonsefe tili ndi ufulu woti tisayesedwe popanda kudziwa ndi kuvomereza, zirizonse zomwe afufuza. "

   1. Ndi chiani mwa zikhalidwe ziwiri zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mutu uno-zotsatizana kapena zachipembedzo-kodi nkhaniyi ikukhudzidwa bwino kwambiri?
   2. Tsopano, tangoganizani kuti mukufuna kutsutsana ndi izi. Kodi mungatsutse bwanji nkhaniyi kwa mtolankhani wa New York Times ?
   3. Momwe mungayankhire, ngati mutakambirana nkhaniyi ndi mnzanuyo?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) taganizirani funso ngati ofufuza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma tweets omwe achotsedwa. Werengani pepala lawo kuti mudziwe zam'mbuyo.

   1. Fufuzani chisankho ichi kuchokera ku lingaliro laumulungu.
   2. Sungani bwino lomwe lomwe lingaliro lomwelo kuchokera ku lingaliro loyenera.
   3. Ndi chiyani chomwe mumapeza chotsimikizirika pa nkhaniyi?

3. [ ] M'nkhani yokhudzana ndi zoyesayesa zapadera, Humphreys (2015) adayesa zotsatila zotsatirazi kuti awonetsetse mavuto omwe amachitidwa popanda chilolezo cha maphwando onse ogwira ntchito komanso omwe amavulaza ena ndikuthandiza ena.

   "Auzeni wofufuza kafukufuku akutsatiridwa ndi gulu la mabungwe omwe akukhala nawo omwe akufuna kudziwa ngati kuyatsa magetsi m'misewu kungachepetse chiwawa. Mu kafukufukuyu nkhanizi ndizo zigawenga: kufunafuna chidziwitso chodziwika kwa anthu ochita zigawenga kungawonongeke kafukufuku ndipo mwina sizingatheke (kuphwanya ulemu kwa anthu); zigawenga zikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku popanda kupindula (kuphwanya chilungamo); ndipo padzakhala kusagwirizana ponena za ubwino wa kafukufuku-ngati uli wogwira mtima, achifwamba makamaka sangachiyese (kuwonetsa vuto loyesa kuchitira zabwino) ... Nkhani zofunikira apa sizongotengera maphunzirowo. Pano palinso zoopsa zomwe zimapezekanso kwa anthu osaphunzira, ngati ochimwa amabwezeretsa mabungwe omwe akuyika nyali. Bungwe likhoza kukhala lodziwa bwino za zoopsazi koma likhale lofunitsitsa kulisenza chifukwa chakuti iwo amakhulupirira molakwa ziyembekezo zolakwika za akatswiri ochokera ku mayunivesite olemera omwe eni eniwo amachititsa mbali kuti azifalitsa. "

   1. Lembani imelo ku bungwe lachigawo likupereka kuyesa kwanu kwayeso monga kuyesedwa monga adakonzera? Kodi mungawathandize kuyesa monga momwe akufunira? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingakhudze chisankho chanu?
   2. Kodi pali kusintha komwe kungakulimbikitseni kuyang'ana kwanu kwa kayendetsedwe kameneka.

4. [ ] M'zaka za m'ma 1970, amuna makumi asanu ndi limodzi (60) adachita nawo ntchito yowonetsera masewera omwe anachitika mu chipinda cha abambo ku yunivesite yomwe ili kumadzulo kwa dziko la United States. (Ofufuza sanena dzina la yunivesite) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Ofufuzawa ankadabwa ndi momwe anthu amachitira ndi kuphwanya malo awo omwe Sommer (1969) amawamasulira kuti "malo okhala ndi malire osayika omwe ali pafupi ndi thupi la munthu limene sangalowemo." Mwachindunji, ochita kafukufuku anasankha kuphunzira momwe Kukonza kwa munthu kunakhudzidwa ndi kupezeka kwa ena pafupi. Pambuyo pochita phunziro lochita chidwi, ochita kafukufuku anayesa kuyesa munda. Ophunzirawo anakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito ubongo wam'mbali kumanzere osambiramo atatu (ochita kafukufuku sakufotokozera momwe izi zakhalira). Kenaka, ophunzirawo anapatsidwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mtunda wautali. Kwa amuna ena, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito umtsinje pafupi nawo; kwa amuna ena, ogwirizanitsa ntchito kamodzi kamodzi kutalika kwa iwo; ndipo kwa amuna ena, palibe ogwirizana omwe analowa mu bafa. Ofufuzirawo anayeza zosiyana ndi zotsatira zake-nthawi yochedwa ndi kuumirira-poika wothandizira ofufuza mkati mwa chimbudzi choyandikana nacho pafupi ndi kumapeto kwake. Izi ndi zomwe ochita kafukufuku adafotokozera njirayi:

   "Wowonerera anali atayikidwa m'nyumba ya chimbudzi nthawi yomweyo pafupi ndi" urinal ". Pa kuyesedwa kwa oyendetsa machitidwewa kunatsimikizirika kuti zolemba zogwiritsira ntchito sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa kuyambitsa ndi kutha kwa [kukodza] ... M'malo mwake, zojambulazo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Wopenyayo amagwiritsa ntchito digiti ya periscopic yomwe ili m'kati mwa mabuku ogona pansi pa chimbudzi. Danga la masentimita 28 pakati pa pansi ndi khoma la chimbudzi cha chimbuzi linapanga malingaliro, kupyolera mu periscope, pamtambo wamtundu wa wogwiritsa ntchito ndipo inachititsa kuti muwone msangamsanga wa mkodzo. Wowona, komabe, sanathe kuona nkhope ya mutu. Wowonererayo anayambitsa maulendo awiri oima pamene nkhani inkafika pamtsinje, imasiya pamene kukodza kunayamba, ndipo inaimitsa ina ikamaliza kukodza. "

   Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti kuchepa kwa mtunda kumachepetsa kuchepa kwa kuyambika ndi kuchepa kupitiriza (chifaniziro 6.7).

   1. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ophunzirawo anavulazidwa ndi kuyesedwa uku?
   2. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ochita kafukufukuyu ayenela kuyesa izi?
   3. Kodi kusintha kotani, ngati kulikonse, mungapangitse kuti muyambe kusintha kayendedwe ka makhalidwe?
   

   Chithunzi 6.7: Zotsatira kuchokera kwa Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Amuna omwe analowa m'bwalo la bafa anapatsidwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu: malo oyandikana (gulu linaikidwa pamtunda woyandikana nawo pafupi), mtunda wocheperako (mgwirizano unayikidwa mumodzi umodzi), kapena mphamvu (palibe confederate). Wowonerera yemwe anali mu chipinda cha chimbudzi anagwiritsa ntchito periscope yopangidwa mwambo kuti azisamala ndi nthawi yochedwa ndi kupitiliza kukodza. Zolakwika zoyenera kuzungulira mawerengero sizipezeka. Kuchokera kwa Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) , chithunzi 1.

5. [ , ] Mu August 2006, pafupi masiku khumi chisanakhale chisankho choyambirira, anthu 20,000 okhala ku Michigan analandira makalata omwe amasonyeza khalidwe lawo lovota ndi khalidwe lawo lovota la oyandikana nawo (chithunzi 6.8). (Monga momwe tafotokozera m'mutu uno, ku United States, maboma a boma amalemba mavoti omwe amavota pa chisankho chilichonse ndipo mauthengawa amapezeka kwa anthu onse.) Mamembala amodzi amathandiza kuti anthu azitenga mavoti pafupipafupi, koma izi zikuwonjezeka pofika pa 8.1 peresenti, zotsatira zake zazikulu (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu kwambiri moti wogwira ntchito zandale dzina lake Hal Malchow anapereka Donald Green $ 100,000 kuti asasindikize zotsatira za kuyesayesa (mwina Malchow angagwiritse ntchito chidziwitso chimenechi) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Koma, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, ndi Christopher Larimer adasindikiza pepalalo mu 2008 mu American Political Science Review .

   Mukamayang'anitsitsa makalata pamasewero 6.8 mungaone kuti mayina a ochita kafukufuku samawonekera pa iwo. M'malo mwake, adiresi yobwereza ndizochita zothandiza zandale. Pogwirizana ndi pepalali, olembawo akulongosola kuti: "Zikomo kwambiri zimapita kwa Mark Grebner wa Practical Political Consulting, yemwe adapanga ndi kuyang'anira pulogalamu yomwe imaphunziridwa pano."

   1. Ganizirani momwe ntchitoyi ikugwirira ntchito motsatira mfundo zinayi zomwe zimayikidwa mu chaputala chino.
   2. Ganizirani chithandizocho mwa lingaliro la chikhalidwe chokhazikika.
   3. Kodi kusintha kotani, ngati kulikonse, mungapangire kuyesera?
   4. Kodi zingakhudze yankho lanu ku mafunso awa pamwamba ngati Mark Grebner akutumizira makalata ofanana panthawiyi? Kawirikawiri, ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuganiza bwanji pofufuza njira zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi odokotala?
   5. Tangoganizirani kuti mukuganiza kuti mutha kulandira chidziwitso chodziwika kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali mu gulu lachipatala koma osati omwe ali mu gulu lolamulira. Kodi lingaliroli lingakhudze bwanji momwe mumatha kumvetsetsa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mavoti pakati pa mankhwala ndi magulu olamulira?
   6. Lembani zowonjezera zamakhalidwe zomwe zingawoneke ndi pepalali pamene lidafalitsidwa.
   

   Chithunzi 6.8: Wotumiza makalata ochokera kwa Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Olemba makalatawa anawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha 8.1 peresenti, zotsatira zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinayamba zakhala zikuwonedwa kwa amelo amodzi. Aperekedwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) , chiganizo A.

6. [ ] Izi zimamanga pafunso lapitalo. Pamene makalata 20,000 adatumizidwa (chifaniziro 6.8), komanso 60,000 ena omwe angatumize makalata osasamala, panali kubwerera kwa ophunzira. Ndipotu, Issenberg (2012) (tsamba 198) akunena kuti "Grebner [mkulu wa Practical Political Consulting] sanathe kuwerengera kuti ndi anthu angati omwe anavutitsa kudandaula pa foni, chifukwa ofesi yake inayankha mofulumira kuti latsopano oitanidwa sanathe kusiya uthenga. "Ndipotu, Grebner ananena kuti kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kungakhale kochulukirapo ngati atapanga chithandizocho. Iye anati kwa Alan Gerber, mmodzi mwa ofufuzawo, "Alan ngati takhala titagwiritsa ntchito madola zikwi mazana asanu ndikuyika dziko lonse iwe ndi ine tidzakhala ndi Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, 200)

   1. Kodi izi zimasintha mayankho anu ku funso lapitalo?
   2. Ndi njira zotani zomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito popanga zisankho mukakhala osatsimikizika mungapangire maphunziro ofanana m'tsogolomu?

7. [ , ] Mwachizoloŵezi, mkangano wochuluka wamakhalidwe umapezeka pamaphunziro omwe ofufuza alibe chidziwitso chenicheni kuchokera kwa ophunzira (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro atatu omwe akufotokozedwa mu chaputala chino). Komabe, mkangano wotsutsana ukhoza kubweranso pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi chilolezo chodziwitsidwa. Pangani chidziwitso komwe mungakhale ndi chidziwitso chenicheni kuchokera kwa ophunzira, koma chomwe mukuganiza kuti chidzakhala chosayenera. (Zokuthandizani: Ngati mukuvutika, mukhoza kuyesa Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ , ] Ofufuza kawirikawiri amavutika kuti afotokoze malingaliro awo abwino kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kwa anthu onse. Pambuyo pozindikira kuti Zokonda, Zida, ndi Nthawi zinadziŵikanso, Jason Kauffman, mtsogoleri wa gulu lofufuza, adafotokoza ndemanga za anthu pazochitika za polojekitiyi. Werengani Zimmer (2010) ndikulembanso ndemanga za Kauffman pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi makhalidwe omwe akufotokozedwa mu mutu uno.

9. [ ] Banksy ndi mmodzi mwa ojambula otchuka kwambiri mu United Kingdom ndipo amadziwika ndi graffiti yolowerera pamsewu (chifaniziro 6.9). Komabe, zenizeni zake ndizobisika. Banksy ali ndi webusaiti yaumwini, kotero amakhoza kudziwika kuti ali ndi anthu ngati akufuna, koma asankha. Mu 2008, nyuzipepala ya Daily Mail inafalitsa nkhani yotchula dzina lenileni la Banksy. Kenako, mu 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo ndi Steven C. Le Comber (2016) adayesa kutsimikizira malingalirowa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatsira njira yosakaniza. Mwachindunji, iwo anasonkhanitsa malo a grayiti ya Banksy ku Bristol ndi London. Kenaka, pofufuzira m'mabuku akale a nyuzipepala ndi mavoti ovomerezeka, iwo adapeza maadiresi apitalo a munthu wotchulidwa, mkazi wake, ndi mpira wake (ie, mpira, timu). Wolembayo akufotokozera mwachidule chidziwitso cha mapepala awo motere:

   "Popanda kukayikira ena, palibe chovuta kufotokoza momveka bwino za Banksy chifukwa cha kusanthula komwe kunaperekedwa pano, osati kunena kuti mapepala a bristol ndi a London ali ndi mapepala omwe amadziwika kuti akugwirizana nawo ndi [dzina lokhazikitsidwa]. "

   Potsata Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , omwe amawona nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane, ndasankha kusaika dzina la munthu payekha pokambirana za phunziroli.

   1. Ganizirani phunziroli pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi makhalidwe abwino mu mutu uno.
   2. Kodi mukanachita phunziro ili?
   3. Olembawo amavomereza kuti pulogalamuyi ikugwirizana ndi chiganizo chotsatirachi: "Zowonjezereka, zotsatirazi zikuthandizira mfundo zisanachitike kuti zochitika zazing'ono zokhudzana ndi uchigawenga (monga graffiti) zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira malo osokoneza bongo asanafike poipa kwambiri zochitika zikuchitika, ndipo zimapereka chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kugwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo ku vuto lovuta, ladziko lenileni. "Kodi izi zimasintha maganizo anu pa pepala? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
   4. Olembawo anaphatikizapo ndondomeko yotsatila mfundo pamapeto pa mapepala awo: "Olemba amadziwa, ndipo amalemekeza, zachinsinsi za [dzina labwino] ndi achibale ake ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsira ntchito deta pokhapokha. Ife mwadala tinasiya maadiresi enieni. "Kodi izi zimasintha maganizo anu pa pepala? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji? Kodi mukuganiza kuti chiwonetsero chachinsinsi / chachinsinsi pazomwe zikuchitika?
   

   Chithunzi 6.9: Chithunzi cha Spy Booth ndi Banksy ku Cheltenham, England ndi Kathryn Yengel, 2014. Gwero: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr .

10. [ ] Metcalf (2016) imapangitsa mkangano kuti "ma datatha aliwonse omwe ali ndi data yapadera ndi ena mwa ofunika kwambiri kwa ochita kafukufuku ndipo omwe amakhala oopsa kwambiri ku maphunziro."

    1. Kodi ndi zitsanzo ziwiri ziti zomwe zimatsimikizira izi?
    2. M'nkhani yomweyi, Metcalf adanenanso kuti ndizosavomerezeka kuganiza kuti "chidziwitso chilichonse chavulazidwa kale ndi deta ya anthu." Perekani chitsanzo chimodzi cha izi zomwe zingakhale choncho.

11. [ , ] M'chaputala chino, ndapanga lamulo lachiphindi kuti zonsezi zidziwike ndipo zonsezi ndizovuta. tebulo 6.5 limapereka mndandanda wa zitsanzo zomwe sizidziwitseni zadzidzidzi koma zomwe zingathe kugwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu ena.

    1. Sankhani zitsanzo ziwirizi ndi kufotokozera momwe chidziwitso chodziwikiratu pazochitika zonsezi chili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana.
    2. Pa zitsanzo ziwirizi mu gawo (a), fotokozani momwe deta imatha kufotokozera zambiri zokhudzana ndi anthu mu dataset.
    3. Tsopano sankhani gawo lachitatu kuchokera pa tebulo. Lembani imelo kwa wina akulingalira kumasula. Afotokozereni momwe deta iyi ingakhazikitsire komanso ingakhale yovuta.

    Phunziro 6.5: Zitsanzo za Deta Za Anthu Zomwe Sizikudziwikiratu Munthu Wodziwa Zomwe Amazidziwa koma Zingakhale Zogwirizana ndi Anthu Otchuka

    Deta	Yankhulani
    Inshuwalansi za inshuwalansi	Sweeney (2002)
    Deta yamakhadi ogulira ngongole	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Deta ya mafilimu a Netflix	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Mafoni a foni ya foni	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Deta lofufuzira	Barbaro and Zeller (2006)
    Chiwerengero cha anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha ophunzira	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Kudziyika nokha mu nsapato za aliyense kumaphatikizapo ophunzira anu ndi anthu onse, osati anzanu okha. Kusiyana kumeneku kwafotokozedwa pa nkhani ya Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam anali dokotala wodziwika ndi wofufuza pa Sloan-Kettering Institute for Research Cancer ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira wa Medicine ku Cornell University Medical College. Pa July 16, 1963, Southam ndi anzake awiri adalowerera maselo a kansa m'magazi a odwala 22 omwe anali ndi vutoli pa Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital ku New York. Majekeseniwa anali mbali ya kafukufuku wa Southam kuti amvetsetse chitetezo cha mthupi cha odwala khansa. Pa kafukufuku wakale, Southam adawona kuti odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino adatha kukana maselo a kansa m'kati mwa masabata anayi kapena asanu ndi limodzi, pamene adatenga odwala omwe ali ndi khansa yaitali. Southam anadabwa ngati yankho la kuchedwa kwa odwala khansa linali chifukwa chakuti anali ndi khansa kapena chifukwa anali okalamba ndipo kale anali ochepa. Southam adakonza zoweta maselo a khansa ya moyo kukhala gulu la anthu omwe anali okalamba komanso osokonezeka koma omwe alibe khansara. Pamene mawu a phunziroli anafalikira, chinachititsa mbali imodzi mwa kudzipatulira kwa madokotala atatu omwe adafunsidwa kutenga nawo mbali, ena anafanizira msasa wa ndende za Nazi, Zomwe zinachitikira, koma zina zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zowonjezera za Southam-zinapeza kafukufuku wosatsutsika. Pambuyo pake, New York State Board of Regents inakambirana nkhaniyi kuti athe kusankha ngati Southam angapitirize kuchita zamankhwala. Southam anatsutsa poyera kuti anali kuchita "mwambo wabwino kwambiri wodalirika wodalirika." Kuteteza kwake kunachokera pazinthu zingapo, zomwe zinkathandizidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri odziwika omwe anatsimikizira m'malo mwake: (1) kufufuza kwake kunali za umoyo wapamwamba wa sayansi ndi chikhalidwe; (2) panalibe zovuta zoyenera kwa ophunzira; chigamulo chozikidwa mu gawo la zaka 10 za Southam zomwe zisanachitikepo ndi maphunziro oposa 600; (3) chiwerengero cha kuululidwa chiyenera kusintha malinga ndi msinkhu woopsa wofufuza; (4) kafukufukuyo anali wogwirizana ndi muyezo wa zamankhwala panthawiyo. Pomaliza, gulu la Regent linapeza kuti Southam ali ndi mlandu wonyenga, chinyengo, ndi khalidwe losapindulitsa, ndipo anasiya chilolezo chake chachipatala kwa chaka chimodzi. Komabe, patapita zaka zingapo, Southam anasankhidwa pulezidenti wa American Association of Cancer Researchers.

    1. Ganizirani phunziro la Southam pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zinayi m'mutu uno.
    2. Zikuwoneka kuti Southam anatenga malingaliro a anzakewo ndikuyembekezera mwachidwi momwe angayankhire ntchito yake; Ndipotu ambiri a iwo adachitira umboni m'malo mwake. Koma sanathe kapena sakufuna kumvetsetsa momwe kafukufuku wake angakhalire ovuta kwa anthu. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ntchito yowunikira anthu - yomwe ingakhale yosiyana ndi malingaliro a ophunzira kapena anzako-ayenera kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chanji? Kodi chiyenera kuchitika ngati maganizo ambiri ndi maganizo a anzanu akusiyana?

13. [ ] Papepala lomwe limatchedwa "Crowdseeding kum'mawa kwa Congo: Kugwiritsa ntchito Mafoni a Maselo Kusonkhanitsa Kusamvana Kwadongosolo mu Nthawi Yeniyeni", Van der Windt ndi Humphreys (2016) akulongosola njira yosonkhanitsira deta (onani chaputala 5) yomwe idapanga ku Eastern Congo. Fotokozani momwe afufuzi amachitira ndikukayikira zomwe zingakhale zovulaza ophunzira.

14. [ ] Mu October 2014, asayansi atatu adatumiza makalata kwa anthu okwana 102,780 omwe analembetsa mavoti ku Montana-pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya anthu olemba voti m'dzikolo (Willis 2014) - monga mbali ya kuyesa kuti aone ngati ovota omwe apatsidwa zambiri amavota . Olemba mavoti omwe adatchedwa "2014 Montana General Electoral Electoral Guide" - adagonjetsa Khoti Lalikulu la Montana Pulezidenti Woweruza milandu, omwe ali osankhidwa osankhidwa, pamlingo wochokera ku ufulu wotsalira, kuphatikizapo Barack Obama ndi Mitt Romney poyerekezera. Wotumiza makalatawo anaphatikizanso kubwezeredwa kwa Chisindikizo Chachikulu cha State of Montana (chithunzi 6.10).

    Mamakalatawa anabweretsa madandaulo ochokera ku vota a Montana, ndipo adachititsa Linda McCloloch, Mlembi wa boma wa Montana kuti apereke madandaulo ku boma la boma la Montana. Dunivesite yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza-Dartmouth ndi Stanford-inatumiza kalata kwa aliyense amene adalandira makalata, akupepesa chifukwa cha chisokonezo chilichonse ndi kuwonetsa kuti msilikaliyo "sanagwirizane ndi chipani chilichonse, wotsatila kapena bungwe, kuti awonetsere mtundu uliwonse. "Kalatayo inafotokozanso kuti mndandandawo" udali wokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha anthu omwe anaperekedwa ku ntchito iliyonse "(Chithunzi 6.11).

    Mu May 2015, Commissioner of Political Practices of State of Montana, Jonathan Motl, adatsimikiza kuti ochita kafukufuku adaphwanya lamulo la Montana: "Commissioner akuganiza kuti pali mfundo zokwanira zosonyeza kuti Stanford, Dartmouth ndi / kapena ochita kafukufuku akuphwanya Montana ntchito Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ofuna kulembetsa, kulengeza ndi kufotokoza za ndalama zokhazikika "(Kupeza Nambala 3 Mwa Motl (2015) ). Commissioner analimbikitsanso kuti County Attorney afufuze ngati ntchito yosaloleka ya Chisindikizo Chachikulu cha Montana inaphwanya lamulo la boma la Montana (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford ndi Dartmouth sanatsutsane ndi chigamulo cha Motl. Mlembi wina wa ku Stanford dzina lake Lisa Lapin anati "Stanford ... sakhulupirira kuti malamulo aliwonse akusankhidwa" komanso kuti "kutumizidwa" kunalibe chithandizo chothandizira kapena kutsutsana ndi wina aliyense. "Ananena kuti msilikaliyo ananena momveka bwino kuti" sichivomereza aliyense wotsatila kapena phwando " (Richman 2015) .

    1. Ganizirani phunziroli pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zinayi ndi mfundo ziwiri zomwe zafotokozedwa mu chaputala chino.
    2. Poganiza kuti ma mailers adatumizidwa ku zitsanzo zavotera (koma zambiri panthawiyi), pansi pazifukwa zotani zomwe makalatawa angasinthe zotsatira za chisankho cha Supreme Court Justice?
    3. Ndipotu, makalatawa sanawatumize ku zitsanzo zavotere. Malinga ndi lipoti la Jeremy Johnson (asayansi a ndale omwe anathandiza pa kafukufuku), makalata "anatumizidwa kwa anthu 64,265 omwe amavomereza kuti akhoza kukhala ovomerezeka ku centrist akutsamira pazomwe boma lidawongolera komanso 39,515 voti omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ovomerezeka kwa centrist mu Republican akutsamira. Ofufuzawa amavomereza kuti kusiyana kwa mayiko a Democratic and Republican chifukwa chakuti iwo ankayembekezera kuti anthu a ku Democratic Ovoleramu akuganiza kuti ndi ochepa kwambiri. "Kodi izi zimasintha kafukufuku wanu? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
    4. Poyankha kafukufuku, ochita kafukufuku adati adasankha chisankho ichi chifukwa chakuti "palibe ndondomeko yamilandu yomwe yatsutsidwa kwambiri pachiyambi. Kuchokera pa kufufuza kwa zotsatira za chisankho choyambirira cha 2014 pa nkhani ya chisankho cha boma cha Montana cham'mbuyo, akatswiri ofufuza adapeza kuti kufufuza (Motl 2015) zotsatira za mpikisano " (Motl 2015) . Kodi izi zimasintha zomwe mukufufuza? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
    5. Ndipotu chisankhocho sichinali pafupi (tebulo 6.6). Kodi izi zimasintha zomwe mukufufuza? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
    6. Zikuoneka kuti phunziro linaperekedwa kwa Dartmouth IRB ndi mmodzi mwa ofufuza, koma tsatanetsataneyo idali yosiyana kwambiri ndi yeniyeni ya ku Montana. Mamelo otumizira ku Montana sanaperekedwe ku IRB. Phunzirolo silinaperekedwe ku Stanford IRB. Kodi izi zimasintha zomwe mukufufuza? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
    7. Komanso adafufuza kuti apange chisankho chofanana ndi anthu okwana 143,000 ku California ndi 66,000 ku New Hampshire. Monga momwe ndikudziwira, panalibe zodandaula zokhazikitsidwa ndi makalata pafupifupi 200,000. Kodi izi zimasintha zomwe mukufufuza? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?
    8. Nanga, ngati chili chonse, ukadachita mosiyana ngati mukanakhala oyang'anira wamkulu? Kodi mungapange bwanji phunziroli ngati mukufuna kufufuza ngati mauthenga ena amachititsa kuti anthu azitenga nawo mbali pazigawo zosagwirizana?

    Tsamba 6.6: Zotsatira kuchokera ku Malamulo a Ufulu Wachiweruzo wa 2014 Montana (Gwero: Webusaiti ya Webusaiti ya Mlembi wa boma wa Montana)

    Olemba	Votes adalandira	Peresenti
    Khoti Lalikulu Justice # 1
    W. David Herbert	65,404	21.59%
    Jim Rice	236,963	78.22%
    Khoti Lalikulu Justice # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134,904	40.80%
    Mike Wheat	195,303	59.06%

    

    Chithunzi 6.10: Wotumiza katundu wotumizidwa ndi asayansi atatu a ndale kwa anthu 102,780 omwe analembetsa mavoti ku Montana monga gawo la kuyesera kuti aone ngati ovola omwe apatsidwa zambiri zowonjezera amavota. Zowonjezera kukula mu kuyesayesazi zinali pafupifupi 15% mwa ovomerezeka ovomerezeka mu boma (Willis 2014) . Kubwereranso ku Motl (2015) .

    

    Chithunzi 6.11: Kalata Yovomerezeka yomwe inatumizidwa kwa anthu okwana 102,780 omwe analembetsa mavoti ku Montana omwe adalandira mlembi wogwiritsidwa ntchito pachithunzi 6.10. Kalatayo inatumizidwa ndi a Purezidenti a Dartmouth ndi Stanford, mayunivesite omwe anagwiritsira ntchito ofufuza omwe anatumiza amalata. Kubwereranso ku Motl (2015) .

15. [ ] Pa May 8, 2016, ofufuza awiri-Emil Kirkegaard ndi Julius Bjerrekaer-anajambula zinthu kuchokera pa intaneti yotchedwa OkCupid ndipo adatulutsanso deta yamtundu wa anthu pafupifupi 70,000, kuphatikizapo zinthu monga dzina la mtsikana, zaka, chikhalidwe, malo, malingaliro achipembedzo , malingaliro okhudzana ndi nyenyezi, zosangalatsa za chibwenzi, zithunzi zambiri, ndi zina, komanso mayankho omwe aperekedwa pa mafunso 2,600 pa tsambali. M'ndandanda yamapepala yomwe ikuphatikiza ndi deta yotulutsidwa, olembawo ananena kuti "Ena angatsutsane ndi chikhalidwe cha kusonkhanitsa ndi kumasula deta iyi. Komabe, deta zonse zomwe zili mu dataset zilipo kale kapena zilipo kale, kotero kumasula deta iyi kumangowonjezerapo muwonekedwe wothandiza kwambiri. "

    Poyankha kumasulidwa kwa deta, mmodzi wa olembawa adafunsidwa pa Twitter: "Deta iyi imadziwika kwambiri. Ngakhale akuphatikizapo maina a username? Kodi pali ntchito iliyonse yomwe imachitidwa kuti iwonetsere izo? "Yankho lake linali" Ayi. Deta ili kale pagulu. " (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016) .

    1. Ganizirani izi kumasulidwa kwa deta pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi makhalidwe omwe takambirana m'mutu uno.
    2. Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito deta imeneyi pa kafukufuku wanu?
    3. Bwanji ngati inu mumadzipukuta nokha?

16. [ ] Mu 2010, katswiri wa zanzeru ndi US Army anapatsa zingwe 250,000 zazinthu zopangira diplomatic ku bungwe la WikiLeaks, ndipo kenako anaikidwa pa intaneti. Gill and Spirling (2015) amati "kufotokozera kwa WikiLeaks kungakhale chizindikiro cha deta zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ziyesere zamatsenga zogwirizana ndi maiko akunja" ndipo kenaka zikuyimira zitsanzo za zikalata zolephereka. Mwachitsanzo, olembawo akuyesa kuti amaimira pafupifupi 5% mwa zipangizo zonse zamakono pa nthawiyi, koma kuti chiwerengerochi chimasiyana ndi ambassyasi kupita ku ambassy (onani Chithunzi 1 cha mapepala awo).

    1. Werengani pepalayi, kenaka lembani zowonjezereka.
    2. Olembawo sanaganizire zomwe zilipo zikalata zolephereka. Kodi pali polojekiti pogwiritsa ntchito matepi omwe mungachite? Kodi pali polojekiti pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomwe simungachite?

17. [ ] Kuti muwerenge momwe makampani akuyankhulira ndi madandaulo, wofufuzira anatumiza makalata odandaula kumalo odyera okwera 240 ku New York City. Pano pali chidule cha kalata yonyenga.

    "Ndikukulemberani kalata iyi chifukwa ndakwiya kwambiri ndi zomwe ndakumana nazo posachedwa. Posachedwapa, ine ndi mkazi wanga tinakondwerera tsiku lathu loyamba. ... Madzulo adasokonezeka pamene zizindikirozo zinayamba kuonekera pafupi maola anayi atatha kudya. Kusambidwa, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, ndi ziwalo za m'mimba zonse zinaloza chinthu chimodzi: poizoni wa chakudya. Zimandipangitsa kukwiya kwambiri ndikuganiza kuti madzulo athu apamtima adachepetsedwa kukhala mkazi wanga ndikuyang'anitsitsa ndikuyang'anitsitsa pathupi langa pamsana pakhomo lathu lakumadzi pakatikati. ... Ngakhale kuti sindiri cholinga changa kupereka mauthenga alionse ndi Better Business Bureau kapena Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo, Ndikufuna iwe, [dzina la restaurateur], kuti ndizindikire zomwe ndadutsa ndikuyembekeza kuti udzayankha molingana. "

    1. Ganizirani phunziro lino pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mutu uno. Popeza munaphunzira, kodi mungapange phunziroli?
    2. Izi ndi zomwe malesitilanti omwe adalandira kalatayo anachita (Kifner 2001) : "Zinali zovuta zowonjezera monga eni, mamenenjala ndi oyang'anira oyang'anira kufufuza kufufuza kupyolera pamakompyuta pamalonda a [[redacted] kapena ma khadi a ngongole, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndikuwonetsa zopereka zomwe zingawonongeke, komanso anafunsa anthu ogwira ntchito kukhitchini za zovuta zomwe zingatheke, zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti yunivesite komanso pulofesayo tsopano adziwe kuti ndi sukulu ya bizinesi yophunzira kuchokera ku gehena. "Kodi izi zimasintha momwe mumayendera phunziroli?
    3. Monga momwe ndikudziwira, phunziroli silinayambidwe ndi IRB kapena wina aliyense. Kodi izi zimasintha momwe mumayendera phunzirolo? Chifukwa chiyani?

18. [ ] Kumanga pa funso lapitalo, Ndikufuna kuti mufanizire phunziro ili ndi phunziro losiyana kwambiri lomwe likuphatikizapo malesitilanti. Mu phunziro lina lomweli, Neumark ndi anzake (1996) anatumiza ophunzira awiri aamuna awiri ndi aakazi a koleji omwe adayambanso kupanga ntchito monga odikira ndi oyang'anira pa malo odyera 65 ku Philadelphia, kuti afufuze chisankho chogonana mu malo odyera. Mapulogalamu 130 adayambitsa zokambirana 54 ndi zopatsidwa ntchito 39. Phunziroli linapeza umboni wowerengeka wa kusalana kwa akazi pazitolo zamakono.

    1. Lembani zowonjezera mwatsatanetsatane pa phunziro lino.
    2. Kodi mukuganiza kuti phunziro ili ndi losiyana ndi lomwe likufotokozedwa mufunso lapitalo. Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji?

19. [ , ] Nthawi zina pofika mu 2010, aprofesa 6,548 ku United States adalandira maimelo ofanana ndi awa.

    "Wokondedwa Pulofesa Salganik,

    Ndikukulemberani chifukwa ndine wotsogolera Ph.D. wophunzira wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kafukufuku wanu. Ndondomeko yanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito ku Ph.D. mapulogalamuwa akugwa, ndipo ndikufunitsitsa kuphunzira zambiri momwe ndingathere pochita kafukufuku pakalipano.

    Ndikhala pamsasa lero, ndipo ngakhale ndikudziwa kuti ndizochepa, ndikudabwa ngati mungakhale ndi maminiti 10 mutha kukomana ndi ine kukambilana mwachidule za ntchito yanu ndi mwayi uliwonse woti ndilowe nawo kafukufuku wanu. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwa inu ikanakhala bwino ndi ine, pamene kukumana nanu ndizofunikira patsogolo panthawi yochezayi.

    Tikukuthokozani pasadakhale kuti muganizire.

    Modzichepetsa, Carlos Lopez "

    Maimelo awa anali zabodza; iwo anali mbali ya munda kuyesa kufufuza ngati apulofesa anali okhoza kuyankha ku imelo malinga ndi (1) nthawi yopanga (lero motsatira sabata yamawa) ndi (2) dzina la wotumiza, omwe anali osiyanasiyana kuti asonyeze mtundu ndi abambo (Carlos Lopez, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, ndi zina). Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti pamene pempholi liyenera kukomana sabata limodzi, amuna a ku Caucasi anapatsidwa mwayi wothandizira mamembala a mavoti pafupifupi 25% kuposa momwe analili ndi amayi ndi ang'onoang'ono. Koma pamene ophunzira osapempha anapempha misonkhano tsiku lomwelo, njirazi zinafafanizidwa (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Yesani kuyesayesa izi molingana ndi mfundo ndi zofunikira mu mutu uno.
    2. Pambuyo pa phunziroli, ochita kafukufuku adatumizira mauthenga awa kwa onse omwe adakambirana nawo.

    Posachedwapa, mudalandira imelo kuchokera kwa wophunzira akufunsani mphindi 10 kuti mukambirane Ph.D. yanu. pulogalamu (thupi la imelo likuwoneka pansipa). Tikukulemberani malembo lero kuti tikufunseni za cholinga chenicheni cha imeloyi, chifukwa inali gawo la kafukufuku. Tikuyembekeza kuti phunziro lathu silinakuchititseni chisokonezo ndipo tikupepesa ngati simunasokoneze. Chiyembekezo chathu ndi chakuti kalata iyi idzapereka tsatanetsatane wa cholinga ndi kapangidwe ka phunziro lathu kuti athe kuchepetsa nkhawa zomwe mungakhale nazo pa kukhudzidwa kwanu. Tikufuna kukuthokozani chifukwa cha nthawi yanu komanso kuwerenga mozama ngati mukufuna kudziwa chifukwa chake mwalandira uthengawu. Tikukhulupirira kuti mudzawona kufunika kwa chidziwitso chomwe tikuyembekeza kupanga ndi phunziro lalikulu la maphunziro. "

    Atatha kufotokoza cholinga ndi kapangidwe ka phunziroli, adanenanso kuti:

    "Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wathu zilipo, tidzazilemba pa webusaiti yathu. Chonde khalani otsimikiza kuti palibe deta yolondola yomwe idzafotokozedwe kuchokera ku phunziroli, ndipo pakati pa phunziro lathuli timatsimikiza kuti tidzatha kuzindikira machitidwe a imelo pambali-osati payekha. Palibe munthu kapena yunivesite yomwe idzadziwika mufukufuku uliwonse kapena deta yomwe tifalitsa. Inde, yankho lililonse la imelo silili lothandiza popeza pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe munthu wina aliyense amavomereze kapena kuvomereza pempho la msonkhanowo. Deta yonse yadziwika kale ndipo mayankho amodzi omwe amadziwika amachotsedwa kale kuchokera kumabuku athu ndi seva yokhudzana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, panthawi yomwe deta iliyidziwika, idatetezedwa ndi mapepala achinsinsi. Ndipo monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse pamene kufufuza kwa maphunziro a maphunziro pa maphunziro aumunthu, mapulogalamu athu ofufuza adavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe athu oyunivesite a Institute of Review Review (Columbia University Morningside IRB ndi University of Pennsylvania IRB).

    Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza ufulu wanu monga phunziro la kafukufuku, mukhoza kulankhulana ndi Columbia University Morningside Institutional Review Board ku [redacted] kapena mwa imelo pa [redacted] ndi / kapena University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board pa [redacted].

    Zikomo kachiwiri chifukwa cha nthawi yanu komanso kumvetsa ntchito yomwe tikugwira. "

    3. Kodi ndi zifukwa zotani zomwe zimatsutsana pankhaniyi? Kodi ndi zotsutsana zotani? Kodi mukuganiza kuti ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuti adakambirana nawo nkhaniyi?
    4. Pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, ochita kafukufuku ali ndi mutu wakuti "Human Subjects Protections." Werengani gawo lino. Kodi pali chilichonse chimene mungawonjezere kapena kuchotsa?
    5. Kodi mtengo wa kuyesayesa uku kunali kotani kwa ofufuza? Kodi mtengo wa kuyesayesa uku kunali kotani kwa ophunzira? Andrew Gelman (2010) adatsutsa kuti ophunzira mu phunziro lino akanatha kulipidwa chifukwa cha nthawi yawo kuyesa kutatha. Kodi mukuvomereza? Yesetsani kupanga zokambirana zanu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi ndondomeko zamakhalidwe abwino m'mutu uno.