6.6.4 Making zochita nkhope njakata

Njakata sayenera kuyambitsa chosalanga.

Gawo lachinayi ndi lotsiriza limene ndikuyembekeza kuti ochita kafukufuku akulimbana ndi kupanga zisankho mosadalirika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, pambuyo pa nzeru zonse ndi kulingalira, zoyendetsera zofukufuku zimaphatikizapo kusankha zochita pa zomwe muyenera kuchita ndi zomwe simuyenera kuchita. Mwamwayi, zosankha izi nthawi zambiri ziyenera kupangidwa malinga ndi mfundo zosakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, pakukonza Ambiri, ochita kafukufuku ayenera kuti ankafuna kudziwa kuti zingapangitse winawake kuti aziyendera apolisi. Kapena, pakupanga Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima, ochita kafukufuku angafune kudziwa kuti zingayambitse kuvutika maganizo kwa anthu ena. Zikuoneka kuti izi zinkakhala zochepa kwambiri, koma zinali zosadziwika kuti kafukufuku asanakhalepo. Ndipo, chifukwa sichidziwitse poyera zowonekera poyera za zochitika zovuta, izi zowonjezereka sizimadziwikanso.

Kusatsimikizika sikuli kokha kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe mu nthawi ya digito. Pamene Lipoti la Belmont linalongosola momwe zowonongeka zowopsya ndi zopindulitsa, izo zinavomereza momveka kuti izi zidzakhala zovuta kufotokoza ndendende. Komabe, zokayikira izi ndizovuta kwambiri m'zaka za digito, mbali imodzi chifukwa chakuti tili ndi zochepa zochepa ndi kafukufuku wamtunduwu komanso mbali ina chifukwa cha zofufuza zomwezo.

Chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika uku, anthu ena amawoneka kuti amalimbikitsa zinthu monga "zabwino bwino kuposa chisoni," zomwe ndizogwirizana ndi malamulo a Precautionary Principle . Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi ikuwoneka yololera-mwina ngakhale yochenjera-iyo ikhoza kuvulaza; ndizovuta kuzifufuza; ndipo zimapangitsa anthu kutenga lingaliro laling'ono kwambiri la mkhalidwewo (Sunstein 2005) . Kuti timvetsetse mavuto ndi Precautionary Principle, tiyeni tione Kugonana Kwakuthupi. Kuyesera kunali kukonzedwa kuphatikizapo anthu pafupifupi 700,000, ndipo ndithudi panali mwayi wina kuti anthu omwe ayesedwa ayesedwe. Koma palinso mwayi wina woti kuyesera kungapereke chidziwitso chomwe chingakhale chopindulitsa kwa owerenga a Facebook ndi anthu. Choncho, pamene kulola kuyesera kunali pangozi (monga tafotokozedwa mozama), kupeŵa kuyesera kungakhale koopsa, chifukwa kungapangitse chidziwitso chofunikira. Inde, kusankha sikunali pakati pa kuyesera monga momwe kunachitikira ndipo osayesa; panali zambiri zosinthika zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zosiyana. Komabe, panthawi ina, ochita kafukufuku adzakhala ndi chisankho pakati pa kupanga phunziro ndi kusachita, ndipo pali ngozi muzochita zonse ndi kusagwirizana. Sikoyenera kuganizira zokhazokha zowopsa. Kwenikweni, palibe njira yopanda ngozi.

Kupita kutsogolo kwa Precautionary Principle, njira imodzi yofunikira yoganizira zopanga chisankho chosadalirika ndizochepa zovuta zowonjezera . Izi zimayesa kuwonetsa chiopsezo cha phunziro lapadera motsutsana ndi zoopsa zomwe anthu omwe amachita nawo moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kusewera masewera ndi magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto (Wendler et al. 2005) . Njirayi ndi yamtengo wapatali chifukwa kuyesa ngati chinachake chikukumana ndi chiwopsezo chochepa chosavuta kusiyana ndi kuwona momwe zingakhalire zoopsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kutengeka Kwambiri, asanayambe kuphunzira, ochita kafukufukuyo akanatha kufananitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa mu News Feeds poyesa zomwe zinalembedwa pa Facebook. Ngati akadakhala ofanana, ndiye kuti ofufuza adazindikira kuti kuyesera kukumana ndi chiwopsezo chochepa (MN Meyer 2015) . Ndipo amatha kupanga chisankho ngakhale kuti sakudziwa kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chotani . Njira yomweyo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa Encore. Poyamba, Encore zinayambitsa zopempha kwa mawebusaiti omwe ankadziwika kuti ndi ovuta, monga a mabungwe andale omwe analetsedwa m'mayiko omwe ali ndi maboma opondereza. Zomwezo, sizinali zovuta kuti ophunzira athe kuyika m'mayiko ena. Komabe, ma Encore-omwe anangowonjezera ku Twitter, Facebook, ndi YouTube -yiyi inali yovuta kwambiri chifukwa zopempha za malowa zimayambitsidwa pa webusaiti yoyamba (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .

Lingaliro lachiwiri lofunikira pakupanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chosadziwika ndi kusanthula mphamvu , zomwe zimapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kuwerengera kukula kwa zitsanzo zomwe adzafunikira kuti azindikire bwinobwino zotsatira za kukula kwake (Cohen 1988) . Ngati phunziro lanu likhoza kuwonetsa ophunzira kutenga chiopsezo-ngakhale ngakhale chiopsezo chochepa-ndiye mfundo ya Bene Beneence imasonyeza kuti muyenera kuika chiwopsezo chochepa chofunika kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zanu. (Ganizirani mozama ku Mfundo Yowonjezera pa mutu 4.) Ngakhale kuti ena ofufuza amafuna kuti maphunziro awo akhale aakulu kwambiri, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ochita kafukufuku ayenera kupanga maphunziro awo ang'onoang'ono . Kusanthula mphamvu sikuli kwatsopano, ndithudi, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira yomwe idagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nthaŵi ya analoji ndi momwe iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito lero. M'nthaŵi ya analogi, kafukufuku adafufuza kuti athetse kuti phunziro lawo silinali laling'ono (ie, pansi-powered). Tsopano, komabe ofufuza amayenera kufufuza mphamvu kuti atsimikizire kuti kuphunzira kwawo si kwakukulu (ie, kupitirira mphamvu).

Ndondomeko yochepa yachangu ndi kufufuza kwa mphamvu kumakuthandizani kulingalira ndi kupanga maphunziro, koma sakukupatsani zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe ophunzira angaganizire za phunziro lanu ndi zoopsa zomwe angachite pochita nawo. Njira inanso yothetsera kusatsimikizika ndikusonkhanitsa mfundo zina, zomwe zimabweretsa zofufuza zoyenera komanso zoyesedwa.

Fomu zikuyenela-Poyankha, ofufuza amalongosola mwachidule ntchito akufuna kufufuza ndipo funsani mafunso awiri:

• (Q1) "Ngati munthu akhadzudzumika anali phungu ophunzira kuti kuyesera, mungafune munthu kuti kukhala mbali monga wophunzira?": [Inde], [ndilibe amakonda], [No]
• (Q2) "Kodi inu mukukhulupirira kuti akatswiri aziloledwa Zitatero ndi kuyesera?": [Inde], [Inde, koma mosamala], [Ine sindiri wotsimikiza], [No]

Pambuyo pa funso lirilonse, ofunsidwa amapatsidwa malo omwe angathe kufotokoza yankho lawo. Pomalizira, oyankha-omwe angakhale omwe angakhale nawo kapena anthu omwe amachokera kumsika wamagetsi a ntchito (monga Amazon Mechanical Turk) -wafunsa mafunso ena ofunika kwambiri (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .

Kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino ali ndi zinthu zitatu zomwe ndimapeza zokongola kwambiri. Choyamba, zimachitika musanaphunzire, choncho amatha kuletsa mavuto asanayambe kafukufuku (mosiyana ndi njira zomwe zimayang'anitsitsa zovuta). Chachiwiri, anthu omwe anafunsidwa pa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino sakhala ochita kafukufuku, ndipo izi zimathandiza ochita kafukufuku kuti awone maphunziro awo kuchokera kwa anthu. Pomalizira, kufufuza kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kumathandiza akatswiri kuti apange zochitika zambiri zofufuza kuti apeze momwe angaganizire zoyenerera zosiyana siyana za polojekiti yomweyo. Komabe, chiwerengero chimodzi, komabe, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino ndi chakuti palibe chodziŵikiratu momwe mungasankhire pakati pa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a kafukufuku omwe anapatsidwa zotsatira za kafukufuku. Koma, ngakhale zolepheretsa izi, kufufuza zamakhalidwe abwino kumaoneka ngati zothandiza; Ndipotu, Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) amapereka chidziwitso chosiyira phunziro lokonzekera poyankha mavuto omwe ophunzirawo adafufuza pa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino.

Ngakhale kufufuza zamakhalidwe abwino kungakhale kothandiza kufufuza zomwe zimachitika pa kafukufuku woperekedwa, sangathe kuyeza mwayi kapena zovuta za zochitika zovuta. Njira imodzi imene ochita kafukufuku wamankhwala amakhudzidwira ndi kusatsimikizika paziopsezo zapamwamba ndikupanga mayesero - njira yomwe ingakhale yothandiza pa kafukufuku wina. Poyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atsopano, ofufuza samangoyamba kulandira chiyeso chachikulu cha mankhwala. M'malo mwake, amayambitsa maphunziro awiri. Poyambirira, mu gawo la mayesero, ofufuza makamaka amaganizira kupeza mlingo wabwino, ndipo maphunzirowa akuphatikizapo anthu ochepa. Kamodzi kokha ngati mlingo wotetezeka watsimikiziridwa, mayesero a Gawo lachiwiri amayesa mphamvu ya mankhwala; ndiko kuti, kuthekera kwake kuti agwire ntchito pazifukwa zabwino (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Pambuyo pa maphunziro a gawo lachiwiri ndi lachiwiri adatsirizidwa ndi mankhwala atsopano omwe amaloledwa kuyesedwa mu mayesero akuluakulu olamuliridwa. Ngakhale ndondomeko yeniyeni ya mayesero omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala atsopano sangakhale abwino kwambiri kufufuza kafukufuku, pamene osakayikira, ochita kafukufuku akhoza kuyendetsa maphunziro ang'onoang'ono omwe amatsindika mosamala za chitetezo ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, ndi Encore, mukuganiza kuti ochita kafukufuku akuyamba ndi ophunzira m'mayiko omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wolimba.

Zonsezi, njira zinayizi-njira yochepa yachangu, kufufuza kwa mphamvu, kufufuza zamaganizo, ndi mayesero ogwiritsidwa ntchito-zingakuthandizeni kuyenda mwanzeru, ngakhale mukukayikira. Kusatsimikizika sayenera kutsogolera kuchitapo kanthu.