6.6.3 Cisinsi

Zachinsinsi ndi ufulu otaya yoyenera zambiri.

Mbali yachitatu kumene akatswiri angayambe kulimbana ndichinsinsi . Monga Lowrance (2012) inafotokozera mosapita m'mbali kuti: "Chinsinsi chiyenera kulemekezedwa chifukwa anthu ayenera kulemekezedwa." Komabe, zachinsinsi ndi mfundo (Nissenbaum 2010, chap. 4) , ndipo, chotero, ndizovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pamene mukuyesera kupanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku.

Njira yowonongeka yokhudzana ndi chinsinsi ndi ya public / private dichotomy. Mwa njira iyi yoganiza, ngati chidziwitso chikupezeka poyera, ndiye chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ochita kafukufuku opanda nkhaŵa za kuphwanya chinsinsi cha anthu. Koma njira iyi ikhoza kukhala mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, mu November 2007, Costas Panagopoulos anatumiza makalata okhudza chisankho chomwe chikubwera kwa aliyense m'matauni atatu. M'matawuni awiri-Monticello, Iowa ndi Holland, Michigan-Panagopoulos analonjeza / kuopseza kuti adzafalitse mndandanda wa anthu omwe adavota m'nyuzipepala. M'tawuni ina-Ely, Iowa-Panagopoulos analonjeza / kuopseza kufalitsa mndandanda wa anthu omwe sanavotere m'nyuzipepala. Mankhwalawa adapangidwa kuti apangitse kudzikuza ndi manyazi (Panagopoulos 2010) chifukwa izi zimapezeka kuti zimakhudza kusintha kwa maphunziro oyambirira (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Zambiri zokhudza omwe amavotera ndi omwe si anthu ku United States; aliyense akhoza kuchipeza. Choncho, wina angatsutse kuti chifukwa chakuti nkhaniyi yowunikira kale, palibe vuto ndi wochita kafukufuku amene amafalitsa m'nyuzipepala. Kumbali ina, chinachake chokhudza kutsutsana kumeneku chimakhala cholakwika kwa anthu ena.

Monga momwe chitsanzo ichi chikusonyezera, kufotokozera zapadera / zapadera ndi zovuta kwambiri (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Njira yabwino yoganizira zachinsinsi-yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi zochitika (Nissenbaum 2010) -ndilo lingaliro lachilungamo cha (Nissenbaum 2010) . M'malo moganizira mfundo monga zapadera kapena zapadera, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe chimalingalira za kutuluka kwa chidziwitso. Malingana ndi Nissenbaum (2010) , "ufulu wachinsinsi si ufulu wachinsinsi kapena ufulu wolamulira koma ufulu woyenera kutuluka kwaumwini."

Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri pambali ya chikhulupiliro (Nissenbaum 2010) zimagwirizana ndi mfundo (Nissenbaum 2010) . Izi ndizo zikhalidwe zomwe zimayendetsa kutuluka kwa chidziwitso m'makonzedwe apadera, ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo atatu:

• zisudzo (phunziro, sender, wolandira)
• Malingaliro (mitundu ya nkhani)
• HIV mfundo (zopinga pa mfundo zake umayenda)

Kotero, pamene inu monga wofufuzira mukuganiza ngati mungagwiritse ntchito deta popanda chilolezo ndizothandiza kufunsa, "Kodi ntchito iyi imaphwanya malamulo okhudzana ndi mfundo zowonjezera?" Kubwereranso ku nkhani ya Panagopoulos (2010) , pakali pano, kukhala ndi kunja wofufuza amafalitsa mndandanda wa anthu ovota kapena osayamika m'nyuzipepalayo akuwoneka kuti akuphwanya malamulo odziwitsira. Izi mwina si momwe anthu amayembekezera kuti zidziwitse. Ndipotu, Panagopoulos sanagwiritse ntchito malonjezano ake chifukwa cha lonjezo lake loopsa chifukwa akuluakulu a zisankho adamulembera makalata ndipo adamunyengerera kuti sichinali chabwino (Issenberg 2012, 307) .

Lingaliro la mauthenga okhudzana ndi mauthenga okhudzana ndi mauthenga okhudzana ndi mauthengawa angathandizenso kuwona momwe ndinayankhulira kumayambiriro kwa mutuwu ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja kuti azitha kuyendayenda pa Ebola ku West Africa mu 2014 (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Pachifukwa ichi, munthu akhoza kulingalira zochitika ziwiri zosiyana:

• Zinthu 1: kutumiza wathunthu deta kuitana chipika [makhalidwe]; maboma a chosakwanira umayenda [zisudzo]; tsogolo lililonse zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito [HIV mfundo]
• Zinthu 2: kutumiza pang'ono anonymized mbiri [makhalidwe]; ofufuza kulemekezedwa yunivesite [zisudzo]; ntchito poyankha inayamba Ebola ndi phunziro kwa woyang'anira yunivesite matabwa zikuyenela [HIV mfundo]

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zonsezi zimatchula deta zikuchokera kunja kwa kampani, zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zinthu ziwirizi sizili zosiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa ochita masewero, zikhumbo, ndi mauthenga otha kufalitsa. Kuyang'ana pa chimodzi mwa magawo amenewa kungapangitse kupanga zopanga zosavuta. Ndipotu, Nissenbaum (2015) ikugogomezera kuti palibe limodzi mwa magawo atatuwa angathe kuchepetsedwa kwa ena, ndipo palibe aliyense wa iwo amene angathe kufotokozera zidziwitso. Zinthu zitatu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zidziwitso zidziwitse chifukwa chake kuyesayesa kwapadera-komwe kwakhudzana ndi zikhalidwe kapena mauthenga opatsirana-sikukhala kopindulitsa pakupeza malingaliro apamtima achinsinsi.

Vuto lina pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lachidziwitso chokhudzana ndi mfundo ndiloti ochita kafukufuku sangathe kuwadziwa pasanapite nthawi ndipo amawavuta kwambiri kuyeza (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Komanso, ngakhale kufufuza kwina kungaphwanye mfundo zokhudzana ndi zifukwa zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti kufufuza sikuyenera kuchitika. Ndipotu, chaputala 8 cha Nissenbaum (2010) chili ndi "Kuphwanya Malamulo Abwino." Ngakhale zili zovutazi, zida zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino ndi njira yothandiza yolingalira za mafunso okhudzana ndi chinsinsi.

Pomaliza, chinsinsi ndi malo omwe ndawona kusamvana pakati pa ofufuza omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azilemekeza ndi anthu omwe amachititsa kuti Phindu likhale lofunika. Tangoganizirani nkhani ya wofufuza zaumoyo wa anthu omwe, pofuna kuyesetsa kufalitsa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana achilendo, amayang'ana mwamseri anthu akumwa madzi. Ochita kafukufuku akufotokoza za Beneficence angaganizire za ubwino kwa anthu kuchokera ku kafukufukuyu ndipo anganene kuti panalibe vuto kwa ophunzira ngati wofufuzayo anachita uzondi wake popanda kuzindikira. Komabe, ofufuza omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azilemekezedwa, amatha kuganizira kuti wofufuzayo sanachitire ulemu anthu ndipo amatha kunena kuti kuvulaza ubwino wa ophunzirawo, ngakhale ngati ophunzirawo sakudziwa za azondi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kwa ena, kuphwanya chinsinsi cha anthu ndi vuto mwa iwo eni.

Pomalizira, pokambirana za chinsinsi, ndibwino kusuntha kudutsa pazinthu zosavuta kumva zachinsinsi / zapadera komanso kulingalira mmalo mwa ziganizo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zitatu: ochita masewero (nkhani, wotumiza, wolandira), zizindikiro (mitundu ya chidziwitso), ndi mfundo zoyendetsera mauthenga (zovuta zomwe zimadziwika) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Akatswiri ena amafufuza zachinsinsi ponena za kuvulaza komwe kungabwere chifukwa cha kuphwanya kwawo, pamene ochita kafukufuku ena amawona kuti kuphwanya kusungulumwa kungakhale kovulaza. Chifukwa chakuti malingaliro a chinsinsi pazinthu zambiri zamagetsi akusintha pakapita nthawi, amasiyana pakati pa munthu ndi munthu, ndipo amasiyana zosiyana ndi zomwe zikuchitika (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , chinsinsi chikhoza kukhala gwero la zovuta zoyenera kwa akatswiri ena nthawi ikubwera.