6.6.1 mozindikira chilolezo

Akatswiri ayenera mukhoza, ndipo kutsatira ulamuliro: mtundu wa chilolezo kufufuza kwambiri.

Ovomerezeka ndi chiganizo chenicheni-ena anganene kuti ali pafupi (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -makhalidwe abwino. Njira yosavuta yopezera kafukufuku imati: "chilolezo chovomerezeka pa chirichonse." Komabe, lamulo lophweka silinagwirizane ndi mfundo zomwe zilipo kale, malamulo abwino, kapena kachitidwe kafukufuku. M'malo mwake, ochita kafukufuku ayenera, angathe, ndi kutsatira lamulo lovuta kwambiri: "mtundu wina wa chilolezo chafukufuku ambiri."

Choyamba, kuti ndiyambe kusuntha zowonjezera malingaliro okhudzana ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa, ndikufuna ndikuuzeni zochulukirapo za kuyesa kusanthula. Mu maphunziro awa, zopempha zabodza zomwe ziri ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana-nkuti amuna ena ndi akazi-amapempha ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ngati munthu wina wobwereza akulipidwa kawirikawiri, ndiye kuti ochita kafukufuku angaganize kuti pangakhale tsankhu polemba ntchito. Kwa cholinga cha mutu uno, chinthu chofunika kwambiri pazomwe akuyesera ndikuti omwe akugwira ntchitoyi-olemba ntchito-samapereka chilolezo. Ndipotu, ophunzirawa akunyengedwa mwakhama. Komabe, kuyesera kwapadera kuti aphunzire kusankhana kwachitika mu maphunziro 117 m'mayiko 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Ofufuza omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi pofuna kufufuza tsankho apeza mbali zinayi za maphunzirowa omwe, pamodzi, zimawathandiza kuti azitsatira: (1) kuvulaza kochepa kwa olemba ntchito; (2) kupindulitsa kwakukulu kwa anthu kukhala ndi tsankho lodalirika la tsankhu; (3) kufooka kwa njira zina zowonetsera tsankho; ndipo (4) kuti chinyengo sichingatsutsane kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chake (Riach and Rich 2004) . Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndipo ngati wina wa iwo sakhutira, chikhalidwe chake chidzakhala chovuta kwambiri. Zitatu mwazinthuzi zingachoke ku mfundo za makhalidwe abwino mu Belmont Report: Kuvulaza kochepa (kulemekeza anthu ndi kupindula) ndi kupindula kwakukulu ndi zofooka za njira zina (Ubwino ndi Chilungamo). Chotsatira chomaliza, kusasinthika kwa zikhalidwe zenizeni, chingachoke ku Menlo Report ya kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Chidwi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ntchito za ntchito ndi malo omwe alipo kale kuyembekezera chinyengo chotheka. Choncho, kuyesera kumeneku sikusokoneza malo okonzeka kale.

Kuphatikizana ndi mfundo zokhudzana ndi mfundoyi, mabungwe ambiri a IRB amatsimikiziranso kuti kusowa kwa chivomerezo mu maphunzirowa kumagwirizana ndi malamulo omwe alipo, makamaka Common Rule §46.116, gawo (d). Potsiriza, makhoti a ku United States adathandizanso kuti anthu asagwirizane ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chinyengo m'mayesero akuyesa tsankho (No. 81-3029. Khoti la Malamulo la United States, Seventh Circuit). Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda chilolezo kumagwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe zilipo kale ndi malamulo omwe alipo (malamulo omwe akupezeka ku United States). Maganizowa athandizidwa ndi gulu lofufuza za anthu, mabungwe ambiri a IRB, ndi khoti la apilo la US. Choncho, tiyenera kukana lamulo lophweka "chilolezo chovomerezeka cha chirichonse." Awa sindiwo lamulo limene ochita kafukufuku amatsatira, kapena kuti amodzi.

Kupititsa patsogolo "chilolezo chodziwitsidwa kwa chirichonse" amachokera kwa ofufuza omwe ali ndi funso lovuta: Ndi mitundu yanji ya kuvomereza yomwe ikufunika pa kafukufuku wotani? Mwachidziwikire, pakhala pali mkangano waukulu pa funso ili, ngakhale ambiri mwa iwo ali pa nkhani ya kafukufuku wa zachipatala m'nthaŵi yakale. Pofotokoza mwachidule kukangana kumeneku, Nir Eyal (2012) analemba kuti:

"The kwambiri yowopsa phukusi, m'pamenenso ndi mkulu-zimakhudza kapena okhazikika 'yovuta moyo kusankha, m'pamenenso ndi mtengo wodzala ndi maganizo, m'pamenenso payekha m'dera la thupi kuti alowererepo pa likukhudza, m'pamenenso n'kosemphana ndi opanda munthu woyang'anira ndi ogwira ntchito, ndi apamwamba kufunika wangwiro mozindikira chilolezo. Nthawi zina kufunika wangwiro kuuzidwa chilolezo, ndipo ndithudi, chifukwa chilolezo cha mtundu uliwonse, ndi wamng'ono. Nthawi zina, ndalama mkulu akhoza kunyalanyaza zimenezi. "[Olowa mkati lilibe]

Kuzindikira kofunikira kuchokera pamtsutso uwu ndikuti kuvomereza kwadzidzidzi sikuti zonse kapena ayi: pali mitundu yamphamvu ndi yofooka ya kuvomereza. Nthawi zina, kudzipereka kwakukulu kumaphunziro kumawoneka kofunikira, koma kwa ena, njira zochepa zovomerezeka zingakhale zoyenera. Kenaka, ndikufotokozera zifukwa zitatu zomwe ochita kafukufuku angavutike kupeza chilolezo chovomerezeka, ndipo ndikufotokoza zochepa pazochitikazi.

Choyamba, nthawi zina kupempha ophunzira kuti apereke chidziwitso chadzidzidzi akhoza kuonjezera mavuto omwe amakumana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Encore, kufunsa anthu okhala m'maboma opondereza kuti avomereze kuti makompyuta awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi intaneti angapangitse anthu omwe amavomereza kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka. Ngati chilolezo chimawopsa kwambiri, ofufuza akhoza kutsimikizira kuti zomwe akuchita ndizovomerezeka komanso kuti n'zotheka kuti ophunzira athe kutuluka. Komanso, angapemphe chilolezo kuchokera ku magulu omwe amaimira ophunzira (mwachitsanzo, NGOs).

Chachiwiri, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka pokhapokha phunziroli lisanayambe kusokoneza phindu la sayansi la phunziroli. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kutengeka kwa Mtima, ngati ophunzira adziwa kuti ochita kafukufuku akuyesa kuyesa maganizo, izi zikhoza kusintha khalidwe lawo. Kusunga chidziwitso kwa ophunzira, ngakhalenso kuwanyenga, si zachilendo mu kafukufuku wamagulu, makamaka pa kafukufuku wa labu mu psychology. Ngati kuuzidwa chilolezo sizingatheke pamaso kuphunzira akuyamba, ofufuza akanatha (ndipo kawirikawiri kuchita) debrief anthu mukatha kuphunzira latha. Kuchokera kwachidule nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kufotokoza zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, kuthetsa mavuto alionse, ndi kupeza chilolezo pambuyo pa zomwezo. Pali zotsutsana, komabe, ngati kukambirana mozama pazomwe mukuyesa kumayenera, ngati kukambirana kungakhumudwitse ophunzira (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Chachitatu, nthawi zina ndizosatheka kupeza chidziwitso chodziwika kuchokera kwa aliyense chokhudzidwa ndi phunziro lanu. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani wofufuza amene akufuna kuphunzira Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin ndi crypto-currency ndi blockchain ndi mbiri ya onse a Bitcoin transactions (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Tsoka ilo, n'zosatheka kupeza chilolezo kuchokera kwa aliyense amene amagwiritsa ntchito Bitcoin chifukwa ambiri mwa anthuwa sadziwika. Pankhaniyi, wofufuzayo angayesetse kupeza chitsanzo cha ogwiritsa ntchito a Bitcoin ndikupempha chidziwitso chawo.

Zifukwa zitatu izi zomwe ofufuza sangathe kupeza chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, kuwopseza zolinga zofufuza, ndi kuchepa kwazinthu-sizomwe zifukwa zokha zomwe ochita kafukufuku akuvutikira kupeza chilolezo chovomerezeka. Ndipo zothetsera zomwe ndapatsa-kudziwitsa anthu za kafukufuku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mutuluke, kufunafuna chilolezo kuchokera kwa anthu ena, kukambirana, ndi kufunafuna chilolezo kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha ophunzira-sikungatheke pazochitika zonse. Komanso, ngakhale njira izi zingatheke, sangakhale okwanira pa phunziroli. Zomwe zitsanzozi zikuwonetsera, komabe, chidziwitso chovomerezeka si chonse kapena palibe, ndipo njira zowonetsera zowonjezera zikhoza kusintha kayendedwe ka maphunziro omwe sangathe kulandira chidziwitso chodziwika kuchokera kwa magulu onse okhudzidwa.

Pofuna kunena kuti, "osati kuvomerezedwa mwachinsinsi pa chirichonse," ochita kafukufuku ayenera, angathe, ndi kutsatira lamulo lovuta kwambiri: "mtundu wina wa chilolezo pa zinthu zambiri." Kuwonetsedwa motsatira mfundo, chidziwitso chodziwika si chofunikira kapena chokwanira Mfundo za kulemekeza anthu (Humphreys 2015, 102) . Kuonjezera, kulemekeza anthu ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zomwe ziyenera kukhala zoyenera pakuganizira zoyenera kuchita; Sichiyenera kuwonjezereka bwino, Chilungamo, ndi kulemekeza Chilamulo ndi Chidwi, mfundo yomwe imaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi ethicists pazaka 40 zapitazo (Gillon 2015, 112–13) . Kufotokozedwa pazinthu zoyenerera, chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kwa chirichonse ndi malo opambana kwambiri omwe amachititsa mavuto monga nthawi ya bomba (onani gawo 6.5).

Kenako, nkhani zothandiza, ngati mukuganiza kufufuza popanda mtundu uliwonse chilolezo, ndiye inu mukudziwa kuti inu muli mu dera imvi. Samalani. Yang'anani mmbuyo pa mfundo koyenela kuti ofufuza anapanga kuti maphunziro experimental kusalana popanda chilolezo. Ndi kulungamitsidwa wanu wamphamvu? Chifukwa mozindikira chilolezo ndi yofuna mfundo wamba zachinyengo, ndiye kuti mosakayika wotchedwa oteteza zigamulo zanu.