6.3 Intaneti n'zosiyana

Kafukufuku Social mu m'badwo digito ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana choncho zikutipatsa mafunso abwino.

M'nthaŵi ya analoji, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ambiri a anthu anali ochepa kwambiri komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo la malamulo. Kafukufuku waumwini m'badwo wadijito ndi wosiyana. Ochita kafukufuku-kawirikawiri amagwirizana ndi makampani ndi maboma-ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa ophunzira kuposa kale, ndipo malamulo a momwe mphamvuyo iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito sizinawonekere. Ndi mphamvu, ndikutanthawuza chabe kuthekera kochita zinthu kwa anthu popanda chilolezo chawo kapena ngakhale kuzindikira. Mitundu ya zinthu zomwe ochita kafukufuku angachite kwa anthu akuphatikizapo kuyang'ana makhalidwe awo ndikuwalembera muzoyesera. Monga mphamvu ya ofufuza kuwona ndi kusokoneza ikuwonjezeka, sipanakhalepo kuwonjezereka kofananako kofotokozera momwe mphamvuyo iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito. Ndipotu, ofufuza ayenera kusankha momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zawo motsatira malamulo osasinthasintha, malamulo, ndi zikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza kwa mphamvu zamphamvu ndi malangizo osadziwika kumabweretsa mavuto.

Mmodzi mwa mphamvu zomwe ofufuza omwe ali nazo tsopano ali ndi kuthekera kuwona khalidwe la anthu popanda chilolezo chawo kapena kuzindikira. Ochita kafukufuku amatha kuchita zimenezi kale, koma m'zaka zapitazi, kusiyana kwake kuli kosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zafalitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mafanizidwe ambiri a deta. Makamaka, ngati titasuntha kuchokera ku sukulu ya wophunzira kapena pulofesa ndikuganizira kukula kwa kampani kapena maboma omwe ofufuza akugwirizanitsa nawo-nkhani zomwe zingakhale zovuta kumakhala zovuta. Fanizo chimodzi chimene ine ndikuganiza amathandiza anthu udzakhalire lingaliro la misa anaziika ndi panopticon. Poyambirira ndi Jeremy Bentham monga zomangamanga, ndondomekoyi ndi nyumba yokhala ndi maselo omangidwa kuzungulira nsanja yaikulu (chithunzi 6.3). Aliyense wogwira nsanjayi akhoza kusamala khalidwe la anthu onse m'chipinda popanda kudziwonera yekha. Choncho munthu amene ali mu nsanja ndi wosawoneka (Foucault 1995) . Kwa otsutsa ena, chinyama cha digito chikutipititsa kundende ya panoptic kumene makampani apamwamba ndi maboma akuyang'ana nthawi zonse ndikukweza khalidwe lathu.

Chithunzi 6.3: Chida cha ndende yotchedwa panopticon, yoyamba yomwe inakonzedwa ndi Jeremy Bentham. Pakatikati, pali boni wosawoneka yemwe angakhoze kuona khalidwe la aliyense koma sangathe kuwona. Kujambula ndi Willey Reveley, 1791 (Gwero: Wikimedia Commons ).

Pochita zowonjezereka, pamene akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zachikhalidwe amalingalira za m'badwo wa digito, amadziyesa kuti ali mkati mwa nsanja, kuyang'ana khalidwe ndikupanga chidziwitso chozama chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yonse yosangalatsa komanso yofunikira. Koma tsopano, m'malo modziganizira nokha mu nsanja yolongedza, dziyerekeze kuti uli m'gulu limodzi. Mndandanda wa zida za mbuyewu ukuyamba kuwoneka ngati zomwe Paul Ohm (2010) adanena kuti ndidothi lachisokonezo , lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosayenera.

Owerenga ena a bukuli ali ndi mwayi wokhala m'mayiko omwe amakhulupirira owona awo osamvetsetseka kuti agwiritse ntchito deta zawo moyenera ndikuziteteza kwa adani. Owerenga ena samakhala ndi mwayi, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti nkhani zomwe zatchulidwa ndi kuyang'anitsitsa zikuwonekera bwino. Koma ndikukhulupirira kuti ngakhale owerengera mwayi ali ndi chidwi chofunika kwambiri poyang'anitsitsa: kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera kosaganizidwe . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, malo osungirako malonda omwe amapangidwira cholinga chimodzi-amatha kutsutsa malonda-tsiku lina angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa cholinga chosiyana kwambiri. Chitsanzo choopsya cha ntchito yachiwiri yosaganizidwe chinachitika mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, pamene deta ya boma inkagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa chiwonongeko chomwe chinali kuchitika motsutsa Ayuda, Aromani, ndi ena (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Owerenga masewera omwe adasonkhanitsa deta mu nthawi yamtendere pafupifupi ndithu anali ndi zolinga zabwino, ndipo nzika zambiri zidadalira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito deta mosamala. Koma, pamene dziko linasintha-pamene chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi (chipani cha Nazi) chinayamba kulamulira-deta iyi inathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri yomwe sinayembekezere. Kwenikweni mwachidule, kamodzi kokha mndandanda wamatabuku watsopano ulipo, ndi kovuta kuyembekezera omwe angapezeko ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito. Ndipotu, William Seltzer ndi Margo Anderson (2008) adalemba mavoti 18 omwe machitidwe a anthu akuphatikizidwa kapena omwe angakhale nawo mbali pazitsulo za ufulu wa anthu (tebulo 6.1). Komanso, monga Seltzer ndi Anderson akunena, mndandandawu ndi wosawerengeka chifukwa zochitiridwa nkhanza zimachitika mobisa.

Ochita kafukufuku wamba, ali kutali kwambiri ndi chirichonse monga kutenga nawo mbali za ufulu wa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito sekondale. Ndasankha kukambirana, komabe, chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti zidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa momwe anthu ena angayankhire pa ntchito yanu. Tiyeni tibwerere ku zojambula, zomangira, ndi nthawi, monga chitsanzo. Pogwirizanitsa pamodzi chidziwitso chokwanira ndi chophwanyika kuchokera ku Facebook ndi deta yokwanira ndi yowonongeka kuchokera ku Harvard, ochita kafukufukuwa adapanga malingaliro odabwitsa a moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha ophunzira (Lewis et al. 2008) . Kwa akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zachikhalidwe, izi zikuwoneka ngati mndandanda wazithunzithunzi, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Koma kwa ena ena, zikuwoneka ngati chiyambi cha malo osungirako zinthu, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosagwirizana. Ndipotu, mwina ndi imodzi mwa zonsezi.

Kuphatikiza pa kufufuza kwakukulu, ochita kafukufuku-omwe amagwirizananso ndi makampani ndi maboma-akhoza kuthandizira kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu kuti apange mayesero olamuliridwa mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kutengeka Mtima, ofufuza analembetsa anthu 700,000 mu kuyesa popanda chilolezo chawo kapena kuzindikira. Monga momwe ndanenera mu chaputala 4, kulembedwa kwachinsinsi kwa otsogolera mwachinsinsi si zachilendo, ndipo sikufuna mgwirizano wa makampani akuluakulu. Ndipotu, mu chaputala 4, ndinakuphunzitsani momwe mungachitire.

Poyang'anizana ndi mphamvu yowonjezerayi, ofufuza amatsata malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi malamulo . Chinthu chimodzi cha kusagwirizana uku ndikuti mphamvu za m'badwo wa digito zikusintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo, malamulo, ndi zikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Common Rule (malamulo omwe amachititsa kafukufuku wopindulitsa kwambiri ku boma ku United States) sizinasinthe kwambiri kuyambira 1981. Chinthu chachiwiri chosatsutsana ndi chakuti miyambo yotsutsana ndi mfundo zosawerengeka monga zachinsinsi zimakanganabe ndi ochita kafukufuku , opanga malamulo, ndi ovomerezeka. Ngati akatswiri m'maderawa sangakwanitse kugwirizana, sitiyenera kuyembekezera akatswiri ofufuza kapena ochita nawo ntchito kuti achite zimenezo. Chotsatira chachitatu ndi chomaliza cha kusagwirizana ndikuti kafukufuku wamakono a digito akuphatikizidwa mosiyana ndi zina, zomwe zimayambitsa malamulo ndi malamulo ophatikizana. Mwachitsanzo, Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima kunali mgwirizano pakati pa sayansi ya data pa Facebook ndi pulofesa ndi wophunzira wophunzira ku Cornell. Panthawiyo, zinali zofala pa Facebook kuti ayambe kuyesa kwakukulu popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu ena, malinga ngati mayeserowa amatsatira malamulo a Facebook. Ku Cornell, malamulo ndi malamulo ndi osiyana; pafupifupi zoyesera zonse ziyenera kuyankhidwa ndi Cornell IRB. Kotero, ndi malamulo ati omwe ayenera kuyendetsa Kugonjetsa Kwaumtima-Facebook kapena Cornell's? Ngati pali malamulo osagwirizana ndi ophatikizana, malamulo, ndi zikhalidwe ngakhale akatswiri ofufuza angakhale ovuta kuchita zabwino. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana, sipangakhale ngakhale chinthu chimodzi choyenera.

Zonsezi, mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi kusagwirizana zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzi-zikutanthauza kuti ofufuza ogwira ntchito m'badwo wa digito adzakhala akukumana ndi zovuta zoyenera kutsogolo. Mwamwayi, pamene mukulimbana ndi zovutazi, sikoyenera kuyamba kuyambira pachiyambi. M'malo mwake, ochita kafukufuku amatha kupeza nzeru kuchokera ku mfundo zapamwamba zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kale, zomwe zili m'magulu awiri otsatirawa.