5.2.2 Khamu-'kala' ikusonyeza wa manifestos andale

Wolemba pulogalamu manifestos ndale, chinachake ambiri anachita ndi akatswiri, angathe kuchitidwa ndi munthu masovedwe ntchito chifukwa mu reproducibility kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha.

Mofananamo ndi Galaxy Zoo, pali zochitika zambiri zomwe ochita kafukufuku amafuna kulemba, kugawa, kapena kujambula chithunzi kapena chidutswa cha malemba. Chitsanzo cha kafukufuku wamtundu uwu ndi kulembedwa kwa machitidwe a ndale. Pakati pa chisankho, maphwando a ndale amapanga ma manifesto akufotokozera malo awo apamwamba ndi kutsogolera mafilosofi. Mwachitsanzo, apa pali gawo la Manifesto ya Labor Party ku United Kingdom kuyambira 2010:

"Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akugwira ntchito mu misonkhano yathu kutchula makhalidwe abwino a Britain, kuthandiza mphamvu anthu kuti kwambiri moyo wawo pamene kuwateteza ku ngozi iwo sayenera kutenga paokha. Monga tiyenera kukhala bolder za ntchito ya boma kupanga misika ntchito mwachilungamo, ifenso tiyenera kukhala olimba mtima okonzanso a boma. "

Ma manifestos awa ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kwa asayansi a ndale, makamaka omwe amaphunzira chisankho ndi mphamvu za zokambirana za ndondomeko. Pofuna kuchotsa chidziwitso kuchokera ku ma manifestowa, ofufuza adalenga The Manifesto Project, yomwe inasonkhanitsa ma manifesto 4,000 kuchokera pa maphwando pafupifupi 1,000 m'mayiko 50 ndipo kenako anapanga asayansi kuti azisunga. Chiganizo chilichonse pa manifesto iliyonse chinkalembedwa ndi katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito gawo la 56. Zotsatira za kuyanjana uku ndizomwe zikufotokozera mwachidule mauthenga omwe ali mu ma manifesto awa, ndipo izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapepala osayansi oposa 200.

Kenneth Benoit ndi anzake ogwira nawo ntchito (2016) adasankha kutenga ntchito yojambula ma manifesto yomwe kale idapangidwa ndi akatswiri ndikuyitembenuza kukhala polojekiti ya anthu. Chotsatira chake, adayambitsa ndondomeko yomwe imakhala yobwerezabwereza komanso yosinthika, osatchula mtengo wotsika komanso mofulumira.

Kugwira ntchito ndi ma manifesto 18 omwe anapangidwa pa chisanu ndi chimodzi chaposachedwa ku United Kingdom, Benoit ndi anzake amagwiritsira ntchito njira yothandizana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku mayiko enaake (Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower). , onani Mutu 4). Ofufuzawo anatenga ma manifesto ndi kugawanika kukhala ziganizo. Kenaka, munthu adagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yokopera kwa chiganizo chilichonse. Makamaka, owerenga anafunsidwa kuti apange chiganizo chilichonse poyang'ana ndondomeko ya zachuma (kumanzere kapena kumanja), ku ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu (ufulu kapena wosamala), kapena ayi (chithunzi 5.5). Chiganizo chilichonse chinkalembedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi asanu. Potsirizira pake, ziwerengerozi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chomwe chinachititsa kuti zotsatirazi zikhale zovuta komanso zotsatira zavuta. Ndipotu, Benoit ndi anzake adasonkhanitsa ndalama zokwana 200,000 kuchokera kwa anthu pafupifupi 1,500.

Chithunzi 5.5: Chida cholembera kuchokera kwa Benoit et al. (2016) . Owerenga adafunsidwa kuti asankhe chiganizo chilichonse poyang'ana ndondomeko ya zachuma (kumanzere kapena kumanja), ku ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu (ufulu kapena wosasamala), kapena ayi. Kuchokera kwa Benoit et al. (2016) , chithunzi 1.

Benoit ndi anzake anali ndi akatswiri khumi ndi apadera omwe anali akatswiri a maphunziro a ndale komanso akatswiri ophunzira. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha anthu a m'gululi chinali chosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe akatswiri amanena, mgwirizanowu unali ndi mgwirizano wovomerezeka ndi chidziwitso cha akatswiri (chifaniziro 5.6). Fanizoli likuwonetsa kuti, monga ndi Galao Zoo, mapulani a anthu akutha kupanga zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.

Chithunzi 5.6: Lingaliro la akatswiri ( \(x\) -axis) ndi kulingalira kwa anthu ambiri ( \(y\) -axis) anali mgwirizano wodabwitsa polemba zikalata za manipakati 18 za ku United Kingdom (Benoit et al. 2016) . Ma manifesto omwe analembedwa anali ochokera ku maphwando atatu (Conservative, Labor, and Liberal Democrats) ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi (1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, ndi 2010). Kuchokera kwa Benoit et al. (2016) , chithunzi chachitatu.

Pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi, Benoit ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kake ka zolemba zamakono kuti azichita kafukufuku zomwe sizingatheke ndi kayendedwe ka kope kazomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Project Manifesto. Mwachitsanzo, Project ya Manifesto siinalembedwe ma manifesto pamutu wakuti anthu othawira kudziko lina chifukwa izi sizinali zofunikira pamene chiwerengero cha zolembera chikapangidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980. Ndipo, panthawiyi, ndizosatheka kuti ntchito ya Manifesto isabwerere ndikubwezeretsanso ma manifesto awo kuti adziwe zambiri. Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti ofufuza ofuna kuphunzira ndale za anthu othawa kwawo akusowa mwayi. Komabe, Benoit ndi anzake anatha kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lawo la kusanthula kuti apange chikhomodzinso choyimira mafunso awo mofulumira komanso mosavuta.

Kuti aphunzire ndondomeko ya kudziko lina, iwo adalemba ma manifesto kwa maphwando asanu ndi atatu mu chisankho chachikulu cha 2010 ku United Kingdom. Chiganizo chilichonse muzithunzi zonse chinkalembedwera ngati chikugwirizana ndi anthu othawa kwawo, ndipo ngati zili choncho, kaya zakhala zosamukira kudziko lina, zandale, kapena zotsutsa. Pasanathe maola asanu mutayambitsa ntchito yawo, zotsatira zinalipo. Anasonkhanitsa mayankho oposa 22,000 pa mtengo wokwana $ 360. Komanso, chiwerengero cha gululo chinasonyeza mgwirizano wodabwitsa ndi kafukufuku wakale wa akatswiri. Kenaka, pokhala mayesero omaliza, patapita miyezi iwiri, ochita kafukufuku anabweretsanso gulu lawo-kulemba. Pasanathe maola angapo, iwo adalenga gulu latsopano-lolemba ladata lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri ndi deta yawo yoyambirira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuwerengera kwaumunthu kunawathandiza kuti azilemba zolemba za ndale zomwe zinagwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa akatswiri ndipo zinali zobwezeretsedwa. Komanso, chifukwa kuwerengera kwaumunthu kunali kofulumira komanso kotsika mtengo, zinali zophweka kuti azikonzekera kusonkhanitsa deta kwawo pafunso lawo lofufuza za kusamukira kwawo.