5.4.1 eBird

eBird imasonkhanitsa deta pa mbalame kuchokera kwa mbalame; Odzipereka akhoza kupereka mlingo umene palibe gulu lofufuza lomwe lingagwirizane.

Mbalame zili paliponse, ndipo othothologists amafuna kudziwa kumene mbalame iliyonse ili pa mphindi iliyonse. Pokhala ndi dataset yotereyi, ornithologists angayankhe mafunso ambiri ofunika m'munda wawo. Zoonadi, kusonkhanitsa detayi sikungatheke kwa wofufuza aliyense. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri a zolemba zapamwamba amafuna kuti chidziwitso chokwanira ndi chokwanira kwambiri, "mbalame", omwe amapita mbalame akuyang'ana kusewera, amakhala akuyang'ana mbalame ndikulemba zomwe akuwona. Mizinda iwiriyi ili ndi mbiri yakale yothandizana, koma tsopano magwirizano awa asinthidwa ndi zaka za digito. Bird ndi ntchito yosonkhanitsa deta yomwe imapereka uthenga kuchokera kwa mbalame kuzungulira dziko lapansi, ndipo idalandira kale zoposa 260 miliyoni mbalame zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku 250,000 (Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) .

Zisanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa eBird, deta zambiri zomwe zidakonzedwa ndi mbalame sizidapezeka kwa ofufuza:

"M'madera ambirimbiri padziko lonse lapansi muli mabukutu ambirimbiri, makadi a ndondomeko, ma checklist, ndi diaries. Ambiri omwe timagwira nawo ntchito kumalo odyetsera amadziwa bwino kukhumudwa mobwerezabwereza za 'zolemba za mbalame za bambo anga.' Timadziwa kuti zingakhale zofunika bwanji. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti tikudziwanso kuti sitingathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)

M'malo mokhala ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatalizi, eBird imapangitsa mbalame kuti ziyike kumalo osungirako zinthu. Deta yomwe imatulutsidwa ku eBird ili ndi magawo asanu ndi awiri ofunikira: ndani, kuti, liti, mitundu yanji, yochuluka bwanji, ndi khama. Kwa osalima owerenga, "khama" limatanthauzira njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zochitika. Ma check quality khalidwe amayamba ngakhale deta asanaikidwe. Mbalame zikuyesera kupereka malipoti osazolowereka-monga malipoti a mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri, malipoti apamwamba, kapena malipoti a kunja-a-nyengo, atsekedwa, ndipo webusaitiyi imapempha kuti mudziwe zambiri, monga zithunzi. Mutatha kusonkhanitsa zowonjezera izi, mauthenga ojambulidwa amatumizidwa kwa mmodzi mwa akatswiri odzipereka a m'deralo kuti apitirize kukambiranso. Pambuyo pofufuzidwa ndi katswiri wa m'derali-kuphatikizapo zotheka zina zolemberana ndi birder-malipoti oletsedwa amasiyidwa osakhulupirika kapena kulowa mu eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Mndandanda wazomwekuwonetserako zomwe zikuwonetsedwazo zimapezeka kwa aliyense padziko lapansi ndi intaneti, ndipo mpaka pano, mabuku pafupifupi 100 omwe awonedwa ndi anzawo akugwiritsa ntchito (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird ikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti mbalame zomwe zimadzipereka zimatha kusonkhanitsa deta yomwe ili yothandiza pa kafukufuku weniweni wamatsenga.

Chimodzi mwa zokongola za eBird ndi chakuti "amagwira ntchito" yomwe ikuchitika kale-pakadali pano, birding. Mbali imeneyi imathandiza kuti polojekiti ifike pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Komabe, "ntchito" yomwe mbalamezi zimachita sizimagwirizana ndondomeko yomwe amafunika ndi a ornithologists. Mwachitsanzo, mu eBird, kusonkhanitsa deta kumatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a mbalame, osati malo a mbalame. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mwachitsanzo, zambiri zomwe zimawoneka zikuchitika pafupi ndi misewu (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) . Kuphatikiza pa kugawidwa kosayerekezereka kwa kuyesayesa pa danga, zowona zomwe eni mbalame amawona sizinali zabwino nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zina zimangopereka zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa, m'malo modziwa zamoyo zonse zomwe adaziwona.

Ofufuza a eBird ali ndi njira zazikulu ziwiri zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la deta-njira zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pazinthu zina zosonkhanitsa deta. Choyamba, ochita kafukufuku wa eBird akuyesera kuti apititse patsogolo chidziwitso cha deta yomwe mbalame zimapereka. Mwachitsanzo, eBird imapereka maphunziro kwa ophunzira, ndipo yakhala ikuwunikira mazenera a deta aliyense omwe, mwa mapangidwe awo, amalimbikitsa mbalame kuti zidziwe zambiri zamoyo zomwe adaziwona, osati zokondweretsa kwambiri (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Chachiwiri, ochita kafukufuku wa eBird amagwiritsa ntchito zojambula zomwe zimayesetsanso kukonza phokoso lopanda phokoso la data (Fink et al. 2010; Hurlbert and Liang 2012) . Sitikudziwikiratu ngati zitsanzo za chiŵerengerochi zikuchotseratu zotsutsana ndi deta, koma othothologists ali otsimikiza mokwanira kuti ma data eBird adasinthidwa, monga momwe tanenera kale, detazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku pafupifupi asayansi owerengedwa ndi anzawo.

Ambiri omwe si a ornithologists poyamba amakayikira kwambiri akamva za eBird kwa nthawi yoyamba. Mwa lingaliro langa, gawo la izi ndikukayika kumabwera kuchokera kuganiza za eBird mwanjira yolakwika. Anthu ambiri amayamba kuganiza kuti "Kodi data ya eBird ndi yangwiro?", Ndipo yankho ndilo "ayi." Komabe, limenelo silo funso loyenera. Funso loyenera ndilo "Mafunso ena ochita kafukufuku, kodi ndi data ya eBird yabwino kuposa deta yomwe ilipo kale?" Pafunsoli yankho lake ndi "inde", chifukwa chakuti mafunso ambiri okhudzidwa-monga mafunso okhudza kusamuka kwa nyengo. -Ndipo palibe njira zenizeni zowonetsera deta.

Ntchito ya eBird ikuonetsa kuti n'zotheka kuphatikizapo odzipereka potsata deta yofunika kwambiri ya sayansi. Komabe, eBird, ndi mapulojekiti ofanana, amasonyeza kuti zovuta zokhudzana ndi sampuli ndi khalidwe la deta ndizo nkhaŵa zogulitsa ntchito zosonkhanitsa deta. Monga momwe tidzaonera mu gawo lotsatila, komabe, ndi mapangidwe apamwamba ndi luso lamakono, zodetsa nkhaŵazi zikhoza kuchepetsedwa m'madera ena.