3.3.2 Muyeso

Kuyeza ndikutengera zomwe omvera anu amaganiza ndikuchita kuchokera pa zomwe akunena.

Kuwonjezera pa mavuto a chiwonetsero, chiwonetsero chonse chofufuza zolakwika chikuwonetsa kuti chidziwitso chachiwiri cha zolakwika ndizoyeso : momwe timapangira mauthenga kuchokera ku mayankho omwe ayankhidwa amapereka ku mafunso athu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mayankho omwe timalandira, ndichifukwa chake zofunikira zomwe timapanga, zimadalira kwambiri-komanso nthawi zina zodabwitsa-momwe timapempherera. Mwina palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa mfundo yofunikayi kuposa chibwibwi mu bukhu losangalatsa la Asking Questions la Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, ndi Brian Wansink (2004) :

ansembe awiri, Dominican ndi Akatolika, mukukambirana ngati kuli tchimo fodya ndi kupemphera nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo kulephera kufika mapeto, aliyense anapita kukaonana ziwalo abwana ake. The Dominican anati, "Kodi Lankhulani wamkulu?"

The Akatolika Yankho, "Iye anati izo zinali ziri bwino."

"Ndizo zachirendo" ndi Dominican akuyankha, "bwana anga anati izo zinali tchimo."

The wachikatolika anati, "Kodi inu akumpempha Iye?" The Dominican akuyankha, "Ine ndinamufunsa iye ngati icho chinali chabwino kusuta pamene akupemphera." "O," anati Akatolika, "Ine ndinamufunsa ngati sikulakwa kupemphera pamene fodya."

Pambuyo pa nthabwalayi, kafukufuku adalemba njira zambiri zomwe zomwe mumaphunzira zimadalira momwe mukufunsira. Ndipotu, nkhani yomweyi pamayambiriro a nthabwala imeneyi ili ndi dzina mu kafukufuku wofufuza: mafunso (Kalton and Schuman 1982) mafunso (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Kuti muwone momwe funsoli likukhudzidwira lingakhudzire kufufuza kwenikweni, ganizirani mafunso awiri ofanana omwe akufunsa mafunso:

• "Kodi mukugwirizana ndi mawu awa: Anthu zambiri mlandu kuposa zikhalidwe pa mlandu ndi kusayeruzika mu dziko lino."
• "Kodi mukugwirizana ndi mawu otsatirawa: zinthu Social zambiri mlandu kuposa anthu kuti upandu ndi kusayeruzika mu dziko lino."

Ngakhale kuti mafunso onse awiriwa amawoneka kuti akuyesa chinthu chimodzimodzi, iwo amapanga zotsatira zosiyana pakuyesera (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Atafunsidwa njira imodzi, pafupifupi 60% mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawo anafotokoza kuti anthu ambiri anali ndi mlandu woweruza, koma atafunsidwa mwanjira ina, pafupifupi 60% adanena kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilango chachikulu (chifaniziro 3.3). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusiyana kochepa pakati pa mafunso awiriwa kukhoza kutsogolera ochita kafukufuku mosiyana.

Chithunzi 3.3: Zotsatira kuchokera kuyesera kufufuza zikusonyeza kuti ochita kafukufuku akhoza kupeza mayankho osiyana malinga ndi momwe iwo anafunsira funsolo. Ambiri omwe anavomera anavomera kuti anthu ali ndi mlandu kwambiri kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha umphawi ndi kusayeruzika. Ndipo ambiri omwe anafunsidwa anagwirizana ndi zosiyana ndi izi: kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chofunika kwambiri kuposa anthu. Kuchokera ku Schuman and Presser (1996) , table 8.1.

Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe ka funsoli, omvera angapereke mayankho osiyanasiyana, malingana ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuyesa malingaliro okhudzana ndi boma, ofunsidwa adawerengedwa motere:

"Ife akukumana ndi mavuto ambiri m'dziko lino, palibe amene angathetsedwe mosavuta kapena zosalira ndalama zambiri. Ine ndikuti Ena mavuto amenewa, ndipo aliyense Ndikufuna mundiuze ine ngati mukuganiza ife ndalama zochuluka kwambiri pa izo, ndalama yochepa kwambiri, kapena za kuchuluka. "

Kenaka, theka la omwe anafunsidwa anafunsidwa za "chithandizo" ndipo theka linafunsidwa za "kuthandizira osauka." Ngakhale kuti izi zingawoneke ngati ziganizo ziwiri zosiyana, zinachititsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri (chifaniziro 3.4); Anthu a ku America amafotokoza kuti akuthandiza kwambiri "kuthandiza osauka" kusiyana ndi "ubwino" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Chithunzi 3.4: Zotsatira kuchokera ku kafukufuku wowonetsa kuti oyankha akuthandizira kwambiri "thandizo kwa osauka" kusiyana ndi "chitukuko." Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha funso la funso lomwe mayankho omwe ochita kafukufuku amalandira amadalira kwenikweni mawu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafunso awo. Kuchokera ku Huber and Paris (2013) , tebulo A1.

Monga zitsanzo izi zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za mafunso ndi zotsatira za mawu zimasonyeza, mayankho omwe ochita kafukufuku amalandira angakhudzidwe ndi momwe amafunsira mafunso awo. Zitsanzozi nthawi zina zimapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kudabwa za njira "yolondola" yofunsira mafunso awo. Ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti pali njira zolakwika zofunsira funso, sindikuganiza kuti pali njira imodzi yolondola. Izi zikutanthauza kuti si bwino kufunsa za "chithandizo" kapena "kuthandiza osauka"; awa ndi mafunso awiri osiyana omwe amayeza zinthu ziwiri zosiyana ndi maganizo a anthu omwe akufunsayo. Zitsanzozi nthawi zina zimapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kuganiza kuti kufufuza sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Tsoka ilo, nthawizina palibe chosankha. M'malo mwake, ndikuganiza kuti phunziro loyenera lochokera pazitsanzo izi ndi lakuti tiyenera kumanga mafunso athu mosamala ndipo sitiyenera kuvomereza mayankho mosavuta.

Zowonjezereka, izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mukufufuza deta yolongosola zomwe anasonkhanitsidwa ndi munthu wina, onetsetsani kuti mwawerenga funso lenileni. Ndipo ngati mukulenga tsamba lanu la mafunso, ndili ndi mfundo zinayi. Choyamba, ndikukupemphani kuti muwerenge zambiri zokhudza zolemba mafunso (mwachitsanzo, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); pali zambiri kwa izi kuposa zomwe ndatha kufotokoza pano. Chachiwiri, ndikupangitsani kuti mumasulire-mawu ndi mawu-mafunso kuchokera kufukufuku wapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kufunsa anthu omwe akufunsako za mtundu wawo, mukhoza kutsanzira mafunso omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku wa boma, monga kuwerenga. Ngakhale izi zingamveke ngati kuperewera, kukopera mafunso kumalimbikitsidwa mu kafufuzidwe kafukufuku (malinga ngati mutchula kafukufuku wapachiyambi). Ngati mumasankha mafunso kuchokera ku kafukufuku wapamwamba, mungakhale otsimikiza kuti ayesedwa, ndipo mukhoza kuyerekezera mayankho a kafukufuku wanu ku mayankho ena. Chachitatu, ngati mukuganiza kuti funso lanu likhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira za mawu kapena mafunso a mafunso, mukhoza kuyesa kufufuza komwe theka la omwe afunsidwa amalandira funso limodzi ndi theka kulandira liwu lina (Krosnick 2011) . Pomalizira, ndikupempha kuti muyese woyendetsa ndege-yesani mafunso anu ndi anthu ena kuchokera pa fomu yanu; Akatswiri kafukufuku amalitchula ndondomeko chisanafike kuyezetsa (Presser et al. 2004) . Zochitika zanga ndi kufufuza koyeso musanayambe ndiwothandiza kwambiri.