3.5.2 Wiki Kafukufuku

Kafukufuku wiki athe hybrids latsopano mafunso chatsekedwa ndi lotseguka.

Kuphatikiza pa kufunsa mafunso nthawi zambiri zachilengedwe komanso zochitika zachilengedwe, teknoloji yatsopano imatithandizanso kusintha mawonekedwe a mafunsowa. Mafunso ochuluka afukufuku atsekedwa, ndi ofunsidwa akusankha kuchokera pazokhazikitsa zosankhidwa zolembedwa ndi ochita kafukufuku. Iyi ndi njira yomwe wofufuza wina wotchuka amachitcha "kuika mawu m'milomo ya anthu." Mwachitsanzo, apa pali funso lofufuzidwa:

"Funso lotsatira ili ndi nkhani ya ntchito. Kodi inu chonde ayang'ane pa khadi iyi ndi kundiuza ine chimene chinthu pa mndandanda mukufuna ambiri amakonda mu ntchito?

1. Phindu lalikulu
2. Palibe ngozi yothamangitsidwa
3. Maola ogwira ndi ochepa, nthawi yambiri yaulere
4. Mwayi wopita patsogolo
5. Ntchitoyo ndi yofunika, ndipo imapereka chidziwitso chokwaniritsa. "

Koma kodi amenewa ndi mayankho okha omwe angathe? Kodi ochita kafukufuku angakhale akusowa chinthu china chofunikira mwa kuchepetsa mayankho a mafunso asanu awa? Mafunso osakanikirana ndi mafunso otsekedwa ndi funso lofufuza poyera. Pano pali funso lomwelo lofunsidwa mu mawonekedwe otseguka:

"Funso lotsatira pa nkhani ya ntchito. Anthu kupeza zinthu zosiyana mu ntchito. Kodi inuyo ambiri amakonda mu ntchito? "

Ngakhale mafunso awiriwa akuwoneka ofanana kwambiri, Howard Schuman ndi Stanley Presser (1979) adafufuza kuti atulutsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri: pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mwa mayankho a mafunso omwe sali okhudzana ndi mayankho asanu (ochita kafukufuku) Chithunzi cha 3.9).

Chithunzi 3.9: Zotsatira kuchokera kuyesayesa kafukufuku zosonyeza kuti mayankho angadalire ngati funso likufunsidwa kutsekedwa kapena mawonekedwe otseguka. Kuchokera ku Schuman and Presser (1979) , table 1.

Ngakhale mafunso otseguka ndi otsekedwa angathe kupereka mauthenga osiyana kwambiri ndipo onsewa anali otchuka m'masiku oyambirira a kafufuzidwe kafukufuku, mafunso otsekedwa adabwera kuti azilamulira. Ulamuliro uwu sikuti mafunso ovundukuka awonetsedwa kuti apereke chiyero chabwino, koma chifukwa chakuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito; ndondomeko yowunika mafunso osatsekedwa ndizovuta komanso zosavuta. Kusunthira ku mafunso otseguka ndizosautsa chifukwa ndizodziwitsidwa zomwe asayansi sanazidziwe mtsogolo zomwe zingakhale zofunika kwambiri.

Kusintha kuchokera kwa anthu-kupitidwa ku kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi makompyuta, komabe, kumatanthawuza njira yatsopano yochotsera vutoli lakale. Bwanji ngati ife tikanakhoza tsopano kukhala ndi mafunso osanthula omwe akuphatikizapo zabwino kwambiri za mafunso otseguka ndi otsekedwa? Izi ndizotani ngati tingachite kafukufuku kuti zonsezi zikhoza kutsegulidwa ndikupanga mayankho ophweka? Ndizo zomwe Karen Levy ndi ine (2015) tayesera kulenga.

Makamaka, Karen ndi ine tinkaganiza kuti mawebusaiti omwe amasonkhanitsa ndi kusinthasintha zolemba zomwe angagwiritse ntchito angathe kudziwitsa kapangidwe katsopano kafukufuku. Tomwe tinalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi Wikipedia-chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha njira yotseguka, yothamanga yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi magwiritsidwe ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito-choncho tinatcha kafukufuku wathu watsopano pa kufufuza kwa wiki . Monga momwe Wikipedia imasinthira pakapita nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awo, tinkalingalira kuti kufufuza kumeneku kumachitika patapita nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awo . Ine ndi Karen tinapanga zinthu zitatu zomwe ma polojekiti amayenera kuchita: ayenera kukhala adyera, ogwirizana, komanso oyenera. Kenaka, ndi gulu la oyambitsa intaneti, tinapanga webusaiti yomwe ingayendetse masewera a wiki: www.allourideas.org .

Kusonkhanitsa deta mu kufufuza kwa wiki kukuwonetsedwa ndi polojekiti yomwe tachita ndi Ofesi ya Meya ya New York City kuti tilumikize maganizo a anthu ku PlaNYC 2030, ku New York kukwaniritsa mapulani. Poyambitsa ndondomekoyi, Ofesi ya Maofesi inalembetsa mndandanda wa malingaliro 25 omwe anawonekera poyambira kale (monga, "Ndikufuna nyumba zonse zazikulu kuti zithetse mphamvu zamagetsi" ndi "Phunzitsani ana za nkhani zobiriwira monga gawo la maphunziro a sukulu"). Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro 25 ngati mbewu, ofesi ya a Mayankho inapempha funso lakuti "Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi lingaliro liti labwino pakupanga malo obiriwira, New York City?" Otsutsawo anaperekedwa ndi mfundo ziwiri (mwachitsanzo, "Tsegulani masukulu onse kudutsa mzindawo monga malo ochitira masewera a anthu "ndi" Kuonjezera mitengo yowunikira mitengo m'madera oyandikana nawo maulendo apamwamba "), ndipo adafunsidwa kuti asankhe pakati pawo (chithunzi 3.10). Atasankha, anthu omwe anafunsidwawo anaperekedwa posakhalitsa ndi maganizo ena osankhidwa mosavuta. Iwo adatha kupitiriza kupereka zokhudzana ndi zokonda zawo malinga ngati akufuna kuvota kapena posankha "Sindingathe kusankha." Mwachiphamaso, panthawi iliyonse, anthu omwe anafunsapo adatha kupereka maganizo awo, omwe adakondweretsedwe ndi Ofesi ya Mtsogoleri-anakhala mbali ya dziwe la malingaliro operekedwa kwa ena. Choncho, mafunso omwe ophunzira adalandira onse awiri anatseguka ndi kutsekedwa palimodzi.

Chithunzi 3.10: Mawonekedwe a kufufuza kwa wiki. Gulu (a) likuwonetsera zowonetsera ndi mawonekedwe (b) akuwonetsera zotsatira zowonekera. Kubwerezedwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Salganik and Levy (2015) , chithunzi chachiwiri.

Ofesi ya Meya inayambitsa kafukufuku wa wiki mu October 2010 mogwirizana ndi mndandanda wa misonkhano yowunikira kuti apeze mayankho ogwira ntchito. Pafupifupi miyezi inayi, anthu okwana 1,436 anayankhapo 31,893 ndi malingaliro atsopano 464. Chotsutsa, 8 mwazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi zolemba 10 zinaikidwa ndi ophunzira osati kukhala mbali ya malingaliro a mbewu kuchokera kwa Mayor's Office. Ndipo, monga momwe tikufotokozera m'mapepala athu, ndondomeko yomweyi, ndi malingaliro omwe amalembedwa akugwiritsira ntchito bwino kuposa mbewu za malingaliro, zimachitika mu mafukufuku ambiri a wiki. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pokhala otseguka kwa zatsopano, ochita kafukufuku amatha kuphunzira zinthu zomwe zikanasowa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zatsekedwa.

Pambuyo pa zotsatira za kufufuza kumeneku, ntchito yathu yopenda ma wiki ikuwonetsanso momwe mtengo wogwirira kafukufuku wamakono umatanthawuzira kuti ofufuza angathe kuchita nawo dziko m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri ofufuza maphunziro tsopano amatha kupanga machitidwe enieni omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu ambiri: takhala nawo mawerengero opitirira 10,000 a masabata ndipo tasonkhanitsa mayankho oposa 15 miliyoni. Kukwanitsa kupanga chinthu chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamlingo kumachokera ku mfundo yakuti kamodzi kokha webusaitiyi yamangidwa, zimakhala zosafunikira kwenikweni kuti zizipezeka kwaulere kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi (ndithudi, izi sizingakhale zoona ngati tili ndi umunthu kuyankhulana kwadongosolo). Komanso, izi zimapangitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kafukufuku. Mwachitsanzo, mayankho okwana mamiliyoni 15, komanso magulu athu, amapereka mayeso ofunika kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Ndikufotokozera zambiri za njira zina zofufuzira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ndondomeko ya mtengo wa zaka zam'chipatala-makamaka zero deta yachindunji-pamene ndikukambirana mayesero chaputala 4.