3.5.1 zachilengedwe kuwunika akanthawi

Ochita kafukufuku amatha kufufuza mafunso akuluakulu ndikuwawaza m'miyoyo ya anthu.

Kafukufuku wamakono (EMA) umaphatikizapo kufufuza kafukufuku, kuwapukuta, ndikuwawaza m'miyoyo ya ophunzira. Choncho, mafunso otsogolera angathe kufunsidwa pa nthawi yoyenera ndi malo, m'malo mwa masabata ochuluka omwe akufunsanako zinthu zitachitika.

EMA imakhala ndi zinthu zinayi: (1) kusonkhanitsa deta muzochitika zenizeni zadziko; (2) zofufuza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zilipo pakali pano kapena posachedwa kwambiri kapena makhalidwe; (3) zofufuza zomwe zingakhale zochitika, nthawi, kapena mwachisawawa (malinga ndi funso lafukufuku); ndi (4) kukwaniritsa zochitika zambiri pa nthawi (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . EMA ndi njira yofunsira kuti imayendetsedwa ndi mafoni a m'manja omwe anthu amakambirana nawo nthawi zonse. Komanso, chifukwa mafoni a m'manja ali ndi zithunzithunzi monga GPS ndi accelerometers-zimakhala zotheka kuyambitsa miyeso yochokera ku ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu yamakono angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ayambe kufunsa funso ngati wofunsayo akupita kumudzi wina.

Lonjezo la EMA likufanizidwa bwino ndi kafukufuku wa Naomi Sugie. Kuyambira m'ma 1970, United States yakula mochulukitsa chiwerengero cha anthu kuti imangidwa. Kuchokera mu 2005, pafupifupi 500 mwa Amitundu 100,000 a ku America anali m'ndende, chiwerengero cha akaidi apamwamba koposa dziko lonse lapansi (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akulowa m'ndende kwachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amachoka kundende chikule; Anthu pafupifupi 700,000 amachoka kundende chaka chilichonse (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Anthu awa amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu pochoka m'ndende, ndipo mwatsoka ambiri amatha kumbuyo uko. Pofuna kumvetsetsa ndi kuchepetsa kubwezeretsedwa, asayansi ndi anthu omwe amapanga malamulo amayenera kumvetsa zomwe zimachitikira anthu pamene akulowetsanso anthu. Komabe, detayi ndi yovuta kusonkhanitsa pamodzi ndi njira zoyenera kufufuza chifukwa olakwira kale amakhala ovuta kuphunzira ndipo miyoyo yawo ndi yosasunthika kwambiri. Njira zowonetsera kufufuza miyezi ingapo, zikusowa zambiri pa miyoyo yawo (Sugie 2016) .

Kuti aphunzire kubwezeretsanso mwatsatanetsatane, Sugie anatenga anthu oposa 131 kuchokera pa mndandanda wa anthu omwe amachokera kundende ku Newark, New Jersey. Anapereka wophunzira aliyense ndi foni yamakono, yomwe idakhala yopanga chuma chosonkhanitsa deta, zonse zolemba khalidwe ndi kufunsa mafunso. Sugie amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni kuti apange mitundu iwiri ya kufufuza. Choyamba, anatumiza "kafukufuku wa zitsanzo" pa nthawi yosankhidwa pakati pa 9 ndi 6 koloko masana akufunsa ophunzira za zomwe akuchita ndi zomwe amamva panopo. Chachiwiri, pa 7 koloko masana, adatumiza "kufufuza tsiku ndi tsiku" akufunsa za ntchito zonse za tsikulo. Komanso, kuwonjezera pa mafunso awa, ma foni alemba malo awo nthawi zonse ndikusungira zolemba za ma call ndi malemba. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi-yomwe ikuphatikiza kufunsa ndi kuwona-Sugie adatha kupanga miyeso yambiri, yokhudzana ndi miyoyo ya anthuwa pamene adalowanso pakati pa anthu.

Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti kupeza ntchito yodalirika, yothandiza kwambiri kumathandiza anthu kusintha mobwerezabwereza kudziko. Komabe, Sugie adapeza kuti, pafupipafupi, ntchito zomwe ophunzira ake anachita sizinali zachilendo, zosakhalitsa, komanso zochepa. Kufotokozera kwa chiwerengerochi, komabe, kumapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chofunika kwambiri. Makamaka, Sugie anapeza zigawo zinayi zosiyana pakati pa phukusi lake: "Kutuluka msanga" (omwe ayamba kufunafuna ntchito koma amachoka pamsika wa antchito), "kufufuza kosatha" (omwe amathera nthawi yochuluka kufunafuna ntchito) , "Ntchito yowonongeka" (omwe amathera nthawi yochuluka yogwira ntchito), ndi "kuyankha kochepa" (omwe samayankha kafukufuku nthawi zonse). Gulu la "oyambirira kuchoka" -anthu omwe ayamba kufunafuna ntchito koma osalipeza ndikusiya kufufuza-ndilofunika makamaka chifukwa gululi ndilosafunikira kuti lilowerenso.

Munthu angaganize kuti kufunafuna ntchito atakhala m'ndende ndizovuta, zomwe zingachititse kukhumudwa ndikuchotsedwa kuntchito. Choncho, Sugie adagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwake kuti asonkhanitse deta yokhudza maganizo a anthu omwe ali nawo-boma lomwe silikuwoneka mosavuta kuchokera ku chidziwitso cha khalidwe. Chodabwitsa, adapeza kuti "gulu loyambirira" lija silinafotokoze zapamwamba za nkhawa kapena chisangalalo. M'malo mwake, izi zinali zosiyana ndizo: omwe adapitirizabe kufunafuna ntchito adanena kuti akumva chisoni kwambiri. Zonsezi, zowonjezereka bwino za khalidwe ndi malingaliro a olakwira kale ndizofunikira kumvetsetsa zolepheretsa zomwe akukumana nazo ndi kuchepetsa kusintha kwawo kumbuyo kwa anthu. Komanso, zonsezi sizinapangidwe mwatsatanetsatane.

Kusonkhanitsa deta ya Sugie ndi anthu osatetezeka, makamaka kusonkhanitsa deta, kungabweretse mavuto ena. Koma Sugie ankayembekezera zodetsa nkhaŵazi ndipo adalankhula nawo (Sugie 2014, 2016) wake (Sugie 2014, 2016) . Njira zake zinayankhidwa ndi munthu wina - yunivesite ya Institute Institutional Review Board ndipo amatsatira malamulo onse omwe alipo. Kuwonjezera apo, mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yozikidwa motsatira mfundo zomwe ndimalimbikitsa mu chaputala 6, njira ya Sugie inapita koposa zomwe zinkafunika ndi malamulo omwe alipo. Mwachitsanzo, adalandira chidziwitso chodziŵika bwino kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse, ndipo adawathandiza kuti asiye kufufuza malo, ndipo anapita kumalo otetezeka kuti ateteze deta yomwe akukusonkhanitsa. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yosungiramo zinthu komanso kusungirako deta, adapezanso Certificate of Confidential kuchokera ku boma la federal, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sakanatha kukakamiza apolisi (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008) . Ndikuganiza kuti chifukwa cha njira yake yowongoka, ntchito ya Sugie imapereka chitsanzo chabwino kwa ochita kafukufuku ena. Makamaka, sanapunthwitse kuti ali ndi makhalidwe abwino, komanso sanapewe kufufuza kofunikira chifukwa anali ovuta kwambiri. M'malo mwake, anaganiza mozama, adafuna malangizo abwino, adalemekeza anthu omwe adagwira nawo ntchito, ndipo adachitapo kanthu kuti athandizidwe ndi maphunziro ake.

Ndikuganiza kuti pali maphunziro atatu ochokera ku ntchito ya Sugie. Choyamba, njira zatsopano zopempherera zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zenizeni zopezera; Kumbukirani kuti Sugie anatenga chithunzi choyenera kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwafupipafupi, kutalika kwa kutalika kwa thupi kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri pophunzira zochitika za anthu zomwe sizomwe zimakhala zosavuta. Chachitatu, pamene kusonkhanitsa deta kukuphatikizidwa ndi magwero akuluakulu a deta-chinachake chimene ndikuganiza chidzafala kwambiri, monga momwe ndidzatsutsananso mtsogolomu-nkhani zowonjezera zowonjezera zikhoza kuwuka. Ndidzachita zamatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane mu chaputala 6, koma ntchito ya Sugie ikusonyeza kuti nkhanizi zimayang'aniridwa ndi ochita kafukufuku wogwira mtima ndi oganiza bwino.