Zimene muyenera kuwerenga kenako

• Mau oyamba (gawo 3.1)

Mitu yambiri ya m'mutu uno inafotokozeretsanso maulendo a pulezidenti ku American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), monga a Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , ndi Link (2015) .

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kusiyana pakati pa kafufuzidwe kafukufuku ndi mafunso ozama, onani Small (2009) . Zokhudzana ndi zakuyankhulana mozama ndi banja la njira zotchedwa ethnography. Mu kafukufuku wa mtundu wa anthu, ofufuza ambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo limodzi ndi ophunzira mu chilengedwe chawo. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kusiyana pakati pa ethnography ndi mafunso ozama, onani Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Kuti mudziwe zochuluka pazithunzi za digito, onani Pink et al. (2015) .

Ndondomeko yanga yokhudza kafufuzidwe kafukufuku ndi yochepa kwambiri kuti ikhale ndi zochitika zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zachitika. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , ndi Igo (2008) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kafukufuku wa kafukufuku, onani Groves (2011) ndi Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (zomwe zimaphwanya mazira atatu mosiyana).

Groves and Kahn (1979) amapereka ndondomeko mkati mwa kusintha kuchokera koyamba mpaka nthawi yachiwiri mu kafufuzidwe kafukufuku mwa kupanga kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane pakati pa nkhope ndi nkhope ndi kufufuza kwa foni. ( ??? ) yang'anani mmbuyo pa chitukuko cha mbiri ya njira zojambula-dial-dial-dialing method.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri momwe kafukufuku wasinthira m'mbuyomo poyankha kusintha kwa anthu, onani Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , ndi Couper (2011) .

• Kufunsa motsutsana ndi kuwona (gawo 3.2)

Mphamvu ndi zofooka za kufunsa ndi kusunga zakhala zikutsutsana ndi akatswiri a maganizo (monga Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) komanso akatswiri a zaumoyo ( Jerolmack and Khan (2014) , Maynard (2014) , Cerulo (2014) , Vaisey (2014) ; Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kufunsa ndi kuwonanso kumachitika muchuma, kumene ochita kafukufuku amalankhulana za zomwe amavomereza zomwe akufuna. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku angafunse ofunsidwa ngati akufuna kumwa ayisikilimu kapena kupita ku masewera olimbitsa thupi (zomwe mwazikonda), kapena mukhoza kuona momwe anthu amadya ayisikilimu ndi kupita ku masewera olimbitsa thupi (zomwe zimavumbulutsidwa). Pali kukayikira kwakukulu pazinthu zina zadondomeko zomwe zimakondeka monga zafotokozedwa mu Hausman (2012) .

Mutu waukulu kuchokera pamakangano awa ndi wakuti khalidwe lofotokozedwa silolondola nthaŵi zonse. Koma, monga momwe tafotokozera mu chaputala chachiwiri, magwero akuluakulu a deta sangakhale olondola, sangathe kusonkhanitsidwa pamsampha wa chidwi, ndipo sangathe kupezeka kwa ofufuza. Choncho, ndikuganiza kuti, nthawi zina, khalidwe lofotokozedwa lingakhale lothandiza. Kuwonjezera apo, mutu waukulu wachiwiri kuchokera ku zokambiranazi ndikuti mauthenga okhudza maganizo, chidziwitso, ziyembekezo, ndi malingaliro sizolondola nthaŵi zonse. Koma, ngati chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi izi zikufunikira ndi ochita kafukufuku-mwina kuthandiza kufotokoza khalidwe linalake kapena kuti chinthucho chifotokozedwe-ndiye kufunsa kungakhale koyenera. Zoonadi, kuphunzira za mkati mwafunsa mafunso kungakhale kovuta chifukwa nthawi zina ofunsidwa eni eniwo sadziwa zamkati zawo (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .

• Kulakwitsa konse kofufuza (gawo 3.3)

Chaputala 1 cha Groves (2004) chili ndi ntchito yabwino yoyanjanitsa mawu osagwirizanitsa omwe nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza kafukufuku kufotokoza zochitika zonse zofufuza zolakwika. Kuti mupeze chithandizo cha kutalika kwa bukhu la chiwonetsero chonse cha zofufuza, onani Groves et al. (2009) , komanso mwachidule, onani Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Lingaliro la zolakwitsa zolepheretsa kukhala zosiyana ndi zosiyana zimayambanso kuphunzira mu makina; onani, ndime 7.3 ya Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Kawirikawiri izi zimapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kunena za malonda osiyana-siyana.

Ponena za kufotokozera, kufotokozera kwakukulu pa nkhani zopanda malire ndizosavomerezeka ndi National Research Council report Nonresponse mu Social Science Surveys: A Agenda Research (2013) . Zowonjezera zowonjezera zothandiza zimaperekedwa ndi Groves (2006) . Komanso, nkhani zapadera za Journal of Official Statistics , Quarterly Public Opinion , ndi Annals wa American Academy of Political and Social Science zasindikizidwa pamutu wosakhala yankho. Potsiriza, pali njira zambiri zowerengera mlingo woyankha; Njirazi zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu lipoti la The American Association of Public Opinion Ofufuza (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .

Kuti mumve zambiri pa kufufuza kwa 1936 Literary Digest , onani Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , ndi Lusinchi (2012) . Kuti mupeze kukambirana kwina kwasankho monga fanizo la kusokoneza deta, onani Gayo-Avello (2011) . Mu 1936, George Gallup anagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zowonjezereka kwambiri ndipo adatha kupereka zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi chitsanzo chaching'ono. Kupambana kwa Gallup pa Literary Digest kunali chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa kafufuzidwe kafukufuku monga momwe tafotokozera mu chaputala 3 cha @ converse_survey_1987; chaputala 4 cha Ohmer (2006) ; ndi chaputala 3 cha @ igo_averaged_2008.

Malingana ndi muyeso, chitukuko chachikulu chokonzekera mayankho ndi Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Kuti mupeze chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri, wonani Schuman and Presser (1996) , omwe akuwonekera makamaka pa mafunso okhudza maganizo, ndi Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , omwe ali ovomerezeka. Njira yosiyana yoyezera imatengedwa mu psychometrics, monga momwe tafotokozera mu ( ??? ) . Zambiri zowonongeka zimapezeka ku Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , ndi chaputala 8 cha Groves et al. (2009) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa zoyesayesa zofufuza, onani Mutz (2011) .

Malinga ndi mtengo wake, mankhwala okalamba, omwe akhala akuwerengera kutalika kwa bukhu la malonda pakati pa zofufuza ndi zolakwika zofufuza ndi Groves (2004) .

• Amene angapemphe (gawo 3.4)

Njira ziwiri zochiritsira kutalika kwa bukhu lazomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi Lohr (2009) (zina zowonjezera) ndi Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (zoposa). Maphunziro a kutalika kwa buku la kutalika kwa bukhu la njira yotsatiridwa pambuyo pake ndi njira zowonjezereka ndi Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Mu zochitika zina zam'badwo wa digito, ofufuza amadziŵa pang'ono za osatembenuza, omwe nthawi zambiri sankakhala oona. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosasinthika yomwe ingatheke pamene ochita kafukufuku amadziwa zambiri za osalankhula, monga momwe Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) komanso Smith (2011) .

Kuphunzira kwa Xbox ndi W. Wang et al. (2015) amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "Multilevel" ndi "post-stratification" ("Mr. P.") yomwe imalola ochita kafukufuku kulingalira gulu limatanthawuza ngakhale pali magulu ambiri. Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsana kwina pa khalidwe la kulingalira kwa njira iyi, zikuwoneka ngati malo odalirika kuti mufufuze. Njirayi inagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , ndipo pakhala pali ntchito ndi ndemanga (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kugwirizana pakati pa zolemera ndi zolemera, onani Gelman (2007) .

Kuti mupeze njira zina zolemetsa mawebusaiti, onani Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , ndi Valliant and Dever (2011) . Mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti angagwiritse ntchito zitsanzo zopezeka kapena zitsanzo zosatheka. Kuti mumve zambiri pa mapaintaneti, onani Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Nthawi zina, ochita kafukufuku apeza kuti mwina zingapangitse zitsanzo zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndizo (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , koma zitsanzo zina zapeza kuti zovuta zomwe sizingatheke zimakhala zovuta kwambiri (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Chifukwa chimodzi chothetsera kusiyana kumeneku ndikuti zitsanzo zomwe sizingatheke zakula bwino pakapita nthawi. Kuti muwone momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zitsanzo zomwe simungathe kuziwona, onani AAPOR Task Force pa Zomwe Simungathe Kuzichita (Baker et al. 2013) , ndipo ndikulimbikitsanso kuwerenga ndemanga yomwe ikutsata ndemanga.

• Momwe mungapemphe (gawo 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) ndi buku lokonzekedwa lotchedwa Envisioning the Survey Interview of Future , ndipo limapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa tsogolo la kufunsa mafunso. Couper (2011) imayankhula mitu yofanana, ndi Schober et al. (2015) amapereka chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe njira zosonkhanitsira deta zogwirizana ndi malo atsopano zingayambitse deta yapamwamba. Schober and Conrad (2015) amapereka ndemanga yowonjezereka yokhudza kupitiliza kusintha kayendetsedwe kofufuza kafukufuku kuti afanizire kusintha kwa anthu.

Tourangeau and Yan (2007) zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu okhudzidwa ndi mafunso ovuta, ndipo Lind et al. (2013) akupereka zifukwa zina zotheka kuti anthu athe kufotokozera zambiri zowonongeka pamakambidwe apakompyuta. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza udindo wa anthu ofunsa mafunso poonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu ochita nawo maphunziro, onani Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , ndi Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazofukufuku, onani Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) amapereka chithandizo cha kutalika kwa bukhu la zochitika zapakati pa nyengo ndi njira zowonjezereka.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kufufuza zochitika zosangalatsa ndi zamtengo wapatali kwa ophunzira, onani ntchito pa Njira Yoyendetsera Njira (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Chitsanzo china chochititsa chidwi cha kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a Facebook a masayansi, onani Bail (2015) .

• Kafukufuku wogwirizana ndi magwero akuluakulu (gawo 3.6)

Judson (2007) akulongosola njira yogwirizanitsa kafukufuku ndi deta yolongosola monga "kuyanjana kwadzidzidzi" ndikukambirana ubwino wina wa njirayi, komanso kupereka zitsanzo zina.

Ponena za kufunsa kupindulitsa, pakhala pali zoyesayesa kale kuti zitsimikizire kuvota. Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa mabukuwa, onani Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , ndi Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Onani Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) chifukwa chokayikira kwambiri zotsatira zomwe zikupezeka ku Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale Ansolabehere ndi Hersh adalimbikitsidwa ndi khalidwe la data kuchokera ku Catalist, ena amayesa ogulitsa malonda alibe chidwi. Pasek et al. (2014) adapeza zosayenera pamene deta yofukufuku inayerekeza ndi wogulitsa kuchokera ku Marketing Systems Group (yomwe inagwirizanitsa pamodzi data kuchokera kwa opereka atatu: Acxiom, Experian, ndi InfoUSA). Izi zikutanthauza kuti fayilo la deta silikugwirizana ndi mayankho omwe ofufuza omwe amayembekezera kukhala olondola, fayilo ya ogula idasowa deta ya mafunso ambiri, ndipo machitidwe osowa deta adagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zafukufuku (mwazinthu zina, zosowa deta inali yodongosolo, osati mwachisawawa).

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazowonjezereka pakati pa kafukufuku ndi deta, onani Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) ndi Schnell (2013) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazowonjezereka, onani Dunn (1946) ndi Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (mbiri) ndi Larsen and Winkler (2014) (amakono). Njira zofananazi zapangidwanso mu sayansi yamakompyuta pansi pa mayina monga data deduplication, chizindikiro chizindikiro, dzina kutanthauzira, zolemba kufotokoza, ndi zolembera mbiri kudziwika (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Palinso njira zosungira zosungira zachinsinsi zomwe sizikufuna kufalitsa uthenga (Schnell 2013) . Ochita kafukufuku pa Facebook adayambitsa ndondomeko kuti awonetsere zolembera zawo pazomwe amavota (Jones et al. 2013) ; kulumikizana uku kunali kochitidwa kuti tiyese kuyesa zomwe ndikukuuzani mu chaputala 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kupeza chilolezo chogwirizanitsa mbiri, onani Sakshaug et al. (2012) .

Chitsanzo china chogwirizanitsa kufufuza kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha boma ku mauthenga a boma akuchokera ku Survey Survey Survey ndi Social Security Administration. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa phunziroli, kuphatikizapo zambiri zokhudza njira yobvomerezera, onani Olson (1996, 1999) .

Njira yogwirizanitsa mauthenga ambiri a maulamuliro otsogolera ku master masterfile-njira yomwe Catalist imagwiritsira ntchito-imakhala yowonongeka m'maofesi a maiko ena. Ofufuza awiri ochokera ku Statistics Sweden adalemba bukhu lofotokoza za mutuwo (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Kwa chitsanzo cha njira iyi kudera lina limodzi ku United States (Olmstead County, Minnesota; nyumba ya chipatala cha Mayo), onani Sauver et al. (2011) . Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa zolakwika zomwe zingabwereke m'mabuku otsogolera, onani Groen (2012) .

Njira ina imene ochita kafukufuku angagwiritsire ntchito zida zazikulu za deta mufukufuku wafukufuku ali ngati chithunzi cha anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe enaake. Mwamwayi, njira iyi ikhoza kufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi chinsinsi (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Ponena za kulimbikitsa kufunsa, njira iyi si yatsopano monga ikuwonekera kuchokera momwe ndakufotokozera. Zili zofanana kwambiri ndi zigawo zitatu zazikuluzikulu: zolemba zojambula pamtambo (Little 1993) , kutengera (Rubin 2004) , ndi kuyerekezera kwaling'ono (Rao and Molina 2015) . Zimagwirizananso ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kafukufuku wa zachipatala (Pepe 1992) .

Kuwerengetsera mtengo ndi nthawi ku Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) zimatanthawuza zambiri ku mtengo wogula-mtengo wa kafukufuku wina - ndipo sichiphatikizapo ndalama zowonongeka monga mtengo wa kuyeretsa ndi kukonza deta. Kawirikawiri, kuwonjezera pempho ndikufunsa kuti padzakhala ndalama zodalirika komanso ndalama zochepa zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zimayesedwa pa digito (onani chaputala 4). Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa kufufuza mafoni a m'manja pa mayiko osauka, onani Dabalen et al. (2016) .

Kwa malingaliro okhudza momwe mungapangire mwamphamvu kufunsa bwino, ndikupempha kuti ndiphunzire zambiri zokhudzana ndi zambiri (Rubin 2004) . Komanso, ngati ochita kafukufuku akulimbikitsa kufunsa za kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero, osati khalidwe la munthu aliyense, ndiye kuti njira za King and Lu (2008) ndi Hopkins and King (2010) zingakhale zothandiza. Pomalizira, kuti mudziwe zochuluka zokhudza njira zophunzirira makina ku Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , onani James et al. (2013) (mwatsatanetsatane) kapena Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (apamwamba kwambiri).

Nkhani imodzi yokhudzana ndi kukula kwa kufunsa ndi yakuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popereka makhalidwe omwe anthu sangasankhe kuwulula mufukufuku monga momwe anafotokozera ku Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .