4.5.1.1 taiao Whakamahia ngā

Taea e koe te whakahaere i ngā roto taiao ngā, maha, kahore tetahi waehere whakahoatanga ranei.

Logistically, te huarahi māmā ki te mahi i ngā mamati ko ki whakakikorua koutou whakamātautau i runga i runga o tētahi taiao ngā, taea koe ki te whakahaere i te whakamātau mara mamati. Ka taea te whakahaere i ēnei ngā i te tauine āhua nui, me te kore e rapu utu ngātahi ki te kamupene te whanaketanga pūmanawa whānui ranei.

Hei tauira, Jennifer Doleac ko Luke Stein (2013) ka mau painga o te kainga hokohoko ipurangi (hei tauira, craigslist) ki te whakahaere i te whakamātau i whanganga whakahāwea iwi. Doleac ko Stein pänuitia mano o iPod, a na roto i te rerekē pūnahanaha nga āhuatanga o te kaihoko, i taea ki te ako i te pānga o te iwi i runga i ngā whakawhitinga ōhanga ratou. I tua atu, whakamahia Doleac ko Stein te tauine o ratou whakamātau ki te whakatau tata ka te pānga he nui (heterogeneity o pānga maimoatanga) me whakahere te tahi mau whakaaro e pā ana ki te aha ai puta te pānga (tikanga).

I mua ki te ako o Doleac ko Stein, i reira kua rua huarahi matua ki te ine experimentally whakahāwea. I roto i te reta rangahau kairangahau hanga faahou o iwi paki o iwi rerekē, me te whakamahi i enei faahou ki, hei tauira, te tono hoki ngā mahi rerekē. Bertrand me a Mullainathan (2004) pepa ki te taitara fakangalongata'a "He Emily me Greg More Employable i Lakisha ko Jamal? He Whakamātau Field i runga i Labor Market Whakahāwea "Ko te faahoho'araa faahiahia o te ako reta. rangahau Correspondence whai utu āhua iti ia mātakitaki, e taea te kairangahau kotahi ki te kohikohi mano o ngā kitenga i roto i te ako angamaheni. Ko, rangahau reta o te whakahāwea iwi kua ui no ingoa pea tohu maha nga mea i roto i te tua ki te iwi o te kaitono. E te, ingoa pērā i Greg, Emily, Lakisha, a Jamal kia tohu piha pāpori i roto i te tua ki te whakataetae. Ko te kupu, i tetahi rerekētanga i roto i te maimoatanga mō faahou o Greg o me Jamal o ai e tika ana ki te neke atu i ngā rerekētanga iwi pokanoa o nga kaitono. Rangahau Tātari, i runga i te tahi atu te ringa, ngā utu kaiwhakaari o iwi rerekē ki te tono tangata i roto i hoki mahi. Ahakoa whakarato rangahau tātari he tohu mārama o te iwi kaitono, e tino utu ia mātakitaki, e te tikanga e ratou te nuinga anake i rau o ngā kitenga ratou.

I roto i to ratou whakamātau mara mamati, i taea ki te hanga i tētahi kākano ātaahua Doleac ko Stein. i taea ki te kohikohi raraunga i utu āhua iti ia e kitea te-hua i roto i nga mano o ngā kitenga ratou (pera i roto i te ako reta) -pea i taea ki te tohu iwi te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua-hua i roto i te tohu uncounfounded mārama o te iwi ratou (pera i roto i te ako tātari ). Ko te kupu, te taiao ipurangi ētahi wā āhei kairangahau ki te waihanga maimoatanga hou e whai āhuatanga e te hunga pakeke ki te hanga rere ke.

rerekē te pānuitanga iPod o Doleac me Stein haere e toru ngā āhuatanga matua. Tuatahi, rerekē ratou nga āhuatanga o te kaihoko, i tohu e te ringa whakaahuatia e pupuri ana i te iPod [ma, mangu, ma ki moko] (Figure 4.12). Tuarua, rerekē ratou te utu tono [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. A toru, rerekē ratou te kounga o te kuputuhi ad [-kounga teitei, me te iti-kounga (hei tauira, hapa pūmatuatanga me hapa spelin)]. Ko te kupu, nga kaituhi i te hoahoa 3 X 3 X 2 i tohatoha puta noa i neke atu i te 300 hokohoko rohe mai i nga pa (hei tauira, kokomo, IN ko Te Tai Tokerau Platte, NE) ki mega-pa (hei tauira, New York ko Los Angeles).

Feruri 4.12: rima whakamahia i roto i te whakamātautau o Doleac and Stein (2013) . i hokona iPod e kaihoko ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē ki te ine i te whakahāweatanga i roto i te kainga hokohoko ipurangi.

Pine puta noa tikanga katoa, i pai hoki te kaihoko ma atu te kaihoko mangu nga putanga, ki te kaihoko rape he hua takawaenga. Hei tauira, riro kaihoko ma atu e horo'a nei, a i teitei utu hoko whakamutunga. I tua atu i enei pānga toharite, tata Doleac ko Stein te heterogeneity o pānga. Hei tauira, kotahi matapae i te ariā o mua ko e e riro iti i roto i ngā mākete e atu whakataetae whakahāweatanga. Mā te whakamahi i te maha o horo'a nei riro ano te takawaenga mo whakataetae mākete, kitea nga kaituhi e e pono kaihoko pango riro kino e horo'a nei i roto i te mākete ki te iti o te whakataetae. I tua atu, mā te whakatairite i ngā putanga mō te pānuitanga ki-te kounga tiketike, me te kuputuhi iti-kounga, kitea Doleac me Stein e ad kounga e kore e pānga ki te ngoikoretanga fehangahangai e pango, me te moko kaihoko. I te pae hopea, tango painga o te meka i whakanohoia pānuitanga i roto i neke atu i te 300 mākete, kitea nga kaituhi e he atu rawakore i roto i nga pa ki tatauranga taihara tiketike, me te Pharoah noho teitei kaihoko pango. Tetahi o enei hua hoatu a matou he matauranga pū o rite aha i kaihoko mangu putanga kino, engari, no te ngā ki te hua o te tahi atu haapiiraa, e nehenehe ratou timata ki te whakamōhio ariā e pā ana ki te take o te whakahāwea iwi i roto i ngā momo rerekē o te whakawhitinga ōhanga.

Ko tētahi atu tauira e whakaatu ana i te kaha o ngā kairangahau ki te whakahaere i ngā āpure mamati i roto i ngā pūnaha ngā Ko te rangahau i Arnout van de Rijt me hoa (2014) i runga i te mau taviri ki te angitu. I roto i te maha ngā āhuatanga o te ora, mutu iwi ngali rite ake ki te putanga rawa rerekē. Kotahi whakamārama taea hoki tenei tauira ko te e iti-a tino e taea matapōkere-painga maukati-i roto i, me te tupu i runga i te wā, he tukanga e karanga kairangahau painga tāpiripiri. Roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau mehemea angitu iti tuatahi maukati-i roto i memeha atu ranei, van de Rijt me hoa (2014) ka whakaurua ki ngā pūnaha rerekē e whā Kia meinga ai te angitu i runga i ngā kaiuru tīpako matapōkeretia, a ka whanganga i te pānga wā roa-o tenei angitu te noho.

More āta, van de Rijt me hoa 1) taumautia moni ki tīpakohia matapōkeretia kaupapa i runga i kickstarter.com , he paetukutuku crowdfunding; 2) pai tauanga arotake tīpako matapōkeretia i runga i te paetukutuku epinions ; 3) i hoatu e tohu ki te whiriwhiria matapōkeretia whai wāhi ki Wikipedia ; a 4) Waitohu i matapōkeretia tīpakohia pitihana i runga i change.org . kitea nga kairangahau hua tino rite puta noa katoa pūnaha e wha: i roto i ia take, ka haere kaiuru i matapōkeretia e hoatu etahi angitu wawe i runga ki te whai atu te angitu muri atu i ō rātou hoa kore rawa indistinguishable (Figure 4.13). Te meka i puta te tauira taua i roto i ngā pūnaha maha faarahi te tika waho o enei hua no te whakaiti te reira te tupono noa i tenei tauira ko te artifact o tetahi pūnaha ngā.

Feruri 4.13: pānga wā-roa o te angitu homai matapōkeretia i te wha rerekē pūnaha pāpori. Arnout van de Rijt me hoa (2014) 1) taumautia moni ki tīpakohia matapōkeretia kaupapa i runga i kickstarter.com , he paetukutuku crowdfunding; 2) pai tauanga arotake tīpako matapōkeretia i runga i te paetukutuku epinions ; 3) i hoatu e tohu ki te whiriwhiria matapōkeretia whai wāhi ki Wikipedia ; a 4) Waitohu i matapōkeretia tīpakohia pitihana i runga i change.org .

Huihui, whakaatu enei tauira e rua e taea kairangahau whakahaere ngā mara mamati waho te hiahia ki te hoa ki te kamupene ranei te hiahia ki te hanga pūnaha mamati matatini. I tua atu, Ripanga 4.2 whakarato atu ara tauira e whakaatu te whānuitanga o te mea he taea ina whakamahi kairangahau te hanganga o ngā pūnaha ngā ki te whakaora maimoatanga mehua me / ranei putanga. Ko ngā cheap mō kairangahau ēnei ngā me whakahere e ratou he tohu tiketike o te talena. Ko, enei ngā whakahere kairangahau iti mana i runga i nga kaiuru, maimoatanga, me ngā putanga ki te ruri. I tua atu, hoki ngā tango te wahi i roto i te kotahi anake pūnaha, Me kairangahau ki te kia āwangawanga e taea te aia e akiaki pūnaha-motuhake nga pānga (hei tauira, te ara e kī Kickstarter kaupapa ranei te ara e kī change.org pitihana: hoki atu pārongo, kite i te kōrero e pā ana ki veuveuki algorithmic i roto i Chapter 2). I te pae hopea, no te wawao kairangahau i roto i ngā pūnaha mahi, puta pātai matatika uaua e pā ana ki te kino taea ki ngā kaiuru,-kaiuru kore, me ngā pūnaha. Ka whakaaro matou enei pātai matatika i roto i te kōrero atu i roto i Chapter 6, a reira ko te kōrero pai o ratou i roto i te āpitihanga o van de Rijt (2014) . e kore e pai mo nga kaupapa i te hokohoko-kētanga e haere mai ki te mahi i roto i te pūnaha ngā, me hoki taua take hanga etahi kairangahau ratou ake pūnaha whakamātautau, te kaupapa o te wāhanga muri.