4.6.1 Waihanga kore raraunga utu tāupe

Kei te peia i te kī ki te rere ngā nui tou utu tāupe ki te kore. Nga ara pai ki te mahi i tenei he aunoatanga me te hoahoa ngā pārekareka.

Ka taea e whai ngā mamati hanganga utu tino rerekē, me tenei taea kairangahau ki te whakahaere i ngā i taea i roto i te mua. More āta, ngā tikanga i rua ngā momo matua o utu:. Utu i whakaritea me utu tāupe utu pūmau he utu kore e e huri i runga i te tini o ngā kaiuru koe i rānei. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakamātau taiwhanga, utu i whakaritea ai kia te utu o renting te wāhi me te hoko taonga. Utu Tāupe, i runga i te tahi atu i te ringa, te huringa i runga i te tini o ngā kaiuru koe i rānei. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakamātau taiwhanga, kia haere mai utu tāupe i te aufauraa i ngā kaimahi me te whai wāhi. I roto i te whānui, ngā tairitenga i iti utu i whakaritea me utu te ana'iraa tiketike, me ngā mamati whai utu tiketike whakaritea me iti utu te ana'iraa (Figure 4.18). Ki hoahoa tika, ka taea e koe peia te utu tāupe o koutou whakamātau te huarahi katoa ki te kore, me tenei e taea te waihanga whai wāhitanga rangahau whakaongaonga.

Whakaahua 4.18: schematic o ngā hanganga utu i roto i te tairitenga me ngā mamati. I roto i te whānui, ngā tairitenga i iti utu i whakaritea me utu tāupe teitei Tena ngā mamati whai utu tiketike whakaritea me iti utu tāupe. tikanga nga hanganga utu rerekē e ngā mamati taea rere i te tauine e kore e taea e ki ngā tairitenga.

E rua ngā āhuatanga matua o te tāupe utu-utu ki te kaimahi me te utu ki ngā kaiuru-a taea te aia ia o enei ki te kore te whakamahi i ngā rautaki rerekē. Utu ki te kaimahi kakau i te mahi e e whakatū kaiāwhina rangahau kaiuru, tuku maimoatanga, me te ine putanga. Hei tauira, te whakamātautau mara tairitenga o Schultz me hoa (2007) ki te i runga i tikanga pāpori, me te whakamahi hiko kaiāwhina rangahau e hiahiatia ana haere ki ia kāinga ki te whakaora i te maimoatanga, me te lau te mita hiko (Figure 4.3). Katoa o tenei tautooraa e kaiāwhina rangahau auraa e tāpiri i te whare hou ki te ako e kua tapiritia ki te utu. I te tahi atu te ringa, mo te whakamātautau mara mamati o Restivo me van de Rijt (2012) i ​​runga i utu i roto i te Wikipedia, kairangahau taea tāpiri atu ngā kaiuru i tata kahore utu. He rautaki whānui mō te whakaiti utu whakahaere tāupe ko ki te whakakapi mahi tangata (i te mea utu) ki te mahi rorohiko (i te mea cheap). Pakeke, ka taea e koe ui koe: e taea whakahaere i tenei whakamātau i te moe katoa i runga i toku rōpū rangahau? Ki te te whakahoki he ae, kua mahi koe i te mahi nui o te aunoatanga.

Te momo matua tuarua o te utu tāupe he utu ki ngā kaiuru. Kua whakamahia ētahi kairangahau Amazon Mechanical Turk me ētahi atu hokohoko mahi ipurangi ki te whakaiti i nga utu e kua hiahiatia hoki kaiuru. Ki te pei utu tāupe te ara katoa ki te kore, Heoi, e hiahiatia ana he huarahi rerekē te. Hoki te wa roa, kua hangaia kairangahau ngā e kua pera hōhā to ratou ki te utu i te iwi ki te whai wāhi. Otiia, te aha, ki te koutou i taea e te hanga i tētahi whakamātau e hiahia ana te iwi ki te kia i roto i? kia tangi tenei tawhiti tikina, engari ka hoatu e koe e ahau he tauira i raro nei i toku ake mahi, me i reira ko atu tauira i roto i Ripanga 4.4. Kia mōhio e tenei huarahi ki te hoahoa ngā pārekareka taiawhiotia etahi o nga kaupapa i roto i te Pene 3 e pā ana te hoahoa rangahau atu pārekareka, me te i roto i Chapter 5 fekau'aki mo te hoahoa o te mahi tahi papatipu. Ko te kupu, whakaaro ahau kia hoki kia huaina kaiwhakamahi kaiuru aha oaoaraa-wheako-ka ko ha konga piki nui o te hoahoa rangahau i roto i te ao mamati.

Ki te hiahia koe ki te waihanga i kore tāupe utu ngā ka hiahia koe ki te whakarite e te tino aunoa mea katoa, me te e kore whai wāhi e rapua e tetahi utu. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaatu pehea te mea taea tenei, ka whakaahua e ahau toku rangahau otr runga i te angitu me te kore o ngā hua ahurea. E whakaatu ana hoki tēnei tauira e kore kore raraunga utu tāupe he tika e pā ana ki te mahi mea iti. Engari, he mea e pā ana ki faatupu ngā kihai i pai e kia taea te kore.

I ue'i toku otr i te āhua fifi o te angitu mō ngā hua ahurea. waiata hit, pai hoko pukapuka, a he nui, nui atu angitu atu toharite movies whakawhitinga angitū. No o tenei, kei te maha i huaina te mākete mo enei hua "toa-tango-katoa" hokohoko. Otiia, i te wa ano, i waiata ngā, pukapuka, kiriata ranei ka riro angitu he ohorere mīharo. Te screenwriter William Goldman (1989) huatau whakarapopototia ake rota o rangahau mātauranga e mea e, ka tae mai te reira ki matapae angitu, "matau ana tangata tetahi mea." Te unpredictability o te toa-tango-katoa hanga hokohoko fifili ahau te nui o te angitu ko te hua o te kounga me te te nui he waimarie noa. Ranei, faaite paku rerekē, ki te taea e tatou te hanga me ao whakarara i whanake ratou katoa takitahi, e riro rongonui te taua waiata i roto i ia ao? A, ki te kahore, he aha ai he tikanga e ai enei rerekētanga?

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakautu i ēnei pātai, tatou-Pita Dodds, Duncan Watts (toku kaitohutohu otr), me ahau-rere he raupapa o ngā mara ipurangi. I roto i ngā, hanga matou i te paetukutuku i huaina MusicLab taea te wahi iwi ite waiata hou, ka whakamahia e matou i te reira no te he raupapa o ngā. haina matou kaiuru mā te rere pānuitanga kara i runga i te paetukutuku taiohi-moni (Figure 4.19) me i roto i faahiti i roto i te pāpāho. Kaiuru tae i to tatou paetukutuku whakaratohia whakaaetanga mōhio, oti he pātai papamuri poto, a ka i matapōkeretia vahe'i ki tetahi o te mana e rua whakamātau tikanga-motuhake, me te pāpori. I roto i te huru motuhake, hanga whakatau e pā ana ki e ki waiata whakarongo ki ngā kaiuru, homai nga ingoa anake o nga here me nga waiata. I whakarongo ki te waiata, i ui kaiuru ki te mokatere reira i muri i a ratou i te rave'a (engari e kore e te titauraa) ki te tiki i te waiata. I roto i te huru mana pāpori, i ngā kaiuru te wheako taua, kahore i ahei te hoki kite ratou te maha nga wa ia waiata i tīkina e ngā kaiuru o mua. I tua atu, whai wāhi i roto i te huru mana pāpori i matapōkeretia whakaritea ki tetahi o waru ao whakarara ia o e tipu takitahi (Figure 4.20). Mā te tenei hoahoa, rere matou ngā pānga e rua. I roto i te tuatahi, kawea matou kaiuru nga waiata i roto i te tukutuku unsorted, i whakaratohia ratou he tohu ngoikore o te rongonui. I roto i te rua o nga whakamātau, kawea matou nga waiata i roto i te rārangi runga, i whakaratohia te tohu nui kaha o te rongonui (Figure 4.21).

Whakaahua 4.19: He tauira o te kara ad e oku hoa, me te ahau whakamahia ki te kimi kaiuru mo nga ngā MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) .

Whakaahua 4.20: hoahoa whakamātautau hoki nga ngā MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Kaiuru i matapōkeretia whakaritea ki tetahi o rua tikanga: mana motuhake, me te pāpori. Kaiuru i roto i te huru motuhake hanga ratou mau ma'itiraa, kahore tetahi mōhiohio e pā ana ki ta te tahi atu taata i. Kaiuru i roto i te huru mana pāpori i matapōkeretia whakaritea ki tetahi o waru ao whakarara, te wahi i ahei te kite ratou i te rongonui-rite whanganga e tikiake o ngā kaiuru-o mua ia waiata i roto i to ratou ao, engari kihai ratou i ahei te kite i tetahi mōhiohio, e kore ano ta ratou ara mohio e pā ana ki te oraraa o, tetahi o te tahi atu mau ao.

kitea e matou e te rongonui o nga waiata taa ê puta noa te ao whakaaro he wāhi nui o te waimarie. Hei tauira, i roto i te kotahi ao te waiata "lockdown" e 52Metro haere i roto i te 1, me i roto i tetahi atu ao haere te reira i roto i te 40 i roto i o 48 waiata. Ko tenei rite te waiata ano te whakataetae ki te taua waiata katoa, engari i roto i te kotahi ao ka reira waimarie me te i roto i te era atu kahore i reira. I tua atu, mā te whakatairite i ngā hua puta noa i te ngā e rua i kitea e matou e te mana pāpori arata'i ki te angitu atu taurite, e pea hanga te ahua o te predictability. Ko, titiro puta noa i te ao (e kore e taea te mahi i waho o tenei ahua o whakarara ao whakamātau), i kitea e matou e mau nui haere mana pāpori te unpredictability. I tua atu, Koinei, ko reira nga waiata o te tono teitei e whai i te putanga tino ohorere (Figure 4.22).

Whakaahua 4.21: Screenshots i te tikanga mana pāpori i roto i te ngā MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . I roto i te huru mana pāpori i roto i te whakamātau 1, nga waiata, me te maha o tikiake mua, i te aroaro ki te whai wāhi whakaritea i roto i te 16 X 3 mātiti tapawhā, te wahi i matapōkeretia whakaritea nga tūranga o te waiata mō ia kaiuru. I roto i te whakamātau 2, whakaaturia kaiuru i roto i te huru mana pāpori i te waiata, ki te kaute download, aroaro i roto i te kotahi tīwae i heke raupapa o rongonui o nāianei.

Whakaahua 4.22: Hua i te ngā MusicLab e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenganui i te piira, me te angitu (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Te tuaka-x ko te wahi mākete o te waiata i roto i te ao motuhake, e te kaimahi rite te mehua o te tono o te waiata, me te tuaka-y ko te wahi mākete o te waiata ano i roto i te ao mana pāpori 8, e te kaimahi rite te mehua o te angitu o te waiata. kitea e matou e te whakanui ake i te mana pāpori e ngā kaiuru i ite-āta, te tauiraa i roto i te tahora i te whakamātau 1 ki te whakamātau 2 (Figure 4.21) -caused angitu ki te riro atu ohorere, rawa hoki nga waiata pīra teitei.

i taea e ki te rere i tino kore utu tāupe no o te ara i hangaia te reira MusicLab. Tuatahi, i aunoa tino mea katoa na ko reira taea ki te rere i te moe ahau. Tuarua, ko te utu free music na kahore he utu kaiuru utu tāupe. faahoho'a hoki te whakamahi o te waiata ano utu pehea reira he ētahi wā he hokohoko-atu i waenganui i ngā utu i whakaritea me utu tāupe. nui Mā te waiata i te utu i whakaritea no te i ahau ki te whakapau wā whiwhi whakaaetanga i te here, me te whakarite pūrongo hoki te here e pā ana ki te tauhohenga kaiuru 'ki to ratou waiata. Ko, i roto i tenei take, te whakanui ake utu i whakaritea i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaiti taurangi utu ko te mea tika ki te mahi; e te aha whakahohea tatou ki te whakahaere i te whakamātau i te pā ana ki 100 nga wa nui atu i te whakamātau taiwhanga paerewa.

I tua atu, e whakaatu nga ngā MusicLab e kore e kore utu tāupe whai ki te kia te mutunga i roto ano; kaua, ka taea e te mea he tikanga ki te rere i te ahua hou o te whakamātau. Fakatokanga'i e kore matou i whakamahi katoa o tatou kaiuru ki te whakahaere i te mana pāpori taiwhanga whakamātau paerewa 100 wa. Engari, i matou te tahi mea rerekē, e taea e koe whakaaro o rite whakawhiti i te whakamātau hinengaro ki te whakamātau oraraa totiare (Hedström 2006) . Engari i te arotahi ki runga i takitahi whakatau-hanga, arotahi matou i to tatou whakamātau i runga i te rongonui, he putanga ngā. Tenei pana ki te putanga ngā auraa e hiahiatia matou e pā ana ki 700 ngā kaiuru ki te whakaputa i te ira raraunga kotahi (reira i 700 te iwi i roto i ia o nga ao whakarara). Ko taea anake e tauine no o te hanganga utu o te whakamātau. I roto i te whānui, ki te hiahia kairangahau ki te ako pehea ngā putanga ara i whakatau takitahi, ngā rōpū pērā i MusicLab He tino whakaongaonga. I roto i te mua, kua ratou logistically uaua, engari e memenge no o te pea o te kore raraunga utu tāupe aua fifi.

I tua atu ki te whakaatu i te painga o kore raraunga utu tāupe, whakaatu hoki nga ngā MusicLab he wero ki tenei huarahi: utu tiketike whakaritea. I roto i toku take, ko ahau tino waimarie ki te taea ki te mahi ki te kaiwhakawhanake tukutuku pūmanawa ingoa Pita Hausel hoki e pā ana ki ono marama ki te hanga i te whakamātau. Ko taea anake tenei no toku kaitohutohu, Duncan Watts, i riro he maha o karaati hei tautoko i tenei ahua o te rangahau. Kua pai ake te hangarau mai hanga matou MusicLab i 2004, a ka waiho hei nui māmā ki te hanga i te whakamātau rite tenei inaianei. Ko, He tino taea anake ngā rautaki utu whakaritea tiketike mō kairangahau te hopoia e taea nei hipokina aua utu.

I roto i te whakamutunga, ka taea e whai ngā mamati hanganga utu tino rerekē atu i ngā tairitenga. Ki te hiahia ki te whakahaere i ngā tino nui ki a koutou, kia tamata koe ki te whakaiti tō utu tāupe nui taea, me te tano te ara katoa ki 0. taea e koe tenei e automating nga rehe o tou whakamātau (hei tauira, whakakapi wa tangata ki te wā rorohiko) me te hoahoa ngā e hiahia ana te iwi ki te kia i roto i. kairangahau nei e taea hoahoa ngā ki enei āhuatanga ka taea ki te rere momo hou o ngā kihai i taea e i roto i te mua.