4.4.1 tekiona
Pā ana mana ki te nui te tautoko i nga hua o te whakamātau he mutunga ake whānui.
No whakamātau he tino, a kua whakawhanakehia kairangahau he kupu whānui ki te whakaahua i ngā raruraru ka taea. Pā tekiona ki te whānuitanga o te tautoko i te hua o te whakamātautau ngā etahi mutunga atu whānui. Kua kitea kaipūtaiao Social reira āwhina ki te wahia e mana ki wha momo matua: mana mutunga tauanga, mana ā-, hanga mana, me te mana waho (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2001, Ch 2) . Aravihi enei ariā ka whakarato koe he rārangi arowhai hinengaro mō te arohaehae me te whakapai ake i te hoahoa me te tātari o te whakamātau, a ka tauturu i te reira te kōrero koe ki ētahi atu kairangahau.
Faatumuhia mana mutunga tauanga a tawhio noa ranei i meatia tika te tātaritanga tauanga o te whakamātau. I roto i te horopaki o Schultz et al. (2007) i taua uiraa ai fakatefito runga ranei computed ratou to ratou p-uara tika. tātari Statistical tawahi te hōkai o tenei pukapuka, engari ka taea e ahau te mea e kore i te mau parau tumu tauanga e hiahiatia ana ki te hoahoa me te tātari i ngā ke i roto i te ao mamati. Heoi, i te taiao raraunga rerekē i roto i ngā mamati e hanga wāhitanga tauanga hou (hei tauira, te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ako mīhini ki te whakatau tata heterogeneity o pānga maimoatanga (Imai and Ratkovic 2013) ) me wero tātai hou (hei tauira, ārai i roto i ngā nui (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) ).
Faatumuhia mana ā-a tawhio noa mehemea i whakamana tika nga tukanga whakamātautau. Hoki ki te whakamātautau o Schultz et al. (2007) , ngā pātai e pā ana ki te tika ā-taea fakatefito a tawhio noa te Tupurangitanga, tuku o te maimoatanga, me te ine o ngā putanga. Hei tauira, kia koutou āwangawanga e kihai i kite i te kaiāwhina rangahau nga mita hiko lelei. I roto i te meka, i māharahara e pā ana ki tenei raruraru Schultz me hoa, a ratou he tauira o mita lau rua; Waimarie, i tino ōrite nga hua. I roto i te whānui, puta Schultz me whakamātau hoa 'ki te whai mana ā-tiketike, engari e kore te mea tonu tenei te take; mara matatini me ngā ipurangi maha rere ki raruraru mau tuku i te maimoatanga tika ki te iwi e tika ana, me te ine i te putanga mō te katoa. Aua'e, Ka taea e te ao mamati tauturu i whakaiti i āwangawanga e pā ana ki te tika ā-no te mea hanga te reira i te reira māmā ki te whakarite kia tukua te maimoatanga te rite hangaia ki te hunga e mahara ana ki te farii i te reira, a ki te ine i ngā putanga mō ngā kaiuru katoa.
Hanga pokapū mana a tawhio noa te tukinga i waenganui i nga raraunga me nga hanganga ariā. Ka rite ki kōrero i roto i te Chapter 2, he ariā waitara e pūtaiao pāpori take e pā ana ki ngā hanganga. Kia aroha mai, e kore e enei ariā waitara i nga wa katoa whakamāramatanga mārama me inenga. Hoki ki Schultz et al. (2007) , te kerēme e aukati tikanga pāpori taea raro whakamahi hiko titau kairangahau ki te hoahoa i tētahi maimoatanga e e rāwekeweke "tikanga pāpori aukati" (hei tauira, he tohukare-) me ki te ine i "whakamahi hiko". I roto i ngā tairitenga, hangaia maha kairangahau ratou ake maimoatanga me whanganga ratou ake ngā putanga. Tenei huarahi whakarite e, nui taea, ōrite nga ngā nga hanganga waitara te ako. I roto i ngā mamati kairangahau hoa ki kamupene kāwanatanga ranei ki te whakaora i te wahi maimoatanga, me te whakamahi i nga wa katoa-i runga i ngā pūnaha raraunga ki te ine i ngā putanga, te ōrite i waenganui i te whakamātau, me te hanganga ariā kia iti raru. Ko te kupu, tatari ahau e ka ahu hangä mana ki te waiho i te āwangawanga nui i roto i ngā mamati atu ngā tairitenga.
I te pae hopea, faatumuhia mana waho a tawhio noa ranei e ahuwhānui te hua o tenei whakamātau ki ētahi atu āhuatanga. Hoki ki Schultz et al. (2007) , i taea e tetahi ui, ka tenei mōhiohio iwi whakaaro-whakarato taua e pā ana ki to ratou whakamahinga pūngao i roto i te hononga ki ō rātou hoa, me te tohu o te tikanga aukati (hei tauira, he tohukare-) whakamahi pūngao -Whakaitia ki te i meatia i te reira i roto i te ara rerekē i roto i he tautuhinga rerekē? Hoki te nuinga pai-hoahoa me te pai-rere ngā, āwangawanga e pā ana ki te tika waho ko te faingataa ki te whakatutuki. I roto i te mua, i pinepine enei tautohetohe e pā ana ki te tika waho he paihere noa o te iwi e noho ana i roto i te ruma e ngana ana ki te whakaaro he aha te e kua tupu ki te mahi i te tukanga i roto i te ara rerekē, ranei i roto i te wahi rerekē, me te iwi rerekē ranei. Aua'e, te ao mamati taea kairangahau ki te neke tua atu i enei tautohetohe raraunga-free, me te aromatawai mana waho empirically.
No te mea te hua i Schultz et al. (2007) i na whakaongaonga, he kamupene, ko Opower ngätahi ki taputapu i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite ki te tohatoha i te maimoatanga ake whānui. I runga anō i te hoahoa o Schultz et al. (2007) , te hanga whakaritea Opower Home Energy Pūrongo e rua kōwae matua, kotahi e whakaatu ana te whakamahinga hiko whanaunga o te whare ki ona hoa ki te tohukare-me kotahi whakarato tohutohu mō te tukupu whakamahi pūngao (Figure 4.6). Na, i roto i te mahi ngātahi ki te kairangahau, ka oma randomized Opower ngā whakahaere ki te aromatawai i te pānga o te Home Energy Pūrongo. Ahakoa i te nuinga i te maimoatanga i roto i enei ngā tukua tinana-tikanga i roto i ngata pupuku tawhito mēra-te whanganga putanga i te whakamahi i ngā pūrere mamati i roto i te ao tinana (hei tauira, mita te mana). Nui atu i te kohi ā tenei mōhiohio ki kaiāwhina rangahau toro ia whare, i meatia katoa nga ngā Opower i roto i tahi ki te kamupene mana faatupu i te kairangahau ki te uru i te pānuitanga te mana. Ko te kupu, i rere enei ngā mara wāhanga mamati i te tauine nui i iti te utu tāupe.
Whakaahua 4.6: Te Kāinga Energy Reports i Allcott (2011) i te Social whakatauritetanga Kōwae me te Mahi Hipanga Kōwae.
I roto i te huinga tuatahi o te ngā wāhi 600,000 whare mahi e 10 kamupene whaipainga a tawhio noa te United States, Allcott (2011) i kitea tuku iho te Energy Report Home kohi hiko i 1.7%. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te hua i te nui nui, ako atu fakasiokālafi kanorau i qualitatively rite ki te hua i Schultz et al. (2007) . Ko, ko te iti te rahi pānga: i roto i Schultz et al. (2007) te whare i roto i nga tikanga huru whakamārama, me te werotanga (te tetahi ki te tohukare-) heke to ratou whakamahinga hiko e 5%. Ko te take pū mō tenei rerekētanga he unknown, engari Allcott (2011) ie e te fariiraa i te tohukare-tuhi hei wāhanga o te ako tautoko e te whare wānanga kia whai i te pānga nui i runga i ngā whanonga i te fariiraa i te tohukare-tāngia hei wāhanga o te pūrongo papatipu hua i te kamupene te mana.
I tua atu, i roto i te rangahau o muri, Allcott (2015) korerotia i runga i te atu 101 ngā wāhi he atu 8 miriona whare. I roto i enei 101 ngā muri tonu te Energy Report Home ki meinga iwi ki raro to ratou kohi hiko, engari i ara iti te pānga. E kore te mea mohio te take pū mo tenei heke, engari Allcott (2015) ie e puta te whai huatanga o te pūrongo ki te kia heke i runga i te wā, no te mea i mau te tono reira ki ngā momo rerekē o te whai wāhi. More āta, i nui atu pea taputapu i roto i atu ngā wāhi environmentalist ohi te hōtaka mua, a i nui atu te aro ki te maimoatanga ratou kiritaki. Ka rite ki taputapu ki iti kiritaki taiao tangohia te hōtaka, ka puta ona whai huatanga ki te peka ke. Ko te kupu, pera me Tupurangitanga i roto i ngā whakarite e he rite te rōpū maimoatanga me te mana, Tupurangitanga i roto i ngā pae rangahau whakarite e taea te whakatakiruatanga o te whakatau tata i te kotahi rōpū o ngā kaiuru ki te taupori ake whānui (whakaaro hoki ki te Chapter 3 e pā ana ki te tīpako). Ki te kore e tango pae rangahau matapōkeretia, ka whakatau-noa i te maitai hangaia, ka whakahaere whakamātau-e taea e raruraru.
Huihui, enei ngā-10 111 i roto i te Allcott (2011) me te 101 i roto i te Allcott (2015) -involved e pā ana ki 8.5 miriona whare i katoa i runga i te United States. Ratou whakaatu ngā e whakaiti Home Energy Pūrongo kohi hiko toharite, he hua e tautoko ana i te kitenga taketake o Schultz me hoa i 300 mau fare i roto i California. I tua atu replicating tika enei hua taketake, whakaatu hoki nga ngā whai-ake e te rahi o te pānga rerekē i te wāhi. whakaatu hoki tenei huinga o ngā rua atu ngā whānui e pā ana ki ngā mara wāhanga mamati. Tuatahi, ka taea ki te empirically āwangawanga wāhitau e pā ana ki te tika waho ina he iti te utu o te rere ngā kairangahau, me tenei e taea puta ki te kei te whanganga kua te putanga i te pūnaha tonu-i runga i raraunga. Na reira, kōrero reira e kia rangahau i runga i te titiro-atu mo te tahi atu whanonga ngā, me te nui e kei te tuhia kua, a ka hoahoa ngā i runga i runga o tenei hanganga whanganga tīariari. Tuarua, fakamanatu tenei huinga o ngā tatou e kore e ipurangi noa ngā mara mamati; piki titau ahau e ka hei ratou wahi katoa ki maha ngā putanga whanganga e pūoko i roto i te taiao i hanga.
Nga momo e wha o te tika mutunga mana-tauanga, mana ā-, hanga mana, mana-whakarato waho he rārangi arowhai hinengaro ki te āwhina i aromatawai kairangahau ahakoa te tautoko i te hua i te whakamātau ngā te mutunga ake whānui. Whakatairitea ki ngā tau tairitenga, i roto i ngā tau mamati kia māmā ake ki te whakatutuki mana waho empirically a kia waiho māmā ki te whakarite mana ā-. I te tahi atu te ringa, ngā take o te mea hangä mana ka pea kia atu wero i roto i ngā tau mamati (ahakoa kahore i e te take ki nga ngā Opower).
