4.4.3 Mechanisms

Ngā ine i te mea i tupu. Tikanga whakamārama he aha a te meatanga.

Te whakaaro matua toru mō te neke tua atu ngā ohie he tikanga. Korero ki tikanga matou pehea te aha ranei he maimoatanga meinga te pānga. Te tukanga o te rapu mō tikanga te hoki ētahi wā karangatia rapu mō te wawao taurangi mediating taurangi ranei. Ahakoa he pai mō te tata ngā pānga causal ngā, e kore e maha hangaia ratou ki te whakakitea tikanga. Ka taea e ngā pakeke Digital āwhina ki te tautuhi tatou tikanga i roto i ara e rua: 1) taea ratou ia tatou ki te kohikohi atu tukanga raraunga me 2) taea ratou ia tatou ki te whakamatautau maha maimoatanga e hāngai ana.

No te mea he uaua ki te tautuhi i ōkawa tikanga (Hedström and Ylikoski 2010) , Kei te haere ahau ki te tīmata ki te tauira ohie: poporo me papaka (Gerber and Green 2012) . I roto i te rau tau 18 i tākuta i te tikanga tino pai e, no te kai heramana poporo kihai ratou i whiwhi papaka. Papaka Ko te mate e wehingia ana na ko mōhiohio kaha tenei. Otiia, kihai i enei kaiwhakaako mohio he aha haukotia poporo papaka. Ehara i te mea noa 1932, tata 200 tau i muri mai, e reliably pūtaiao taea whakaatu ko taua huaora C te take i haukotia kotakota papaka (Carpenter 1988, p 191) . I roto i tenei take, huaora C ko te huarahi i roto i nei poporo ārai papaka (Figure 4.9). O te akoranga, te tāutu i te huarahi he tino nui pūtaiao-rota o pūtaiao te e pā ana ki te matauranga aha mea tupu. Te tāutu i ngā tikanga he tino nui ngā. Kia matau tatou te aha mahi he maimoatanga, pea e taea e tatou e te whakawhanake maimoatanga hou e mahi pai noa.

Feruri 4.9: ārai papaka te kihini, me te huarahi he Huaora C.

Kia aroha mai, Ko te tino uaua faatea tikanga. Rerekē poporo me papaka, i roto i te maha tautuhinga pāpori, pea whakahaere maimoatanga i roto i maha huarahi tuitui, e hanga wehe o tikanga tino uaua. Heoi, i roto i te take o tikanga pāpori, me te whakamahi pūngao, kua tamata kairangahau ki te tutakina pūhanga e kohikohi tukanga raraunga, me te whakamatautau maimoatanga e pā ana.

Ko e founga ki te whakamātau i ngā tikanga ka taea te taha kohi tukanga raraunga e pā ana ki te pehea te maimoatanga pānga tikanga taea. Hei tauira, haamana'o e Allcott (2011) whakakitea e meinga Home Energy Pūrongo iwi ki raro i to ratou whakamahinga hiko. Ko, me pehea te mahi i enei pūrongo raro whakamahi hiko? He aha i nga tikanga? I roto i te ako whai-ake, Allcott and Rogers (2014) ngätahi ki te kamupene te mana e, i roto i te hōtaka moni, i whiwhi ngā mōhiohio i runga i nei ake kiritaki ratou taputapu ki atu tauira pūngao tōtika. Allcott and Rogers (2014) i kitea e paku atu iwi te fariiraa i te Home Energy pūrongo ake ratou taputapu. Ko, ko na iti e anake taea whakaaro reira mo 2% o te hekenga i roto i te whakamahi pūngao i roto i te whare peratia tenei rerekētanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e kore i whakamohoatanga pūrere te huarahi tino i roto i i te heke haere te Energy Report Home kohi hiko.

He ara tuarua ki te ako tikanga he ki te rere ngā ki putanga paku rerekē o te maimoatanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakamātautau o Schultz et al. (2007) me nga ngā katoa Home Energy Report muri, i ngā kaiuru ki te maimoatanga e kua rua nga wahi matua 1) tohutohu e pā ana ki te pūngao penapena, me te 2) ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki to ratou whakamahi pūngao whanaunga ki o ratou hoa (Figure 4.6). Ko te kupu, ko te mea e taea e te tohutohu faaora pūngao ko te mea i meinga te huringa, e kore te mōhiohio hoa. Ki te aromatawai i te pea i kua ai kua te tohutohu anake ranea, Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) ngätahi ki te kamupene wai e tata ana Atlanta, GA, a rere ana i te whakamātautau e hāngai ana i runga i te tiaki i te wai whai wāhi e pā ana ki te 100,000 whare. I reira tikanga wha:

• he rōpū e riro tohutohu i runga i te wai te tiaki.
• he rōpū e riro tohutohu i runga i te wai + he tono morare whakaora ki te whakaora wai.
• he rōpū e riro tohutohu i runga i te wai + he tono morare whakaora ki te whakaora i te wai + mōhiohio e pā ana ratou whakamahinga wai whanaunga ki ō rātou hoa.
• he rōpū mana.

kitea nga kairangahau e nga tohutohu i maimoatanga anake kahore pānga i runga i te whakamahi wai i roto i te poto (kotahi tau), reo (e rua tau), me (e toru tau) roa wā. meinga nga tohutohu + maimoatanga piira kaiuru ki te whakaiti te whakamahinga wai, engari anake i roto i te wā-poto. I te pae hopea, te maimoatanga tohutohu + piira + hoa mōhiohio meinga te heke haere te whakamahinga i roto i te poto, reo, me te wā roa (Figure 4.10). Enei momo o ngā ki maimoatanga unbundled ko te ara pai ki te feruri i roto i nei wahi o te maimoatanga-ranei e wahi tahi-ko nga mea e kua meinga te pānga (Gerber and Green 2012, Sec. 10.6) . Hei tauira, whakaatu ana te whakamātautau o Ferraro me hoa e kore e tatou e tohutohu faaora wai anake nui ki te whakaiti te whakamahinga wai.

Whakaahua 4.10: Hua i Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) . tonoa maimoatanga i May 21, 2007, ka whanganga pānga i roto i te raumati o te tau 2007, 2008, me 2009. Na unbundling te maimoatanga nga kairangahau tumanako ki te whakawhanake i te tikanga pai o nga tikanga. Nga tohutohu i maimoatanga anake tino kahore pānga i roto i te poto (kotahi tau), reo (e rua tau), a ka roa (e toru nga tau) wā. meinga nga tohutohu + maimoatanga piira kaiuru ki te whakaiti te whakamahinga wai, engari anake i roto i te wā-poto. Te tohutohu + piira + hoa maimoatanga mōhiohio meinga kaiuru ki te whakaiti i te whakamahi wai i roto i te poto, reo, me te wā roa. E tata tutaki poutū ngā āputa māia. Vakai, Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) mō ngā rauemi ako tūturu.

Tümanako, e neke tetahi tua atu i te hōhonu o ngā wāhanga (tohutohu; tohutohu + karanga; tohutohu + piira + mōhiohio hoa) ki te whakarea tonu hoahoa-hoki i ētahi wā ka karangatia e te \ (2 ^ k \) hoahoa-wahi whakarea ia huinga taea o te whakamatauria e toru huānga te (Ripanga 4.1). Na roto i te whakamatautau i nga huinga taea o ngā wāhanga, ka taea e tino kairangahau aromatawai i te pānga o ia wāhanga i roto i te noho wehe, me te i roto i ngā. Hei tauira, e kore e te whakamātautau o Ferraro me hoa whakakitea mehemea e kua ranea ki te arahi ki huringa wā roa i roto i te whanonga rite hoa anake kua. I roto i te mua, kua enei whakaaro whakarea tonu uaua ki te rere no te rapu ratou i te maha nui o ngā kaiuru, me te rapu utu ratou kairangahau ki te taea ki te whakahaere ïa ka whakaorangia te maha nui o maimoatanga. Ko, te tango i te tau mamati enei herenga logistical i roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga.

I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, huarahi-nga ara i roto i nei te maimoatanga he pānga e-nui mīharo. Ka taea e ngā pakeke Digital tauturu i kairangahau ako e pā ana ki tikanga e 1) kohikohi tukanga raraunga me 2) taea whakaaro whakarea tonu. Na e taea whakamatauria te tikanga whakaaro e enei huarahi tika e ngā pū hangaia ki te whakamātau i ngā tikanga (Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan 2011; Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto 2013; Pirlott and MacKinnon 2016) .

I roto i te katoa, enei e toru ngā ariā-mana; heterogeneity o pānga maimoatanga; me huarahi-te whakarato i tētahi huinga kaha o te whakaaro mō te hoahoa me te whakamārama ngā. neke ēnei ariā tokoni kairangahau tua atu ngā ohie e pā ana ki te mea "mahi" ki ngā taonga e whai hononga kita ki te ariā, e heheu mai te wahi me te aha maimoatanga mahi, a kia ara tauturu i te kairangahau hoahoa maimoatanga whai hua ake. Homai tenei whakamārama ariā e pā ana ki ngā, ka inaianei tahuri ahau ki te pehea e taea e koe mau meinga koutou ngā tupu.