kōrero atu

Hangaia tēnei wāhanga te ki kia whakamahia ano te tohutoro, nui atu i ki te pānui me te he kōrero.

• Kupu Whakataki (Wāhanga 2.1)

Kotahi ahua o te mātakitaki e kore te e whakaurua i roto i tenei pene he hia. No te atu i runga i ka hia i roto i ngā wāhi mamati kite Boellstorff et al. (2012) , me te hoki atu ki runga ki ka hia i roto i ngā wāhi mamati me tinana whakauru kite Lane (2016) .

• Raraunga Big (Wāhanga 2.2)

A, no te e repurposing koutou raraunga, i reira e rua tinihanga hinengaro e nehenehe e tauturu ia outou ia taa i te raruraru ka taea e ai farerei koe. Tuatahi, ka taea e koe te tamata i te feruri i te huingararaunga pai mo koutou raruraru me te whakarite i ki te huingararaunga e e whakamahi koe. Kia pehea te he ratou rite, me pehea e rerekē ratou? Ki te kore koe i kohikohi koutou raraunga koe, i reira e pea ki te hei rerekētanga i waenganui i te mea e hiahia ana koe me te aha koe. Ko, E koe ki te whakatau, ki te he iti nui ranei enei rerekētanga.

Tuarua, kia mahara e hanga te tangata, a kohia koutou raraunga mō etahi take. Me tamata koe ki te matau ratou e whakaaroaro ana. Tenei ahua o te whakamuri-engineering nehenehe e tauturu te tautuhi koe raruraru taea me näianei i roto i o koutou raraunga repurposed.

Kahore he whakamāramatanga whakaaro kotahi o "raraunga nui", engari titiro maha whakamāramatanga ki te arotahi ki runga i te 3 Vs: (hei tauira, rōrahi, momo, me te tere Japec et al. (2015) ). Engari i te arotahi ki te āhuatanga o te raraunga, arotahi atu i runga i te aha i hanga te raraunga toku whakamāramatanga.

Ko te wahi rerekē taku whakaurua o te kāwanatanga raraunga whakahaere roto te kāwai o te raraunga nui. Etahi e kua hanga i tenei take, ngā Legewie (2015) , Connelly et al. (2016) , ko Einav and Levin (2014) . Hoki atu e pā ana ki te uara o te kāwanatanga raraunga whakahaere mō te rangahau, kite Card et al. (2010) , Taskforce (2012) , ko Grusky, Smeeding, and Snipp (2015) .

Hoki te tirohanga o te rangahau whakahaere i roto i te pūnaha tauanga kāwanatanga, otirā te US Census Bureau, kite Jarmin and O'Hara (2016) . Hoki te maimoatanga roa pukapuka o te rangahau lekooti whakahaere i Statistics Sweden, kite Wallgren and Wallgren (2007) .

I roto i te pene, whakaritea poto ahau he rangahau tuku iho pērā i te General Social Survey (GSS) ki te pūtake raraunga pāpāho pāpori pēnei i Twitter. Hoki te whakarite tino, me te tupato i waenganui i rangahau tuku iho, me te raraunga pāpāho pāpori, kite Schober et al. (2016) .

• Āhuatanga noa o raraunga nui (Wāhanga 2.3)

Enei 10 āhuatanga o raraunga nui kua whakaahuatia i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā huarahi rerekē i te momo o te rerekē kaituhi. Writing e tākiekina toku whakaaro i runga i enei take ngā: Lazer et al. (2009) , Groves (2011) , Howison, Wiggins, and Crowston (2011) , boyd and Crawford (2012) , Taylor (2013) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Golder and Macy (2014) , Ruths and Pfeffer (2014) , Tufekci (2014) , Sampson and Small (2015) , Lewis (2015) , Lazer (2015) , Horton and Tambe (2015) , Japec et al. (2015) , ko Goldstone and Lupyan (2016) .

I roto i tenei pene, kua whakamahia e ahau nga tohu mamati wā, e whakaaro ahau he āhua kūpapa. Ko tētahi atu wā rongonui mō tohu mamati he tapuwae mamati (Golder and Macy 2014) , engari rite Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, ko Harry Lewis (2008) te tohu i roto i, he pea he wā atu e tika ana matimati mamati. A, no te hanga koe tapuwae, he mōhio o te mea kei te tupu a taea kore te tikanga e takina ou takahanga ki a koe fakafo'ituitui koe. Ko te taua e kore he pono hoki koutou tohu mamati. I roto i te meka, e mahue koutou tohu te wa katoa e pā ana ki e koe iti rawa te matauranga. A, ahakoa e kore enei tohu e whai tou ingoa ki a ratou, e taea maha te hono ratou hoki ki a koutou. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e ratou ake ano he matimati: e kitea, me te fakatāutaha te tāutu.

Big

No te atu i runga i te aha huinga nui, hoatu whakamātautau tatauranga raruraru, kite Lin, Lucas, and Shmueli (2013) ko McFarland and McFarland (2015) . Ēnei take kia arahi kairangahau ki te arotahi ki runga i auraa mahi, kaua ki te hiranga tauanga.

Wā katoa-i runga i

A, no te whakaaro tonu-i runga i raraunga, he mea nui ki te whakaaro e whakatairite ranei koutou te taua iwi tangohia i runga i te wā ahakoa e whakatairite koe etahi rōpū te huri o te iwi ranei; kite hoki tauira, Diaz et al. (2016) .

Non-urupare

He pukapuka matarohia i runga i mehua kore-urupare ko Webb et al. (1966) . Nga tauira i roto i te pukapuka i te rā-mua te ao mamati, engari kei te maramarama tonu ratou. No te tauira o te iwi huri ratou whanonga mo o te aroaro o te tirotiro papatipu, kite Penney (2016) me te Brayne (2014) .

pahara

No te atu i runga i record hononga, kite Dunn (1946) ko Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (o mua) ko Larsen and Winkler (2014) (hou). Kua whakawhanakehia hoki i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko i raro i te ingoa whakatata rite pērā i deduplication raraunga, tāututanga tauira, ōrite ingoa, tārite rapunga, ka tārua record rapunga (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . He hoki tūmataiti tiaki huarahi ki te tuhi hononga e kore e nei i rapua e te tuku o te tāutu fakafo'ituitui mōhiohio (Schnell 2013) . Kua whakawhanakehia hoki Facebook he puta ki te hono o ratou pūkete ki te whanonga pōti; I meatia tenei ki te aromātai i te whakamātau e ka korerotia e ahau ki a koutou e pā ana ki i roto i te Pene 4 (Bond et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2013) .

No te atu i runga i hangä tika, kite Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) , Chapter 3.

uaua

Hoki atu i runga i te AOL rapu roko raru, kite Ohm (2010) . whakahere ahau tohutohu e pā ana ki te tühono atu ki ngā kamupene me kāwanatanga i roto i te Pene 4 ina whakaahua ahau ngā. He maha o kaituhi kua whakahuatia āwangawanga e pā ana ki te rangahau e whakawhirinaki i runga i raraunga uaua, kite Huberman (2012) ko boyd and Crawford (2012) .

Ko e founga pai mō kairangahau whare wānanga ki te whiwhi te uru raraunga ko te ki te mahi i te kamupene hei intern toro kairangahau ranei. I tua atu ki te ahei ai te uru raraunga, ka tauturu i te ano hoki tenei tukanga te kairangahau ako atu e pā ana ki te pehea i hanga te raraunga, e te mea nui mo te tātari.

Non-māngai

Non-representativeness ko te raruraru nui mō te kairangahau me ngā kāwanatanga e hiahia ki te hanga tauākī e pā ana ki te taupori katoa. Ko iti o te āwangawanga mō kamupene e kua tino arotahi i runga i to ratou kaiwhakamahi tenei. No te atu i runga i pehea whakaaro Statistics Hōrana te take o te representativeness-kore o te mahi raraunga nui, kite Buelens et al. (2014) .

I roto i te Chapter 3, ka whakaahua ahau tīpako me te whakarite ai i roto i te taipitopito nui rahi. Ahakoa, ki te he-māngai kore, i raro i etahi tikanga raraunga, e taea te taimaha ratou ki te whakaputa i tata pai.

tere

Ko te tino pakeke tere pūnaha ki te kite i te waho. Heoi, i te kaupapa MovieLens (kōrero atu i roto i Chapter 4) kua rere hoki neke atu i te 15 tau e te rōpū rangahau mātauranga. Na reira, kua tuhia e ratou, me te kōrero e pā ana ki te ara, kua tipu e te pūnaha i runga i te wā, me te pehea ngā tenei ai pānga tātari (Harper and Konstan 2015) .

He maha o ngā pūkenga kua arotahi ki runga i tere i roto i Twitter: Liu, Kliman-Silver, and Mislove (2014) me te Tufekci (2014) .

Algorithmically whakama

rongo tuatahi ahau i te wā "algorithmically whakama" whakamahia e Jon Kleinberg i roto i te a'oraa. Te whakaaro matua i muri performativity ko e te tahi mau ariā pūtaiao pāpori e "kore engines kāmera" (Mackenzie 2008) . E ko, ratou mau fakafōtunga te ao, kaua ki te tika hopu i te reira.

Dirty

Karanga pokapū tauanga kāwanatanga horoi raraunga, whakatika raraunga tatauranga. De Waal, Puts, and Daas (2014) whakaahua tikanga whakatika raraunga tauanga whakawhanakehia mō raraunga rangahau, me te titiro ki i whānuitanga e hāngai ana ki ngā pūtake raraunga nui, a ratou Puts, Daas, and Waal (2015) E whakaatu ana etahi o te taua whakaaro mo te whakarongo atu whānui.

No te tahi mau hi'oraa o rangahau e hāngai ana ki pāme i Twitter, Clark et al. (2016) me te Chu et al. (2012) . I te pae hopea, Subrahmanian et al. (2016) whakaahua te hua o te DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge.

tairongo

Ohm (2015) arotake rangahau mua i runga i te whakaaro o te mōhiohio tairongo, me te tuku i te whakamātautau maha-tauwehe. Nga āhuatanga e wha opua ia ko: te tūponotanga o te kino; tūponotanga o te kino; aroaro o te hononga matatapu; a ahakoa te mōrearea whakaata āwangawanga majoritarian.

• Counting mea (Wāhanga 2.4.1)

Hāngai ana ako o Farber o wakatono i New York i runga i te ako mua e Camerer et al. (1997) e whakamahia tauira haratau rerekē e toru o te pepa haerenga puka pepa-pepa whakamahia e taraiwa ki te tuhi wā tīmatanga haerenga, wa mutunga, me te ekenga. kitea tenei ako mua i te titiro taraiwa ki te hei kaimahi ūnga: mahi ratou iti i runga i nga ra i reira i teitei ratou utu.

Kossinets and Watts (2009) i arotahi ki te takenga mai o te homophily i roto i whatunga pāpori. A hi'o Wimmer and Lewis (2010) mo te huarahi rerekē ki te raruraru taua i whakamahi raraunga i Facebook.

I roto i te mahi o muri, kua tūhura anō Kingi me hoa te aukatinga ipurangi i roto i China (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014; King, Pan, and Roberts 2016) . Hoki te huarahi e pā ana ki te ine te aukatinga ipurangi i roto i China, kite Bamman, O'Connor, and Smith (2012) . No te atu i runga i ngā tikanga tauanga rite te tangata e whakamahia ana i roto i King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) ki te whakatau tata i te mana'oo o te 11 miriona pou, kite Hopkins and King (2010) . No te atu i runga i te ako te mātakitaki, kite James et al. (2013) (iti hangarau) ko Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (atu ​​hangarau).

• Forecasting (Wāhanga 2.4.2)

Matakite ko te wahi nui o te ahumahi raraunga pūtaiao (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013) . Ko tētahi momo o te matakite e E nuitia mahi e kairangahau pāpori he matakite taupori, hei tauira Raftery et al. (2012) .

kihai i Google Rewharewha raveraa i te kaupapa tuatahi ki te whakamahi i ngā raraunga search ki nowcast nuinga rewharewha. I roto i te meka, kairangahau i roto i te United States (Polgreen et al. 2008; Ginsberg et al. 2009) Me Sweden (Hulth, Rydevik, and Linde 2009) kua kitea e (hei tauira, "rewharewha") etahi kupu rapu tohu tirotiro hauora tūmatanui motu raraunga i mua i te reira i tukua. Muri kua tamata maha, maha atu kaupapa ki te whakamahi i ngā raraunga wahi mamati mō te mate rapunga titiro, kite Althouse et al. (2015) mō te arotake.

I tua atu ki te whakamahi i ngā raraunga wahi mamati ki te matapae i ngā putanga hauora, i reira kua hoki he nui nui o te mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga Twitter ki matapae putanga pōtitanga; hoki arotake kite Gayo-Avello (2011) , Gayo-Avello (2013) , Jungherr (2015) (Ch. 7), ko Huberty (2015) .

Mā te raraunga search ki matapae nuinga rewharewha, me te whakamahi i ngā raraunga Twitter ki matapae pōtitanga he tauira e rua o te whakamahi i te tahi huru o te wahi mamati ki te matapae i te tahi ahua o hui i roto i te ao. He he maha nui o rangahau e whai tenei hanganga whānui. Ripanga 2.5 ngā atu te tahi mau hi'oraa.

• Ngā Approximating (Wāhanga 2.4.3)

Te buka aamu PS Tōrangapū Science i te kurutetenga huatau i runga i raraunga nui, te hīkaro causal, me ariā ōkawa, ko Clark and Golder (2015) whakarāpopoto ia takoha. Nga Nga mahi hautaka o te National Academy o Sciences o te Hau Amui no Marite o Amerika i te kurutetenga huatau i runga i hīkaro causal me raraunga nui, ko Shiffrin (2016) whakarāpopoto ia takoha.

I roto i ngā o ngā taiao, Dunning (2012) whakarato he maimoatanga roa pukapuka pai. No te atu i runga i te whakamahi i te tauira rota Vietnam rite te whakamātau tūturu, kite Berinsky and Chatfield (2015) . No te huarahi ako mīhini e ngana ki te ite aunoa ngā tūturu roto o ngā pūtake raraunga nui, kite Jensen et al. (2008) me Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2015) .

I roto i ngā o te ōrite, hei arotake rorotu, kite Stuart (2010) , a mo te arotake fakatu'atamaki kite Sekhon (2009) . No te atu i runga i te ōrite rite te ahua o te tapahi, kite Ho et al. (2007) . No te pukapuka e whakarato maimoatanga pai o te ōrite, kite Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , Morgan and Winship (2014) , ko Imbens and Rubin (2015) .