Key:
[ , ] Veuveuki Algorithmic ko te raruraru ki a Google Rewharewha Te raveraa i. A tai'oi te pepa e Lazer et al. (2014) , ka tuhituhi he poto, īmēra mārama ki te kaipūkaha i Google whakamārama i te raruraru, me te whakahere i te whakaaro o te pehea, ki te whakatika i te raruraru.
[ ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) kerēme e taea te whakamahi raraunga i Twitter ki matapae i te mākete kararehe. Arahina tenei kitenga ki te hanganga o te ki Markets-taiepa moni-Derwent Capital haumi i roto i te mākete kararehe i runga i ngā raraunga i kohia i Twitter (Jordan 2010) . He aha te taunakitanga e hiahia ana koe ki te kite i te aroaro o maka ana to koutou moni i roto i taua tahua?
[ ] Ahakoa te whatu etahi kaitautoko hauora tūmatanui e-hikareti hei āwhina whai hua mō te momi paipa, fakatokanga etahi e pā ana ki te mōrearea, pērā i te tiketike-taumata o te nikotīni. A feruri na e whakatau he kairangahau ki te ako whakaaro tūmatanui ki ī-hikareti mā te kohikohi ī-hikareti-pā pou Twitter me whakahaere tātaritanga aau.
[ ] I roto i te Noema 2009, ke Twitter te pātai i roto i te pouaka tweet i "E aha ana koe?" Ki "He aha te tupu?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).
[ ] Kwak et al. (2010) tātarihia 41.7 miriona pūkete kaiwhakamahi, 1.47 piriona whanaunga pāpori, 4262 kaupapa trending, a 106 miriona tweets waenganui Pipiri 6 ko Pipiri 31, 2009. I runga i tenei tātaritanga faaoti ratou e Twitter tavini atu ano te reo hou o te mōhiohio te tiri atu i te whatunga pāpori.
[ ] "Retweets" e maha e whakamahia ana ki te ine i te mana me te horapa o te mana i runga i Twitter. I te tīmatanga, kaiwhakamahi i ki te tārua me te whakapiri i te tweet pai ratou, tūtohu te kaituhi taketake ki tona / ona kakau, a ā patopato "RT" i mua i te tweet ki te tohu e te reira te retweet. Na, i roto i te 2009 tapiritia Twitter he pātene "retweet". I roto i te Hune 2016, i hanga Twitter taea reira mo ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te retweet ratou ake tweets (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). whakaaro e koe kia pā enei huringa pehea whakamahi koe "retweets" i roto i to koutou rangahau? He aha ranei te aha e kore?
[ , , ] Michel et al. (2011) hanga he tahua puta i kaha a Google ki te whakarorohiko ā pukapuka. Mā te whakamahi i te putanga tuatahi o te tahua, i whakaputaina i roto i te tau 2009, ka roto i runga i 5 miriona ngā pukapuka āmati, tātarihia te kaituhi whakamahi auau kupu ki te tūhura i ngā rerekētanga reo me ngā ahurea. Maoro ka te Google Books Corpus he puna raraunga rongonui mō kairangahau, ka tukua he putanga 2 o te pātengi raraunga i roto i te 2012.
Heoi, Pechenick, Danforth, and Dodds (2015) fakatokanga e hiahia kairangahau ki tino tohu te tukanga tīpako o te tahua i mua i te whakamahi i te reira no te whakatau te whanui. Ko te take matua ko e he whare pukapuka-rite te tahua, kei roto i tetahi o ia pukapuka. Ka rite ki te hua, he takitahi, e taea ki te kōkuhu kite he kīanga hou ki te papakupu Books Google kaituhi āna he. Ano, tuhinga pūtaiao kėia he wahi nui lalahi o te tahua puta noa i nga tau 1900. I roto i te tua, na roto i te whakatairite e rua putanga o te huinga Fiction Ingarihi, Pechenick et al. kitea taunakitanga e whakamahia iti tātari i roto i te whakaputa i te putanga tuatahi. He wātea i konei katoa o nga raraunga e hiahiatia ana mō te mahi: http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv2.html
[ , , , ] Penney (2016) tūhura ranei e pā ana te publicity whānui e pā ana ki NSA / Prism titiro (arā, te mau heheuraa Snowden) i roto i te Pipiri 2013 te ki te heke koi me te ohorere i roto i te waka ki tuhinga Wikipedia i runga i ngā kaupapa e whakaara āwangawanga tūmataiti. Ki te pera, tenei huringa i roto i te whanonga e kia ōrite ki te pānga ri'ari'ai hua i titiro papatipu. Te huarahi o Penney (2016) Kei te te tahi mau taime i huaina te hoahoa raupapa wā haukotia me te pā ana ki te huarahi i roto i te pene e pā ana ki approximating ngā i raraunga observational (Wāhanga 2.4.3).
Ki te whiriwhiri i nga kupu matua kaupapa, tuku Penney ki te rārangi e whakamahia ana e te US Department o Haumarutanga Homeland mō te aroturuki me te aroturuki i pāpāho pāpori. Te rārangi DHS categorizes etahi ngā kupu rapu ki roto i te whānuitanga o ngā take, arā, "Hauora āwangawanga," "Haumarutanga Hanganga," me "Terrorism." Hoki te rōpū ako, whakamahia Penney ana nga kupu matua e wha tekau ma waru ki te "Terrorism" (kite Ripanga 8 Tāpiritanga). Ia ka hiatonga Wikipedia kaute tirohanga tuhinga i runga i te kaupapa ia marama mo te ōrite e wha tekau ma waru Wikipedia tuhinga i runga i te wā e toru tekau-rua marama, i te timatanga o Hanuere 2012 ki te mutunga o August 2014. Hei te haapuai i tona tautohe, hanga hoki ia e rave rahi faaauraa rōpū mā te aroturuki whakaaro tuhinga i runga i te tahi atu kaupapa.
Na, kei te haere koe ki te tārua me te whakawhānui Penney (2016) . Katoa te raraunga raw e ka hiahia koe mo tenei mahi he wātea i Wikipedia (https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pagecounts-raw/). Ka taea e ranei e tiki e koe i te reira i te wikipediatrend R mōkihi (Meissner and Team 2016) . A, no te tuhituhi-ake koutou o koutou urupare, tēnā mōhio nei raraunga pūtake whakamahia koe. (Note: puta hoki tenei mahi taua i roto i te Chapter 6)
[ ] Efrati (2016) pūrongo, e hāngai ana i runga i ngā mōhiohio matatapu, e "tiri tapeke" i runga i Facebook i heke e pā ana ki 5.5% tau i runga i tau i raro "tiritiri haapurororaa taketake" 21% tau ki runga i tau. ko tino koi ki Facebook kaiwhakamahi i raro i te 30 tau o te tau tenei heke. pēnei te pūrongo i te heke ki ngā āhuatanga e rua. Ko tētahi Ko te tupu i roto i te maha o "hoa" i te taata i runga i Facebook. Ko te atu ko e kua neke etahi mahi tiritiri ki te karere, me te ki whakataetae pērā i Snapchat. whakakitea ano te pūrongo i te tātai e rave rahi i tamata Facebook ki te whakanui te tiri, tae atu News Feed tweaks hātepe papatono e hanga rongonui atu pou taketake, me te pai rite haamana'oraa wā o te pou kaiwhakamahi taketake "I teie Day" e rave rahi matahiti i ma'iri a'e. He aha ngā pānga, ki te tetahi, e enei kitenga i hoki kairangahau nei e hiahia ana ki te whakamahi i Facebook rite te pūtake raraunga?
[ ] Tumasjan et al. (2010) korerotia e ōwehenga o tweets te whakahua i te rōpū tōrangapū āu te ōwehenga o ngā pōti i riro rōpū i roto i te pōtitanga pāremata Tiamana i roto i te 2009 (Whakaahua 2.9). I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, puta reira e koutou taea te whakamahi i Twitter ki te matapae i te pōtitanga. I te wa i whakaputaina tenei ako i whakaaro te reira tino whakaongaonga no whakaaro reira ki te whakaaro i te whakamahi nui hoki te puna noa o raraunga nui.
Homai nga āhuatanga kino o raraunga nui, Heoi, kia tonu koutou taetuí o tenei hua. Tiamana i runga i Twitter i roto i te tau 2009 i tino he rōpū kore-māngai, me ngā kaitautoko o te rōpū kotahi ai Tweet e pā ana ki ngā mahi tōrangapū atu pinepine. Ko te kupu, te mea te reira maere e nga näianei taea katoa e koe taea feruri e te hopoia whakakore atu. I roto i te meka, te hua i roto i Tumasjan et al. (2010) tahuri atu ki te kia pai rawa ki te kia pono. I roto i to ratou pepa, Tumasjan et al. (2010) whakaaro e ono ngā rōpū tōrangapū: Christian Democrats (CDU), Christian Social Democrats (CSU), SPD, Rīpera (FDP), te Mauī (Die Linke), me te Rōpū Kākāriki (Grüne). Heoi, ko te rōpū tino whakahuatia German tōrangapū i runga i Twitter i taua wa te Rōpū Pirate (Piraten), he rōpū e whawhai ture kāwanatanga o te Internet. A, no te whakaurua i te Rōpū Pirate i te tātari, Twitter faahiti riro te kaimatapae wehingia o ngā pōti (Figure 2.9) (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .
I muri, kua whakamahia te tahi atu kairangahau huri noa te ao tikanga-pērā fancier rite te whakamahi i te tātari aau ki te wehewehe i waenganui i pai, kino faahiti o nga rōpū-roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te āheinga o ngā raraunga Twitter ki matapae i te whānuitanga o ngā momo rerekē o te pōtitanga (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, Ch. 7.) . Tenei te pehea Huberty (2015) haapoto te hua o enei nganatanga ki matapae pōtitanga:
"Kua rahua tikanga matakite mohiotia katoa e hāngai ana i runga i pāpāho pāpori ka raro ki te titauraa o te matakite pōti pono whakamua-titiro. puta ēnei rahunga ki kia tika ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o te pāpāho pāpori, nui atu i ki fifi huarahi algorithmic ranei. I roto i te poto, e kore mahi pāpāho pāpori, a pea e kore e, whakaeke he, tōkeke, pikitia māngai pūmau o te rohe pōti; me tauira haratau o pāpāho pāpori hapa rawaka raraunga ki te whakatika i enei raruraru whakairi hoc ".
A tai'oi te tahi mau o te rangahau i arahi Huberty (2015) ki taua mutunga, me te tuhituhi i te manatu kotahi whārangi ki te kaitono tōrangapū whakaahua ki te me pēhea te kia whakamahia Twitter ki whakaaroa pōtitanga.
[ ] He aha te mea te rerekētanga i waenganui i te sociologist me te kōrero? E ai ki a Goldthorpe (1991) , te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i te sociologist me te kōrero he mana ki runga i te kohikohinga raraunga. E takoha hītori ki te whakamahi i pukahu te mea e taea sociologists whakahāngai ratou kohinga raraunga ki ngā take motuhake. A taio i te Goldthorpe (1991) . Kia pehea te te te rerekētanga i waenganui i te pāpori me te hītori e pā ana ki te whakaaro o Custommades me Readymades?
[ ] Te paturaa i runga i te pātai o mua, Goldthorpe (1991) kumea te maha o ngā urupare tino, tae atu tetahi i Nicky Hart (1994) i ngā lī'oa o Goldthorpe ki whakahāngai raraunga hanga. Ki te whakamārama i te here pea o raraunga kaka-hanga, fakamatala'i Hart te Worker Project houkura, he rangahau nui ki te ine i te hononga i waenganui i te piha haapiiraa pāpori, me te pōti i whakahaere e Goldthorpe me hoa i roto i nga waenganui-1960. Ka rite ki ai tetahi e mahara i te mataotao e titiro atu hangaia raraunga i runga i ngā raraunga kitea, te Worker Kaupapa houkura kohia raraunga e i whakahāngaitia ki te whakatutuki i te ariā tata whakaarohia e pā ana ki te heke mai o te piha haapiiraa pāpori i roto i te tau o te whakanui ake paerewa ora. Ko, Goldthorpe me hoa te hopoia "wareware" ki te kohikohi i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whanonga pōti o te wahine. Tenei te pehea Nicky Hart (1994) whakarāpopototanga te wāhanga katoa:
". . . reira [Ko] uaua ki te karo i te mutunga wahine i mahue i no te 'hanga kaka' tenei i herea ai huingararaunga e te arorau paradigmatic i waho wheako wahine. Aia e te orama ariā o te mahara akomanga me te mahi ano preoccupations tane. . . , Hangaia Goldthorpe me ana hoa i te huinga o nga tohu i tëtehi i whangai a te poipoi ratou ake whakapae ariā hei utu o tuu ia ratou ki te whakamātautau tika o te hāngaitanga. "
tonu Hart:
"Ko te kitenga wheako o te Project Worker houkura korero ki a matou ake e pā ana ki te uara masculinist o waenganui-rau pāpori atu e ratou nga tukanga o te raupapatanga, tōrangapū me te ora rauemi."
Ka taea e koe te whakaaro o te tahi atu mau hi'oraa i reira te näianei o te kaikohi raraunga hanga ki reira kohinga raraunga kaka-hanga? Nahea whakarite tenei ki veuveuki algorithmic? He aha ngā pānga i tenei ai hoki ina kia whakamahi kairangahau Readymades me ka kia ratou te whakamahi i Custommades?
[ ] I roto i teie pene, e ahau faaau ngā raraunga i kohia e te kairangahau mō ngā kairangahau ki te pūkete whakahaere i hanga e te kamupene me kāwanatanga. Ētahi iwi karanga enei lekooti whakahaere "kitea raraunga," e fakafehoanaki ratou ki "raraunga hangaia." E parau mau e kua kitea pūkete whakahaere i kairangahau, engari ano hoki e tino ratou hangaia. Hei tauira, kamupene hangarau hou noho moni nui o te wa, me ngā rauemi ki te kohikohi me te kaiāwhina pirihi ratou raraunga. Ko te kupu, e rua kitea enei lekooti whakahaere ka hangaia, te reira noa tei runga i tou tirohanga (Figure 2.10).
Whakarato i tētahi tauira o te puna raraunga wahi te kitenga reira e rua rite kitea, ka hangaia he āwhina, ka whakamahi i taua puna raraunga mō te rangahau.
[ ] I roto i te tuhinga whakaaro, Christian Sandvig me Eszter Hargittai (2015) whakaahua e rua momo o rangahau mamati, te wahi i te pūnaha mamati ko "mauhaa" ranei "ahanoa o ako." He tauira o te ahua tuatahi o te ako te wahi Bengtsson me hoa (2011) e whakamahia ana raraunga waea pūkoro ki te aru i hekenga i muri i te ru i roto i Haiti i roto i 2010. he tauira o te rua o nga ahua he wahi Jensen (2007) rangahau pehea te whakataki o waea pūkoro puta noa Kerala, pānga India te mahi o te mākete mo te ika. kitea e ahau i tenei āwhina no fakamahino'i reira e taea rangahau mā te whakamahi i ngā puna raraunga mamati whai whāinga tino rerekē noa ki te kei te whakamahi e ratou te taua ahua o te puna raraunga. Roto i te tikanga ki te whakamārama i atu tenei i puta ke, whakaahua rangahau e wha e kua kite koutou: e rua e whakamahi i te pūnaha mamati rite te mea me rua e whakamahi i te pūnaha mamati hei ahanoa o ako. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā tauira i tenei pene, ki te hiahia koe.