2.4.3 ngā Approximating
Ka taea e tatou e fakafuofua'i 'ngā e kore e taea e matou. E rua ngā huarahi e tautautefito hua i te ao mamati e ōrite me ngā taiao.
E rave rahi mau uiraa pūtaiao, me te kaupapa here nui he causal. Kia whakaaro te, hei tauira, te pātai e whai ake nei: he aha te mea te pānga o te hōtaka whakangungu mahi i runga i te utu? Ko e founga ki te whakautu i tēnei pātai e waiho ki te whakamātau e whakahaeretia randomized te wahi i matapōkeretia whakaritea kaimahi ki rānei farii i whakangungu ranei e kore e whiwhi whakangungu. Na, i taea e kairangahau tata te pānga o te whakangungu mō ēnei kaiuru i whakatairite noa te utu o te iwi nei riro i te whakangungu ki te hunga i kore e farii i te reira.
He tika te whakarite ohie no te tahi mea e tupu i mua i ara kohia te raraunga: te Tupurangitanga. Kahore he Tupurangitanga, he nui trickier te raruraru. He kairangahau taea whakarite te utu o te iwi nei hainatia ake noa mo te whakangungu ki te hunga kihai nei i haina-ake. e pea whakaatu taua faaauraa e te iwi nei riro whakangungu roaa atu, engari te nui o tenei ko te mea o te whakangungu, me te te nui o tenei he no te mea he rerekē i te hunga e kore e e haina-ake mo te whakangungu iwi e haina-ake mo te whakangungu? I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, he mea ataahua ki te whakarite i te utu o enei rōpū e rua o te iwi?
Tenei āwangawanga e pā ana ki faaauraa ataahua arata'i te tahi mau kairangahau ki te whakapono e he e taea ki te hanga whakatau tata causal kahore rere te whakamātau. haere ana tēnei kerēme tawhiti rawa. Ahakoa he pono e whakarato ngā te taunakitanga kaha mo pānga causal, i reira e te tahi atu rautaki e taea whakarato tata causal faufaa. Engari o whakaaro e rānei ngāwari (i roto i te take o ngā) ranei e taea e whakatau tata causal (i roto i te take o pē kitea raraunga), he pai ki te whakaaro o te rautaki mō te hanga tata causal e takoto haere te auroa i kaha ki te paruparu (Figure 2.4). I te mutunga kaha o te auroa e randomized ngā whakahaere. Ko, he uaua ki te mahi i roto i te rangahau pāpori no te rapu maha maimoatanga moni ainei o te mahi tahi i te kāwanatanga kamupene ranei maha enei; tino noa i reira e maha ngā e kore e taea e matou. ka whakangaromia e ahau katoa o Chapter 4 ki te pakaritanga e rua me ngoikoretanga o randomized ngā mana, a ka tautohe ahau e i roto i ētahi wā, i reira e kaha take matatika ki te hiahia observational ki tikanga whakamātautau.
Whakaahua 2.4: auroa o ngā rautaki rangahau mō ngā pānga causal tata.
Te neke haere i te auroa, i reira he āhuatanga te wahi e kore i āta randomized kairangahau. E te, e ngana ana ngā kairangahau ki te ako whakamātau-rite matauranga, kahore mau te mahi i te whakamātau; fakanatula, Kei te haere tenei ki te kia uaua, engari nui raraunga nui whakapai to tatou kaha ki te hanga whakatau tata causal i roto i teie mau huru.
I te tahi taime i reira he tautuhinga i reira randomness i roto i te ao tupu ki te hanga i te tahi mea, ano he whakamātau mō kairangahau. E huaina ēnei whakaaro ngā tūturu, a ka kia whakaaro ratou i roto i te taipitopito i roto i te Wāhanga 2.4.3.1. E rua ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūtake-to ratou raraunga nui āhua tonu-ki runga ki a ratou te rahi-nui whakarei ake to tatou kaha ki te ako i ngā taiao ina puta ratou.
Moving atu atu i randomized ngā mana, te tahi mau taime e kore he reira he ara kaupapa i roto i te natura e nehenehe ia tatou ia faaohipa i ki fakafuofua'i 'i te whakamātau tūturu. I roto i enei tautuhinga, ka taea e tatou āta hanga faaauraa i roto i raraunga kore-whakamātau i roto i te ngana ki te fakafuofua'i 'i te whakamātau. E huaina ēnei whakaaro ōrite, a ka kia whakaaro ratou i roto i te taipitopito i roto i te Wāhanga 2.4.3.2. Ka rite ki ngā māori, mo ko te hoahoa e hua hoki i ngā pūtake raraunga nui. I roto i ngā, i te rahi-e rua nui i roto i ngā o te maha o ngā take, me te momo o te mōhiohio ia take-nui whakahaere ōrite. Te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i ngā taiao, me te ōrite kei e i roto i ngā taiao te kairangahau e mohio te tukanga i roto i i faataahia maimoatanga, me te whakapono ki a te reira kia matapōkere.
Te ariā o te faaauraa ataahua e ue'i nga hiahia ki te mahi i ngā niu nei hoki nga huarahi e rua rerekē: ngā māori, me te ōrite. Ka taea ēnei huarahi koe ki te whakatau tata ngā pānga causal i raraunga pē kitea e tūhura faaauraa ataahua e noho ana i roto o te raraunga e koe kē.
