2.3.2.1 Tarepa
Noa'tu eaha te "nui" koutou "raraunga nui" te reira pea e kore e whai i te mōhiohio e hiahia ana koe.
He oti te nuinga o ngā pūtake raraunga nui, i roto i te tikanga e kore ratou e whai i te kōrero e ka hiahia koe mo tou rangahau. Ko te āhuatanga noa o te raraunga i hanga mō ngā take atu atu rangahau tenei. Kua kua rave rahi pāpori pūtaiao i te wheako o pā ana ki te kakato, pērā i te rangahau tīariari i kore e ui i te uiraa hiahia koe. Te mea oto, ahu nga raruraru o kakato ki kia atu tino i roto i raraunga nui. I roto i toku wheako, raraunga nui e whangai ana ki te kia ngaro e toru ngā momo o te kōrero whai hua mō te rangahau pāpori: taupori, whanonga i runga i te tahi atu tüäpapa, me raraunga ki te operationalize hanganga ariā.
E whakaahua toru katoa o enei momo o kakato i roto i te ako i te Gueorgi Kossinets ko Duncan Watts (2006) e pā ana ki te kunenga mai o te whatunga pāpori i te whare wānanga. tīmata Kossinets ko Watts ki nga rākau īmēra i te whare wānanga, i i ngā mōhiohio pū e pā ana ki te hunga ka tono īmēra ki nei i te wa (kihai i te kairangahau whai wāhi ki te ihirangi o te īmēra). Ēnei pūkete īmēra tangi rite te huingararaunga mīharo, engari, he-ahakoa to ratou rahi me te granularity-faufaa pahara ratou. Hei tauira, e kore e nga rangitaki īmēra ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te āhuatanga taupori o te ākonga, pērā i te ira tangata me te tau. I tua atu, e kore e nga rangitaki īmēra ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kōrero i roto i te tahi atu pāpāho, pērā i waea, karere kuputuhi, kōrero kanohi-ki-te kanohi ranei. I te pae hopea, e kore e tika ngā i te rangitaki īmēra mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga, te hanganga ariā i roto i te maha ariā tīariari. I muri i roto i te pene, ina kōrero ahau e pā ana ki rautaki rangahau, ka kite koe pehea faatiti'aifarohia Kossinets me Watts enei raruraru.
O toru momo o kakato, te raruraru o raraunga oti ki te operationalize hanganga ariā ko te faingataa ki te whakaoti, me te i roto i toku wheako, kei te maha tūpono wareware reira e pūtaiao raraunga. Pakeke, he hanganga ariā whakaaro waitara e ako pūtaiao pāpori, engari, kāore, e taea e kore tonu te unambiguously tautuhi enei hanganga me whanganga. Hei tauira, kia whakaaro a tamata ki empirically whakamatautau te kerēme āhua ohie e te iwi nei e atu maramarama imi i te moni atu. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakamatautau tenei kereme e hiahia ana koe ki te ine i "te maramarama." Otiia, he aha te ite? Hei tauira, Gardner (2011) tohe e reira e mau waru puka rerekē o te maramarama. Na, ko reira ngā tukanga tika i taea e e ine i tetahi o enei momo o te maramarama? Ahakoa moni nui o te mahi i te kaimātai hinengaro, enei pātai tonu e kore e whai whakautu unambiguous. Ko te kupu, ara te kerēme-iwi āhua ohie nei e atu maramarama imi i te moni-e taea atu e pakeke ki te aromatawai empirically no te mea e taea e te reira uaua ki te operationalize hanganga ariā i roto i te raraunga. Ētahi atu tauira o ngā hanganga ariā e mea faufaa engari pakeke ki te operationalize ngā "tikanga," "whakapaipai pāpori," me "manapori." Pūtaiao Social karanga te ōrite i waenganui i ngā hanganga ariā me te mea hangä raraunga mana (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Na, ka rite ki tenei rārangi o ngā hanganga fokotu'u, hanga mana ko te raruraru e kua takatakahi pūtaiao pāpori ki hoki te wa rawa roa, ara, no te i mahi ratou ki raraunga i kohia mo te whakaaro o te rangahau. A, no te mahi ki ngā raraunga i kohia mō ngā take i tua atu i te rangahau, he ara atu wero nga raruraru o te hangä mana (Lazer 2015) .
A, no te e te tai'oraa i koe he pepa rangahau, kotahi te ara tere, me te whai hua ki te aromatawai i āwangawanga e pā ana ki hangä mana ko ki te tango i te kerēme matua i roto i te pepa, te nuinga o te nei whakahuatia i roto i ngā o ngā hanganga, me te anō-faaite te reira i roto i ngā o te raraunga whakamahia. Hei tauira, whakaaro rangahau hypothetical rua e titau ki te whakaatu e whiwhi iwi atu maramarama moni atu:
- Ako 1: iwi e piro pai i runga i te Raven Progressive Poukapa Test-te whakamātautau pai ako o te maramarama analytic (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -kuo moni korerotia teitei i runga i to ratou hoki tāke
- Ako 2: iwi i runga i Twitter nei whakamahia e pea atu ki te whakahua i rama papai kupu roa
I roto i te wā e rua, i taea e ngā kairangahau whakapuaki e kua whakakitea e ratou e whiwhi iwi atu maramarama moni atu. Engari, i roto i te ako tuatahi e pai whakahaere i nga hanganga ariā i te raraunga, me te i roto i te tuarua kahore e ratou. I tua atu, ka rite ki tenei tauira whakaatu, atu raraunga e kore whakaoti aunoa raruraru ki hangä mana. Kia ngakau rua e koe nga hua o Ako 2 ahakoa whai wāhi te reira i te miriona tweets, he piriona tweets, ranei he trillion tweets. Hoki ngā kairangahau e kore mōhio ki te whakaaro o te hangä mana, Ripanga 2.2 whakarato ētahi tauira o rangahau e kua whakahaere i ngā hanganga ariā mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga wahi mamati.
| wahi Mamati | hangä ariā | Torokī |
|---|---|---|
| rangitaki īmēra i te whare wānanga (meta-raraunga anake) | hononga pāpori | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| pou pāpāho pāpori i runga i Weibo | whai Civic | Zhang (2016) |
| rangitaki īmēra i te maro (meta-raraunga, me te kuputuhi oti) | pai Cultural i roto i te whakahaere | Goldberg et al. (2015) |
Ahakoa ko te raruraru o te raraunga oti hoki ngā hanganga ariā operationalizing tino pakeke ki te whakaoti, i reira e toru nga rongoā noa ki te raruraru o te oti ngā mōhiohio taupori me te mōhiohio kāore i runga i ngā whanonga i runga i te tahi atu ngä tüäpapa. Ko te tuatahi ko te ki mau kohikohi i te raraunga e hiahia ana koe; ka korero ki a koutou e ahau e pā ana ki te tauira o taua i roto i te Chapter 3 ina korerotia e ahau ki a koutou e pā ana ki ngā rangahau. Kia aroha mai, e kore e taea nga wa katoa i tenei ahua o te kohikohinga raraunga. Te otinga matua tuarua ko te ki te mahi i te mea pūtaiao raraunga karanga kaiwhakamahi-huanga hīkaro, me te aha karanga pūtaiao pāpori, peheatia ana. I roto i tenei huarahi, te whakamahi i kairangahau te mōhiohio e whai ratou i runga i te tahi mau iwi ki te ļa huanga o te tahi atu iwi. Te tuatoru taea otinga-te tangata e whakamahia ana e Kossinets me Watts-ko ki ngā puna raraunga maha. Kei te te tahi mau taime i huaina tenei tukanga hanumi record hononga ranei. Whakaarohia toku kupu whakarite tino mō tenei tukanga i roto i te paratarafa rawa tuatahi o te pepa rawa tuatahi ake i tuhituhia i runga i record hononga (Dunn 1946) :
"Ia tangata i roto i te ao hanga he pukapuka o te ora. Tīmata tenei Buka ki whanau, me te mutu ki te mate. E hanga ona whārangi ake o ngā pūkete o te mau ohipa tumu i roto i te ora. Ko Record hononga te ingoa i homai ki te tukanga o huihui nga whārangi o tenei pukapuka ki te rōrahi. "
I tuhituhia tenei irava i roto i te 1946, a, i taua wa, i whakaaro te iwi e taea te pukapuka o te ora ngā ngā ora nui rite whanau, te faaipoiporaa, te faataaraa, me te mate. Heoi, i teie nei e tuhia kia nui ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te iwi kei te, te pukapuka o te ora i taea e te whakaahua taipitopito mīharo, ki te hunga whārangi rerekē (arā, o matou tohu mamati), e taea te herea tahi. i taea e tenei pukapuka o te ora he rauemi nui mō te kairangahau. Engari, ano taea te huaina te pukapuka o te ora te pātengi raraunga o te whakangaromanga (Ohm 2010) , e taea te whakamahi mō te momo katoa o ngā take unethical, rite whakaahuatia ake i raro, ina kōrero ahau e pā ana ki te āhua tairongo o te mōhiohio i kohia e ngā puna raraunga nui i raro a i roto i te Pene 6 (Ethics).
