2.3.2.2 uaua

He uaua hoki ki te kairangahau te uru raraunga puritia e pakihi me kāwanatanga.

I roto i te Mei 2014, tuwhera te US National Agenda Haumarutanga he pokapū raraunga i roto i Utah tuawhenua e he ingoa rorirori, te Intelligence Community whānui National cybersecurity Initiative Center Raraunga. Heoi, korerotia tenei pokapū raraunga, kua tae mai nei ki te kia mohiotia rite te Center Raraunga Utah, te ki te whai kaha mīharo. te kai-kotahi pūrongo e taea ki te rokiroki me te tukatuka i ngā momo katoa o te kōrero, tae atu "te tirotiro oti o īmēra tūmataiti, waea pūkoro, me rapu Google, me katoa o raraunga whaiaro rihīti ara-waka, itineraries haere te Center Raraunga Utah ko , hoko toa, me ētahi atu mamati, amo pute ' " (Bamford 2012) . I tua atu ki te āwangawanga kohi e pā ana ki te āhua tairongo o te nui o te mōhiohio riro i roto i te raraunga nui, ka e kia whakaahuatia ake i raro, te Center Raraunga Utah he tauira tino o te puna raraunga taonga e he uaua ki kairangahau. More te tikanga, he maha ngā pūtake o te raraunga nui e e kia whai hua ki te e whakahaeretia kairangahau me fakangatangata e kāwanatanga (hei tauira, ngā raraunga pupirikana me raraunga mātauranga) me kamupene (hei tauira, uiui ki te rapu engines, me te karanga waea meta-raraunga). Na reira, e kore e enei raraunga e wātea tonu ki te kairangahau i whare wānanga, a kore e tino noa e wātea ki kairangahau i roto i te kāwanatanga kamupene ranei.

I roto i toku wheako, he maha kairangahau e hāngai ana i ngā whare wānanga pohehe te puna o tenei inaccessibility. e kore e uaua no te mea he poauau, mangere, ranei ta'etokanga iwi i kamupene me kāwanatanga enei raraunga. Engari, i reira e nui ture, hangarau, pakihi, me ngā ārai matatika e ārai i te uru raraunga. Hei tauira, te tahi mau whakaaetanga ngā-o-mahi mō tukutuku anake tukua raraunga ki te whakamahi i ngā kaimahi ranei ki te whakapai ake i te mahi. Na etahi momo o te tiritiri raraunga taea maka atu kamupene ki whakawa tika i kiritaki. He hoki tūponotanga pakihi nui ki kamupene whai wāhi i roto i ngā raraunga tiri. Whakamātauria ki te whakaaro me pehea e pahono i te iwi whānui ki te tūpono patai raraunga rapu whaiaro i roto i Google hei wāhanga o te kaupapa rangahau whare wānanga. he pakaru raraunga taua, ki te tino, ai ara kia he mōrearea existential mo te kamupene. Na Google-a nui te nuinga o ngā kamupene-he tino mōrearea-e ngakaukore ana e pā ana ki te faaiteraa i raraunga ki kairangahau.

I roto i te meka, ki te tata katoa e kei roto i te tūranga whakarato wāhi ki nui o ngā raraunga mohio te aamu o Abdur Chowdhury. I te tau 2006, ka ko ia te matenga o te rangahau AOL, ia te hinaaro tukua ta whakaaro ia i anonymized pātai rapu i 650,000 AOL kaiwhakamahi ki te hapori rangahau. Pera i te matara ahau e taea te korero ki, i Chowdhury me nga kairangahau i AOL koronga pai a whakaaro ratou e kua anonymized ratou nga raraunga. Ko, he he ratou. I hohoro kitea te reira e kore i rite ingoamuna rite whakaaro nga kairangahau nga raraunga, ka i taea ki te tāutu i te iwi i roto i te huingararaunga ki te humarie kaipūrongo i te New York Times (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006) . Kia kitea enei raruraru i, Chowdhury tangohia nga raraunga i te paetukutuku o AOL, engari ko te reira te mutunga rawa. Nga raraunga i reposted runga atu paetukutuku, a ka pea tonu te mea e wātea ana, ka e te tai'oraa i koe i tenei pukapuka. No o tona ngana ki te faaite i raraunga ki te hapori rangahau, i puhia Chowdhury, a rihaina āpiha hangarau nui o AOL (Hafner 2006) . Ka rite ki tenei tauira whakaatu, ko tino iti nga painga mō takitahi motuhake roto o kamupene ki te whakahaere wāhi raraunga, me te mea he wehi te wheako kino-take.

Rangahau taea, Heoi, riro uru ki raraunga e he uaua ki te iwi whānui. Kawanatanga i ngā tukanga e taea kairangahau whai ki te tono mo te whai wāhi, me te rite te tauira i muri mai i roto i tenei whakaaturanga pene, e nehenehe wā kairangahau riro te uru ki raraunga rangatōpū. Hei tauira, Einav et al. (2015) ngätahi ki te kairangahau i eBay ki ako i te tohu mamati i auctions ipurangi. Ka kōrero ahau atu e pā ana ki te rangahau i puta mai i tenei mahi tahi i muri mai i roto i te pene (Tekiona 2.4.3.2), engari whakahua ahau i te reira i teie nei no te mea i reira katoa o nga kai e kite ahau i roto i hononga angitu wha: moni kairangahau, āheinga kairangahau, moni kamupene, me āheinga kamupene. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i hiahia i roto i, me te ahei o te ako auctions ipurangi Einav me hoa. A, ko ano hoki eBay. Heoi, kua kite ahau i tokomaha mahi tahi ka taea mangere no te mea i hapa rānei te kairangahau kamupene ranei tetahi o enei kai.

Ahakoa, ki te taea e ki te whakawhanake i tētahi hononga ki te pakihi, Heoi ko koutou, i reira e etahi downsides hoki koutou. Tuatahi, te mau uiraa e taea e koe te ui ki nga raraunga ki kia iti pea; kamupene e pea ki te tukua rangahau e taea hanga ratou titiro kino. Tuarua, e kore pea e taea ki te faaite i to outou raraunga ki ētahi atu kairangahau, e te tikanga e kore e te tahi atu kairangahau e taea ki te manatoko, ka whakawhānui koutou hua koe. I tua atu, ka taea e enei hononga waihanga i te iti rawa i te ahua o te pakanga o te pānga, te wahi ai whakaaro te iwi e i tākiekina koutou hua i koutou hononga. Ka taea te whakatutuki katoa o enei downsides, engari he mea nui ki te kia mārama e mahi ki raraunga kahore he e wātea ki te katoa i rua upsides me downsides.

I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, rota o raraunga nui he uaua ki kairangahau. He taumaha ture, hangarau, pakihi, me ngā ārai matatika e ārai i te uru raraunga, a kore e enei tauārai haere atu. kāwanatanga National tikanga kua whakapumautia tukanga mō te ahei ai te uru raraunga, engari ka taea e te tukanga e atu ad hoc i te kāwanatanga, me te rohe taumata. Hoki, i roto i ētahi wā, kairangahau taea hoa ki kamupene ki te whiwhi te uru raraunga, engari tenei e taea te waihanga i te whānuitanga o ngā raruraru mō te kairangahau.