5.2.1 tupuni Zoo

Fakatahai tupuni Zoo nga tautooraa o maha tūao tohunga-kore ki te whakarōpū i te miriona ngā ikarangi.

tupu nga tupuni Zoo i te raruraru fehangahangai e Kevin Schawinski, he ākonga paetahi i roto i te Astronomy i te University o Oxford i te 2007. Faaohieraa i te moka rawa, ko hiahia i roto i ngā ikarangi Schawinski, a taea te whakarōpūtia kaniva i to ratou Morphology-porotītaha ranei tōrino-a e to ratou tae-puru whero ranei. I te wa, ko tikanga whakaaro nui i roto i arorangi e haapueraa tōrino, rite to tatou Way Milky, he puru i roto i te tae (tohu tamarikitanga) a he whero i roto i te tae e ikarangi porotītaha (tohu koroheketanga). i ruarua Schawinski tenei whakaaro nui tikanga. whakapae ia e ia kia pono i roto i te whānui tenei tauira, i reira i pea he maha hï o okotahi, me e na roto i te ako rota o enei haapueraa-te rerekē hunga kihai i e uru te tūmanakohia tauira-ia i taea e ako tahi mea e pā ana ki te tukanga i roto i nei i hanga ikarangi.

Ko te kupu, he aha e hiahiatia ana Schawinski i roto i te tikanga ki te hurihia te whakaaro nui tikanga ko te huinga nui o ngā ikarangi morphologically whakarōpūtia; e ko, ngā ikarangi e kua kōmakatia rite rānei tōrino porotītaha ranei. Te raruraru, Heoi, ko e kahore i pai ano nui ki te whakamahi mō te rangahau pūtaiao ngā tikanga algorithmic mō te whakarōpū; i roto i te kupu atu, ko te whakarōpū ikarangi, i taua wa, he raruraru e ko pakeke hoki rorohiko. Na reira, he aha i hiahiatia ko te tokomaha nui o ngā ikarangi whakarōpūtia tangata. anga Schawinski tenei raruraru whakarōpū ki te ngākau o te ākonga paetahi. I roto i te tuhaa pureraa marathon o e whitu nga ra, 12-haora, i taea ki te whakarōpū i 50,000 kaniva ia. Ahakoa kia tangi 50,000 kaniva rite te rota, ko reira mau% anake e pā ana ki 5 o te tata kotahi miriona kaniva e i whakaahuatia i roto i te Sloan Digital Sky Survey. ite Schawinski e hiahiatia e ia he huarahi atu tauineine.

Aua'e, huri i te reira i roto i e kore e te mahi o whakarōpū ikarangi rapu whakangungu matatau i roto i te tātai arorangi; Ka taea e koe e haapii te tangata ki te rave i te reira tino hohoro. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ahakoa whakarōpū kaniva ko te mahi e he pakeke hoki rorohiko, ko reira tino ngāwari mō te tangata. Na, i te noho i roto i te pāparakāuta i Oxford, Schawinski me hoa arorangi Chris Lintott moe ake he paetukutuku i reira e whakarōpū tūao whakapakoko o ikarangi. He marama ruarua i muri mai, i whanau nga tupuni Zoo.

I te paetukutuku tupuni Zoo, e mamae kaitūao i te meneti torutoru o te whakangungu; hei tauira, te ako i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te tōrino, me te tupuni porotītaha (Figure 5.2). I muri i tenei whakangungu, te tūao i ki te haere i te whakarōpū ngā ngāwari quiz-tika 11 o 15 kaniva ki mohiotia whakarōpūtanga-a ka e timata te tūao whakarōpū tūturu o kaniva unknown i roto i te atanga e hāngai ana tukutuku-ohie (Figure 5.3). Te whakawhiti i te tūao ki te arorangi e tango i te wahi i roto i iti iho i te 10 meneti, me te anake e hiahiatia ana e haere ana i te takere o moenga, he quiz ohie.

Whakaahua 5.2: Tauira o te momo matua e rua o ngā ikarangi: tōrino me porotītaha. whakamahia te kaupapa tupuni Zoo neke atu i te 100,000 tūao ki ngā kāwai neke atu i te 900,000 whakapakoko. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

Whakaahua 5.3: Tāuru mata te wahi i ui ngā kaipōti ki te whakarōpū i te whakapakoko kotahi. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

ngā tupuni Zoo ona kaitūao tuatahi i muri i ngā te kaupapa i roto i te tuhinga rongo, a i roto i pā ana ki ono marama tupu te kaupapa ki te whai wāhi nui ake i te 100,000 pūtaiao tangata, iwi nei kau no te oaoa ratou i te mahi, a hinaaro ratou ki te āwhina i arorangi mua. Huihui, whai wāhi enei tūao 100,000 te tapeke o neke atu i te 40 miriona whakarōpūtanga, me te nuinga o nga whakarōpūtanga e haere mai i te āhua iti, rōpū matua o ngā kaiuru (Lintott et al. 2008) .

Kairangahau e whai wheako utu kaiāwhina rangahau paetahi tonu ai kia taetuí e pā ana ki te kounga raraunga. Ahakoa he whaitake tenei ore te, whakaatu ana nga tupuni Zoo e ina e tika horoia takoha tūao, debiased, ka whakawhāiti, ka taea e ratou te whakaputa i ngā hua-kounga teitei (Lintott et al. 2008) . He whakapati nui mō te whiwhi i te mano ki te waihanga raraunga kounga ngaio he hapanga; e ko, ka te mahi taua ravehia e nga iwi maha rerekē. I roto i nga tupuni Zoo, i reira i pā ana ki 40 whakarōpūtanga ia tupuni; kairangahau mā te kaiāwhina rangahau paetahi e kore i taea e utu i tenei taumata o te hapanga, me te reira e hiahia ana ki te kia nui ake āwangawanga ki te kounga o ia whakarōpūtanga takitahi. He aha te tüao hapa i roto i te whakangungu, i hanga e ratou ake mo te hapanga.

Ahakoa ki whakarōpūtanga maha ia tupuni, Heoi, te whakakotahi i te huinga o whakarōpūtanga tūao ki te whakaputa i he uaua te whakarōpū whakaaro. No te mea ara tamataraa tino rite i roto i te nuinga o ngā kaupapa tätaitanga tangata, he mea āwhina ki te arotake poto nga kaupae e toru e te kairangahau tupuni Zoo whakamahia ki te whakaputa i o ratou te whakarōpū whakaaetanga. Tuatahi, te kairangahau "horoia" te raraunga mā te tango whakarōpūtanga kēhua. Hei tauira, te iwi nei whakarōpūtia toutou te taua tupuni-te tahi mea e e tupu ki te i tamata ratou ki te rāwekeweke i te hua-i o ratou whakarōpūtanga katoa whiua. tangohia tenei a te tahi atu horoi rite e pā ana ki 4% o whakarōpūtanga katoa.

Tuarua, i muri i te horoi, e hiahiatia ana te kairangahau ki te tango o näianei nahanaha i roto i whakarōpūtanga. Na roto i te raupapa o rangahau rītaha rapunga tāmau i roto i te tauira kaupapa-mo taketake, whakaatu etahi tūao te ikarangi i taetahi hei utu o te tae-te kitea kairangahau e rave rahi o näianei nahanaha, pērā i te rītaha pūnahanaha ki te whakarōpū i ngā ikarangi i tawhiti tōrino atu rite haapueraa porotītaha (Bamford et al. 2009) . Whakatikatika hoki enei o näianei nahanaha he tino nui no te wawaenga maha takoha e kore e tango rītaha nahanaha; reira anake tango hapa tupurangi.

I te pae hopea, i muri i debiasing, e hiahiatia ana te kairangahau i te tikanga ki te whakakotahi i te whakarōpūtanga takitahi ki te whakaputa i te whakarōpū whakaaro. Te huarahi māmā ki te ngā whakarōpū mō ia tupuni e waiho ki te whiriwhiri i te whakarōpū tino noa. Heoi, e hoatu tenei huarahi ia tūao taimaha rite, ka whakapae te kairangahau i pai i whakarōpū atu i ētahi atu etahi tūao. Na reira, whakawhanakehia te kairangahau i te tukanga Nuiōrau auau matatini ake e whakamātau ki te kitea aunoa nga classifiers pai me te hoatu ia ratou ake taimaha.

Ko te kupu, i muri i te toru taahiraa tukanga-horoi, debiasing, me Nuiōrau-te rōpū rangahau tupuni Zoo i tahuri 40 miriona te whakarōpū tūao ki te huinga o te whakaaro whakarōpūtanga morphological. A, no te i whakaritea enei whakarōpūtanga tupuni Zoo ki toru nganatanga iti-tauine mua i arorangi ngaio, tae atu ki te whakarōpū i Schawinski e tauturu i ki te faauru tupuni Zoo, i reira ko kawenata kaha. Ko te kupu, nga tüao, i roto i te töpü, i taea ki te whakarato i whakarōpū kounga tiketike, me te i te tauine e kore i taea e te kairangahau ōrite (Lintott et al. 2008) . I roto i te meka, na roto i te he whakarōpūtanga tangata mo te taua maha nui o haapueraa, Schawinski, i taea ki te whakaatu% anake e pā ana ki 80 o kaniva e whai i te koropetau tūmanakohia tauira-puru, me ellipticals-a whero maha pepa kua tuhituhia mō Lintott, me ētahi atu tenei kitea (Fortson et al. 2011) .

Homai tenei whakamārama, ka taea e kite tatou i teie nei pehea tupuni Zoo whai te afa-tono-ngā tunu, te taua tunu whakamahia e te mo te nuinga o ngā kaupapa tätaitanga tangata. Tuatahi, kua wahia te raruraru nui ki tamâraa. I roto i tenei take, kua wahia te raruraru o whakarōpū i te miriona kaniva ki te miriona raruraru o whakarōpū kotahi tupuni. Next, tono he mahi te ki i ia wāhi takitahi. I roto i tenei take, e whakarōpū i te tūao ia tupuni rite rānei tōrino porotītaha ranei. I te pae hopea, e ngā nga hua ki te whakaputa i te hua whakaaro. I roto i tenei take, ngā te taahiraa ngā te horoi, debiasing, me Nuiōrau ki te whakaputa i te whakarōpū whakaaro mo ia tupuni. Ahakoa te whakamahi te nuinga o ngā kaupapa i tēnei tohutaka whānui, ia o nga kaupae Me ki whakarite ki te raruraru motuhake i ngā. Hei tauira, i roto i te kaupapa tätaitanga tangata whakaahuatia i raro, ka kia whai i te tunu taua, engari ka waiho tino rerekē te tono, me te whakakotahi kaupae.

Hoki te kapa tupuni Zoo, ko tenei kaupapa tuatahi noa te timatanga. Tino hohoro mohio ratou i kaha ki te whakarōpū i tata ki te miriona kaniva ratou ahakoa, e kore te mea tenei tauine nui ki te mahi ki hōu rangahau rangi mamati, e taea te whakaputa whakapakoko o e pā ana ki 10 piriona haapueraa (Kuminski et al. 2014) . Ki te hapai i te hua i te 1 miriona ki te 10 piriona-he take o 10,000-tupuni Zoo e hiahia ki te kimi te pakeke te 10,000 nga wa atu kaiuru. Ahakoa he nui te maha o tūao i runga i te Internet, e kore he reira mure ore. Na reira, ua ite te kairangahau e te mea e haere ana ratou ki te hapai i ake tipu moni o raraunga, e hiahiatia ana he hou, ara tauineine atu, huarahi i.

Na reira, Manda Banerji-mahi ki a Kevin Schawinski, Chris Lintott, a te tahi atu mau melo o te rorohiko whakaako kapa-tīmata tupuni Zoo ki whakarōpū i ngā ikarangi. More āta, te whakamahi i te whakarōpūtanga tangata i hanga e nga tupuni Zoo, Banerji et al. (2010) i hanga he tauira ako mīhini e taea te matapae i te whakarōpū tangata o te tupuni i runga i nga āhuatanga o te whakapakoko. Ki te taea e tenei tauira akoranga mīhini tā te whakarōpūtanga tangata ki te tika tiketike, ka taea te whakamahi i te reira e nga tupuni Zoo kairangahau ki te whakarōpū i te maha tino mure ore o ngā ikarangi.

Ko mau te matua o te huarahi Banerji me hoa 'tino rite ki te tikanga nuitia whakamahia i roto i te rangahau pāpori, ahakoa e kore ai e mārama i mawhiti tuatahi taua faitatau. Tuatahi, tahuri Banerji me hoa ia whakapakoko ki te huinga o te āhuatanga tau e haapoto te reira āhuatanga. Hei tauira, mō te whakapakoko o ikarangi reira i taea e toru ngā āhuatanga: te nui o te puru i roto i te whakapakoko, i te whawhai i roto i te wherikotanga o nga pika, me te rahi o pika kore-ma. Te kōwhiringa o te āhuatanga tika ko ha konga mahu'inga o te raruraru, a reira te tikanga titau tohungatanga kaupapa-rohe. Tenei taahiraa matamua, nuitia huaina āhuatanga engineering, hua i roto i te kopu raraunga ki tetahi rarangi ia image, me te ka toru pou whakaahua i taua whakapakoko. Homai i te kopu raraunga me te putanga e hiahiatia ana (hei tauira, ahakoa i whakarōpūtia te whakapakoko i te tangata ano hei tupuni porotītaha), tata te kairangahau te tawhā o te tauira tauira-mo tauanga, te tahi mea, ano he inenga-e logistic Waitohungia te whakarōpū tangata e hāngai ana i runga i nga āhuatanga o te whakapakoko. I te pae hopea, whakamahi te kairangahau i te tawhā i roto i tenei tauira tauanga ki te whakaputa i whakarōpū pea, o haapueraa hou (Figure 5.4). Ki te whakaaro o te tairitenga pāpori, whakaaro i koe pārongo tatau ākonga i te miriona e pā ana ki, a ka mohio koutou ranei ratou puta i te kāreti e kore ranei. taea e koe te pai i te logistic regression ki tenei raraunga, a ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te hua tauira tawhā ki te matapae mehemea e haere ngā ākonga hou ki te paetahi i kāreti. I roto i te ako mīhini, ki tenei huarahi-whakamahi tauira tapanga te waihanga i tētahi tauira tauanga ka taea e tapa hou i huaina raraunga-te mātakitaki i te ako (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009) .

Whakaahua 5.4: whakamārama Ngāwari o pehea Banerji et al. (2010) e whakamahia ana i te whakarōpūtanga tupuni Zoo ki te whakangungu i te tauira ako mīhini ki te mahi i whakarōpū tupuni. i tahuri Images o kaniva i te kopu o ngā āhuatanga. I roto i tenei tauira māmā reira e toru ngā āhuatanga (te nui o te puru i roto i te whakapakoko, i te whawhai i roto i te wherikotanga o nga pika, me te rahi o pika kore-ma). Na, no te he huinga o nga whakapakoko, kua whakamahia te tapanga tupuni Zoo ki te whakangungu i te tauira ako mīhini. I te pae hopea, whakamahia te ako mīhini te ki te whakatau tata whakarōpū mō te toe ikarangi. karanga ahau i tenei ahua o te kaupapa he tuarua-whakatupuranga kaupapa tātai tangata no te, nui atu i te he te tangata whakaoti i te raruraru, i ratou tangata hanga he huingararaunga e taea te whakamahi ki te whakangungu i te rorohiko ki te whakaoti i te raruraru. Te painga o tenei huarahi rorohiko-āwhina he e taea te reira ki a koutou hapai i moni tino mure ore o te raraunga mā te whakamahi i anake he nui fakataimí o te kaha tangata.

Nga āhuatanga i roto i te Banerji et al. (2010) i nui atu te uaua atu i te hunga i roto i toku takawairore tauira-hei tauira, whakamahia ia ngā āhuatanga rite tauira ako mīhini "de Vaucouleurs pai ōwehenga axial" -pea kihai i tona tauira logistic regression, ko reira he whatunga neural horihori. Mā te ona āhuatanga, tona tauira, me te whakaaro tupuni Zoo whakarōpūtanga, i taea ki te hanga i taimaha ki runga ki ia āhuatanga, a ka whakamahi i enei taimaha ki te hanga matapae e pā ana ki te whakarōpū o ngā ikarangi ia. Hei tauira, i kitea e ia tātaritanga i pea atu ki te kia haapueraa tōrino whakapakoko ki iti "de pai Vaucouleurs ōwehenga axial". Hoatu enei pauna, i taea ki te matapae i te whakarōpū tangata o te tupuni ki te tika whaitake ia.

Te mahi o Banerji et al. (2010) tahuri nga tupuni Zoo ki te mea e karanga ahau he pūnaha tätaitanga tangata tuarua-whakatupuranga. Te ara pai ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki enei pūnaha rua-whakatupuranga ko e nui atu i he tangata whakaoti i te raruraru, i ratou tangata hanga he huingararaunga e taea te whakamahi ki te whakangungu i te rorohiko ki te whakaoti i te rapanga. Te nui o ngā raraunga e hiahiatia ana ki te whakangungu i te rorohiko ka taea e kia kia nui e titau te reira i te mahi tahi papatipu tangata ki te waihanga. I roto i te take o nga tupuni Zoo, nga kupenga e neural whakamahia e Banerji et al. (2010) e hiahiatia ana i te maha rawa nui o tauira tangata-tapanga roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i te tauira e te kaha ki te whakaputa uri lelei te whakarōpū tangata.

Te painga o tenei huarahi rorohiko-āwhina he e taea te reira ki a koutou hapai i moni tino mure ore o te raraunga mā te whakamahi i anake he nui fakataimí o te kaha tangata. Hei tauira, he kairangahau ki te miriona kaniva whakarōpūtia tangata e taea te hanga he tauira mana'ohia e e taea reira te whakamahi ki te whakarōpū i te piriona ara he trillion ikarangi ranei. Ki te reira he tau nui o haapueraa, ka tenei ahua o te huitahi tangata-rorohiko Ko tino te otinga taea anake. e kore he utu tenei scalability mure ore, Heoi. Te paturaa i te tauira ako mīhini e taea tika tā te whakarōpūtanga tangata ko ano he raruraru pakeke, engari Waimarie i reira e kua pukapuka pai whakatapua ki tenei kaupapa (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009; Murphy 2012; James et al. 2013) .

E whakaatu ana nga tupuni Zoo te kukuwhatanga o maha kaupapa tätaitanga tangata. Tuatahi, he kairangahau whakamātau te kaupapa e ia ki te rōpū iti o te kaiāwhina rangahau (hei tauira, kaha whakarōpū tuatahi o Schawinski) ranei. Ki te kore e tenei huarahi āwhatatia pai, ka taea e te kairangahau neke ki te kaupapa tätaitanga tangata i reira whai wāhi maha iwi whakarōpūtanga. Ko, no te he tetahi rōrahi o te raraunga, kaha tangata parakore e kore e nui. I taua wāhi, Me kairangahau ki te hanga pūnaha tuarua-whakatupuranga te wahi e whakamahia whakarōpūtanga tangata ki te whakangungu i te tauira ako mīhini e taea reira kia tono ki moni tata mutunga o te raraunga.