5.4.1 eBird
eBird kohikohi raraunga i runga i manu i birders; Ka taea e tūao whakarato tauine matawhenua e taea ōrite kahore rōpū rangahau.
Ko nga wahi katoa Birds, a e rite ornithologists ki matau ki te wahi kei nga manu i nga taime. Homai he taua huingararaunga tino, ornithologists taea te whakatutuki maha pātai taketake o ratou mara. O te akoranga, te kohi i tēnei raraunga tawahi te hōkai o tetahi kairangahau ngā. I te wa ano e ornithologists hiahia raraunga taonga me te oti atu, "birders" si'aki haere manu matakitaki hoki ngahau-e mātakitaki tonu manu, me te tuhi i ta ratou e kite. Enei hapori e rua i te hītori roa o te mahi tahi, engari inaianei kua puta enei mahi tahi i te tau mamati. eBird Ko te kaupapa kohinga raraunga tohaina e aia mōhiohio i birders huri noa te ao, a ka kua riro kē te reira i runga i 260 miriona kitenga manu i 250,000 kaiuru (Kelling et al. 2015) .
I mua ki te whakarewatanga o eBird, nui o nga raraunga i hanga e te birders i wātea ki kairangahau:
"I roto i nga mano o ruma i huri noa te ao i teie mahana takoto pukatuhi rave rahi, kāri taupū, rārangi arowhai e whakamārama ana, me rātaka. e matau pai te hunga o tatou wāhi ki pūtahi hopuni o te riri o rongo i runga i a mo ano e pā ana ki 'pūkete manu o toku matua keke te mutunga' e matau ana matou pehea mahu'inga taea ratou hei. Ko e me'a fakamamahí, e matau ana ano hoki matou e kore e taea e matou te whakamahi ia ratou. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Nui atu i te he tenei raraunga nui noho kāore, eBird taea birders ki tukuatu reira ki te, pātengi raraunga mamati centralized. nei, i reira, ka, he aha te momo, te tini, me te kaha: e ono mara matua raraunga tukuake ki eBird kei. No te kaipānui hopuni o-kore, "kaha" e pā ana ki te tikanga e whakamahia ana i te hanga tirohanga. timata arowhai kounga raraunga ara i mua i tukuake te raraunga. Birders ngana ana ki te tuku pūrongo-pērā rerekē rite pūrongo o momo rawa onge, kaute tiketike rawa, ranei i roto i te wa pūrongo-e karaina, ka tono aunoa i te paetukutuku mōhiohio atu, pēnei i ngā whakaahua. I muri i kohi i tēnei mōhiohio atu, kua tonoa te pūrongo karaina ki tetahi o rau o tohunga rohe tūao mō te arotake anō. I muri tūhuratanga e te taea reta atu rohe mohio-tae ki te Kūmea-te pūrongo karaina rānei e mahue rite hārakiraki ranei kua tomo ratou ki eBird pātengi raraunga (Kelling et al. 2012) . Tenei pātengi raraunga o ngā kitenga hipoki te ka hanga e wātea ana ki te tangata i roto i te ao ki te hononga Ipurangi, a pera tawhiti, kua whakamahia te reira tata 100 tānga hoa-arotakengia (Bonney et al. 2014) . mārama whakaatu eBird e birders tūao e taea ki te kohikohi raraunga e he whai hua hoki te rangahau kaimātai aotea tūturu.
Ko tētahi o nga nehenehe o eBird he e horo te reira "mahi" e te tupu-i roto i tenei take, titi ana kua. Tēnei āhuatanga e āhei te kaupapa ki te whakatutuki i tauine rahi. Heoi, e kore e te "mahi" mahi e birders rite ōrite te raraunga e hiahiatia ana e te ornithologists. Hei tauira, i roto i te eBird, whakaritea kohinga raraunga e te wāhi o birders kore te wāhi o manu. Tenei te tikanga e, mo te tauira, te nuinga o ngā kitenga ahu ki te puta tata ki rori (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . I tua atu ki tenei tohatoha taurite o te kaha i runga i te wāhi, e kore e pai tonu nga kitenga tūturu hanga e birders. Hei tauira, te tahi mau birders tukuatu mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā momo e whakaaro ratou, kaua ki te tuku i ngā mōhiohio i runga i ngā momo katoa e pupuri ana ratou i ngā anake.
eBird kairangahau i rua rongoā matua ki enei take kounga raraunga, ngā take e ara ake i roto i te maha atu kaupapa kohinga raraunga tohaina. Tuatahi, e whai ana tonu eBird kairangahau ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te raraunga tukuna e birders. Hei tauira, eBird tuku mātauranga ki ngā kaiuru, a kua hanga reira whakakitenga o raraunga o ia kaiuru e, i to ratou hoahoa, whakatenatena birders ki tukuatu mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā momo katoa e kitea e ratou, e kore i te huinga noa (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Tuarua, te whakamahi i eBird kairangahau tauira tauanga e ngana ki te whakatika hoki i te āhua ngangau me heterogeneous o te raraunga raw. Ehara i te mea ano mārama ki te tango tino enei tauira tauanga o näianei i te raraunga, engari he māia nui i roto i te kounga o ngā raraunga eBird whakaritea e, pera i whakahuatia mua, kua oti te reira i whakamahia i roto i tata 100 pukapuka pūtaiao hoa-arotake ornithologists.
Ko te tīmatanga maha-ornithologists kore tino taetuí ka rongo ratou e pā ana ki eBird mo te wa tuatahi. I roto i toku whakaaro wahi o tenei ore te, mai i te whakaaro e pā ana ki eBird i te ara he. E rave rahi taata te tuatahi whakaaro "He tino nga raraunga eBird?", Ka ko tino te whakahoki e kore. Heoi, e kore te e te pātai tika. Ko te pātai tika ko, "hoki etahi pātai rangahau, ko te raraunga eBird pai atu i ngā raraunga kaimātai aotea?" Hoki taua uiraa te whakahoki he tino ae, i roto i te wahi no te mo pātai maha o te moni i reira he kore kē kiko ki te kohinga raraunga tohaina.
whakaatu te kaupapa eBird e he reira taea ki te whai wāhi tūao i te kohinga o ngā raraunga pūtaiao nui. Heoi, eBird, me whai pānga kaupapa, tohu e mau tamataraa e pā ana ki tīpako me te kounga raraunga he āwangawanga mō kaupapa kohinga raraunga tohaina. Rite ka kite tatou i roto i te wāhanga i muri mai, Heoi, ki te hoahoa tupato, me te hangarau e taea te whakaiti enei āwangawanga i roto i te tahi mau tautuhinga.
