5.4.3 Opaniraa
Ko taea kohinga raraunga Tūaritia, a i roto i te heke mai, ka pea ngā hangarau me te whai wāhitanga hāngū.
Ka rite ki eBird whakaatu, e taea te whakamahi kohinga raraunga tohaina mō te rangahau pūtaiao. I tua atu, E whakaatu ana PhotoCity e he pea solvable raruraru e pā ana ki te tīpako me te kounga raraunga.
Nahea tohaina mahi kohinga raraunga mō te rangahau pāpori? He tauira faahiahia mai i te mahi o Susan Watkins me ona hoa ki runga ki te Malawi ngā Hautaka Project (Watkins and Swidler 2009; Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti 2015) . I roto i tenei kaupapa, 22 rohe e noho-ka karanga "kairīpoata" -kept "hautaka kōrero" i tuhia, i taipitopito, ka anga te kaupapa te kōrero rongo ratou e pā ana ki AIDS i roto i te oraraa ia rā o te iwi noa (i te wa, e pā ana ki 15% o ngā pakeke i huaketo ki HIV i roto i Malawi (Bello, Chipeta, and Aberle-Grasse 2006) ). No te mea o ratou mana Insider, i taea ki te faaroo kōrero kia i uaua kua ki Susan Watkins me ona kaimahitahi rangahau Western (ka matapaki i ahau nga matatika o tenei i muri mai i roto i te pene, no te whakaherea e ahau tohutohu e pā ana ki te hoahoa koutou ake kaupapa papatipu mahi tahi enei kairīpoata ). Nga raraunga i te Kaupapa Malawi Hautaka kua arahina ki te maha o ngā kitenga nui. Hei tauira, i te aroaro o tīmata te kaupapa, whakapono maha waho e reira ko te puku e pā ana ki AIDS i iti-Saharan Africa, engari faaite nga hautaka e ko mārama tenei e kore te take: ka rangona kairīpoata rau o whakahaere i runga i te kaupapa, i roto i ngā wāhi rite rere rite tangihanga , tutaki, me hahi. I tua atu, i awhina te āhua o enei kōrero mahino lelei kairangahau etahi o te ātete ki te whakamahi ure; ko maiorooro te ara i hanga whakamahi pūkoro i roto i ngā karere hauora tūmatanui ki te ara i aparauhia te reira i roto i te ora ia rā (Tavory and Swidler 2009) .
O te akoranga, rite nga raraunga i eBird, te raraunga i te Malawi ngā Hautaka Kaupapa kahore he tino, kōrero i roto i te taipitopito e Watkins me hoa te take. Hei tauira, e kore e nga kōrero tuhia he tauira matapōkere o kōrero taea katoa. Engari, ko ratou he tatauranga pahara o kōrero e pā ana ki AIDS. I roto i ngā o te kounga raraunga, whakapono nga kairangahau i ratou kairīpoata kairīpoata-kounga teitei, rite kitea e te ōritetanga i roto i ngā hautaka me puta noa hautaka. I tua atu, ina e tohatoha kairīpoata nui i roto i te tautuhinga iti nui, me te e arotahi ana ngā pūrongo i runga i te kaupapa motuhake, ka taea hapanga, e faarahi te whakaaro ki te kounga raraunga. Hei tauira, he kaimahi sex ingoa "Stella" whakakitea ake e rave rahi mau taime i roto i te hautaka o ngā kairīpoata rerekē e whā (Watkins and Swidler 2009) . Ka rite ki te mea i roto i PhotoCity, te whakamahi o te hapanga ko ha tefito'i mo'oni mahu'inga mo aromatawai me te whakarite te kounga raraunga i roto i ngā kaupapa kohinga raraunga tohaina. Roto i te tikanga ki te hanga anō koutou pūmanawa, Ripanga 5.3 whakaatu atu tauira o te kohinga raraunga tohaina mō te rangahau pāpori.
| kohia raraunga | Torokī |
|---|---|
| Kōrero e pā ana ki HIV / AIDS i Malawi | Watkins and Swidler (2009) : Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) |
| Street tono mea i roto i London | Purdam (2014) |
| ngā pakanga i roto i te Eastern Congo | Windt and Humphreys (2016) |
| mahi ohaoha i roto i Nigeria me Liberia | Blumenstock, Keleher, and Reisinger (2016) |
| tirotiro rewharewha | Noort et al. (2015) |
Kua whai wāhi katoa o te tauira whakaahuatia i roto i tēnei wāhanga whai wāhi mātātoa: kairīpoata patohia kōrero e rongo ratou; tukuake birders ratou arowhai titi ana; ranei tukuake kaitākaro ratou whakaahua. he aha Otiia ki te i aunoa i te whai wāhitanga, me te kore i rapua e tetahi pūkenga motuhake wa ranei ki te tuku? Ko tenei te kupu whakaari e tapaea ana e "Tārewa whakauru" ranei "iwi-centric Tārewa." Ei hi'oraa, te pothole Patrol, he kaupapa e pūtaiao i MIT, eke GPS accelerometers rawa roto whitu CAB taxi i roto i te rohe Boston (Eriksson et al. 2008) . No te mea peia i runga i te pothole mahue te tohu accelerometer motuhake, enei whakaaro, ka whakanohoia roto o neke wakatono, taea te waihanga mahere pothole o Boston. O te akoranga, e kore e wakatono matapōkeretia whāwhā rori, engari hoatu nui wakatono, reira kia kia ranea kapinga ki te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki nui wahi o ratou pa. He painga tuarua o ngā pūnaha hāngū e whakawhirinaki i runga i te hangarau he e ratou de-pūkenga te tukanga o te takoha raraunga: i titau te reira pūkenga ki te whai wāhi ki eBird (no te mea e hiahia ana koe ki te e taea ki te tāutu i reliably momo manu), e titau te reira kahore pūkenga motuhake ki whai wāhi ki pothole Patrol.
Haere atu, mana'o ahau e ka timata kaupapa kohinga maha raraunga tohaina ki te hanga whakamahi o kaha o waea pūkoro e kua kawea e pirioni o te iwi huri noa i te ao. kē ēnei waea he maha nui o pūoko nui mō te ine, pēnei i hopuoro, kāmera, pūrere GPS, me karaka. I tua atu, tautoko enei waea pūkoro taupānga tuatoru-rōpū taea kairangahau etahi mana ki runga i te kawa kohinga raraunga whāriki. I te pae hopea, enei waea i Ipurangi-hononga, te taea te reira mo ratou ki atu-te uta i te raraunga kohikohi ratou. He maha ngā wero hangarau i pūoko hē ki iti ora pūhiko, engari ka pea whakaiti enei raruraru i runga i te wā rite hangarau whakawhanake. Ngā take e pā ana ki te tūmataiti me te matatika, ki te tahi atu i te ringa, kia whiwhi atu uaua ano hangarau whakawhanake; ka hoki mai ahau ki ngā pātai o matatika ina whakaherea e ahau tohutohu e pā ana ki te hoahoa koutou ake mahi tahi papatipu.
I roto i te kaupapa kohinga raraunga tohaina, kaitūao wāhi raraunga e pā ana ki te ao. Tenei huarahi kua oti whakamahia pai, a ka pea whai whakamahinga heke mai ki te whakatutuki i tīpako me te kounga raraunga āwangawanga. Aua'e, kaupapa ngā pērā i PhotoCity me pothole Patrol whakaaro rongoā ki enei raruraru. Ka rite ki te tango atu kaupapa painga o te hangarau e taea te whai wāhitanga de-mohio, me te hāngū, tohaina kaupapa kohinga raraunga e nui tino i roto i te tauine, taea kairangahau ki te kohikohi raraunga i te noa atu rohe i roto i te mua.
