kōrero atu
Hangaia tēnei wāhanga te ki kia whakamahia ano te tohutoro, nui atu i ki te pānui me te he kōrero.
- Kupu Whakataki (Wāhanga 5.1)
Mahi tahi Mass nunumi whakaaro i tangata pūtaiao, rōpūmātāpuna, me maramarama ā. Te nuinga o te tikanga o Citizen pūtaiao e pā ana "tangata" (arā,-pūtaiao kore) i roto i te tukanga pūtaiao (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Te nuinga o te tikanga o te rōpūmātāpuna tango i te raruraru te tikanga faatiti'aifarohia i roto i te whakahaere, me te utu mo raritet reira ki te mano (Howe 2009) . Te nuinga o te tikanga maramarama ngā rōpū o takitahi mahi ngātahi i roto i te huarahi e kiia matau (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) ko te introduction pukapuka-roa faahiahia ki te kaha o te mahi tahi papatipu mō te rangahau pūtaiao.
He maha ngā momo o te mahi tahi papatipu kore e e pai neatly ki te kāwai e toru i whakaarohia e ahau, a ka whakaaro ahau tika tokanga makehe e toru no te mea ratou kia whai hua i roto i te rangahau pāpori i etahi wāhi. Ko tētahi tauira ko hokohoko matapae, te wahi hoko kaiuru me kirimana hokohoko e kua hāngai utu i runga i ngā putanga e puta i roto i te ao (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Kei te maha matapae hokohoko whakamahia e ngā umanga me kāwanatanga mō te matakite, a kua hoki matapae mākete kua whakamahia e ngā kairangahau pāpori ki te matapae i te replicability o rangahau whakaputaina i roto i te hinengaro (Dreber et al. 2015) .
He tauira tuarua e kore e uru pai ki toku kaupapa tēhea ko te kaupapa PolyMath, mahi tahi wahi kairangahau whakamahi blogs me ngā wiki ki te whakamatau theorems pāngarau hou (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . Ko te kaupapa PolyMath i roto i te tahi mau rave'a rite ki te Netflix paraihe, engari i roto i nga kaiuru kaupapa PolyMath atu kaha hanga ki runga ki te rongoā wāhanga o ētahi atu.
He toru tauira e kore e uru pai ki toku kaupapa tēhea he wa-ti'aturi mobilizations pērā i te Defense Arā Rangahau Kaupapa Agency (DARPA) Whatunga Challenge (arā, te Whero Pūangi Challenge). No te atu i runga i enei wa mobilizations tairongo kite Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , ko Rutherford et al. (2013) .
- Tätaitanga Human (Wāhanga 5.2)
Te wā "tätaitanga tangata" mai i roto i te mahi mahi e pūtaiao rorohiko, me te mahara ki te horopaki i muri i tenei rangahau e whakapai ake tou kaha ki te tiki i roto i ngā raruraru e ai kia Nireaha ki reira. No te etahi mahi, e kaha mīharo ki kaha i tawhiti rawa te taata ara tohunga rorohiko. Hei tauira, i roto i te whaikīngi, rorohiko taea whiua ara nga rangatira rahi pai. Ko-a te iti pai maioha tenei e pāpori pūtaiao-mo te tahi atu mahi, he mau rorohiko nui kino atu te iwi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e tika ana inaianei he pai atu ara te rorohiko tino mātanga i etahi mahi e pā ana tukatuka o whakapakoko, ataata, ororongo, me kuputuhi koutou. Ko te kupu-i faahoho'ahia e te XKCD faahiahia cartoon-i reira he mahi e he ngāwari hoki rorohiko me te pakeke mō te iwi, engari i reira e ano mahi e te hunga pakeke hoki rorohiko, me te ngāwari hoki te iwi (Figure 5.13). pūtaiao rorohiko mahi i runga i enei pakeke-no-rorohiko-ngāwari-no-te tangata mahi, Na, ite e taea ngā ratou tangata i roto i to ratou tukanga tātai. Tenei te pehea Luis von Ahn (2005) whakaahuatia tätaitanga tangata ina ia te tuatahi i tapa te wā i roto i tona otr: ". He tauira mō te whakamahi te mana tukatuka tangata ki te whakaoti rapanga e kore e taea e rorohiko ano whakaoti"
Feruri 5.13: he mīharo hoki te tahi mau mahi rorohiko, nui rawa te kaha o te tohunga te tangata. Ko, no te tahi atu mahi, te taata noa e taea te faito ara mātanga pūnaha rorohiko. He pai-hāngai mō te tätaitanga tangata raruraru nui e whai wāhi ngā mahi e te hunga pakeke hoki rorohiko me te ngāwari hoki te tangata. Whakamahia rite ki nga ngā whakaahuatia i konei: http://xkcd.com/license.html
E tenei whakamāramatanga FoldIt-i whakaahuatia ahau i roto i te wāhanga i runga i tuwhera waea-taea te whakaaro he kaupapa tätaitanga tangata. Heoi, whiriwhiri ahau ki te whakaröpü FoldIt hei karanga tuwhera no titau te reira pūkenga motuhake, me te e te reira whai wāhi te otinga pai, kaua ki te whakamahi i te afa-tono-ngā rautaki.
Hoki te roa pukapuka maimoatanga pai o te tätaitanga tangata, i roto i te tikanga tino whānui o te wā, kite Law and Ahn (2011) . Chapter 3 o Law and Ahn (2011) he kōrero ngā o ngā kaupae matatini nui atu i nga mea i roto i teie pene.
Te wā "-tono afa-ngā" I whakamahia e Wickham (2011) ki te whakaahua i te rautaki mo te rorohiko tauanga, ko reira tino kapo te tukanga o maha kaupapa tätaitanga tangata. Ko rite ki te anga MapReduce whakawhanakehia i Google te-tono-ngā ritua rautaki (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .
E rua tupato kaupapa tätaitanga tangata e kore i whai ahau wāhi ki te matapaki ko te Game ESP (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) ko reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . kitea e rua o enei kaupapa huarahi auaha ki te faaitoito kaiuru ki te whakarato i ngā tapanga i runga whakapakoko. Heoi, i whakaarahia ano hoki e rua o enei kaupapa pātai matatika no, pērā tupuni Zoo, e kore whai wāhi i roto i te Game ESP me reCAPTCHA i mohio pehea i te whakamahia ratou raraunga (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .
Faauruhia e te Game ESP, kua ngana maha kairangahau ki te whakawhanake i ētahi atu "kēmu ki te whakaaro" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (arā, "kēmu tätaitanga e hāngai tangata-" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) e taea e whakamahia ki te whakaoti te whānuitanga o ētahi atu raruraru. He aha enei "kēmu ki te whakaaro" i roto i te noa ko te e tamata ratou ki te hanga i te mahi whai wāhi i roto i te tätaitanga tangata pārekareka. Ko te kupu, i te faaite i te Game ESP te afa-tono-ngā taua hanganga ki nga tupuni Zoo, e rere ke te reira i roto i te pehea e kaiuru ue'i-ngahau vs. hiahia ki te āwhina i te pūtaiao.
Toku whakaahuatanga o nga tupuni Zoo kumea ki Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , ko Hand (2010) , a kua māmā toku whakaaturanga o nga whāinga rangahau o nga tupuni Zoo. Hoki atu i runga i te hītori o te tupuni whakarōpū i roto i te tātai arorangi me te pehea nga tupuni Zoo tonu tenei iho, kite Masters (2012) ko Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Building i runga i nga tupuni Zoo, oti nga kairangahau tupuni Zoo 2 i kohia ake atu i te 60 miriona atu whakarōpūtanga morphological matatini i tūao (Masters et al. 2011) . I tua atu, branched ratou i ki raruraru i waho o te Morphology nga tupuni, tae atu te tūhura i te mata o te marama, rapu mō aorangi, a hiki tuhinga tawhito. I tēnei wā, kohia ratou kaupapa katoa e i www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa-Hopuāhua Serengeti-whakarato taunakitanga e hoki e taea te mahi i ngā kaupapa image whakarōpū tupuni Zoo-momo mo te rangahau taiao (Swanson et al. 2016) .
Hoki kairangahau whakamahere ki te whakamahi i te mākete mahi moroiti-mahi (hei tauira, Amazon Mechanical Turk) mo te kaupapa tätaitanga tangata, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) ko Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) whakahere pai tohutohu i runga i te hoahoa mahi me ētahi atu take e pā ana.
Kairangahau hiahia i roto i te hanga kua aha huaina ahau whakatupuranga tuarua pūnaha tätaitanga tangata (hei tauira, ngā pūnaha e whakamahi tapanga tangata ki te whakangungu i te tauira ako mīhini) kia hiahia i roto i Shamir et al. (2014) (mo te tauira mā te oro) ko Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Hoki, e taea te mahi i enei kaupapa ki ngā waea tuwhera, ai kairangahau whakataetae ki te waihanga tauira ako mīhini ki te mahi mana'ohia e nui. Hei tauira, ka oma te kapa tupuni Zoo he karanga tuwhera, me te kitea he huarahi hou e möna i te tangata whakawhanakehia i roto i Banerji et al. (2010) ; kite Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) mō ngā taipitopito.
- Waea tuwhera (Wāhanga 5.3)
e kore e hou waea Open. I roto i te meka, rā tetahi o nga waea tuwhera tino pai-mohiotia hoki ki 1714 ka hanga Pāremata o Ingarangi te Ahopou paraihe mo te tangata e taea e te whakawhanake i tētahi huarahi ki te whakatau i te ahopou o te kaipuke i te moana. Stumped tokomaha o nga pūtaiao rahi o nga ra, tae atu a Ihaka Newton te raruraru, a ka i te mutunga tukuna te otinga toa i te clockmaker i te whenua e whakatata te raruraru rerekē i pūtaiao i arotahi i runga i te otinga e pai te hopoia ngā tātai arorangi (Sobel 1996) . Ka rite ki tenei tauira whakaatu, kotahi take e kua whakaaro waea tuwhera ki te mahi kia pai ko e whakarato ratou uru ki te iwi ki te tirohanga, me ngā pūkenga rerekē (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Vakai, Hong and Page (2004) me te Page (2008) mo ake i runga i te uara o te rerenga kētanga i roto i te hīraurau hopanga.
Ia o nga take karanga tuwhera i roto i te pene titau te moka o te whakamārama atu hoki te aha no te reira i roto i tēnei kāwai. Tuatahi, kotahi ara e te wehe ahau i waenganui i te tätaitanga tangata me kaupapa karanga tuwhera ko ahakoa te putanga ko te toharite o te rongoā katoa (tätaitanga tangata) ranei te otinga pai (tuwhera karanga). Ko ahua uaua i roto i tenei whakaaro i te Netflix paraihe no tahuri atu i te otinga pai ki te waiho i te toharite mātanga o rongoā takitahi, he huaina whakatata he otinga ensemble (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Mai i te tirohanga o Netflix, Heoi, katoa i ratou ki te mahi i te tiki i te otinga pai.
Tuarua, i te tahi mau whakamāramatanga o te tätaitanga tangata (hei tauira, Von Ahn (2005) ), kia whakaaro FoldIt he kaupapa tätaitanga tangata. Heoi, whiriwhiri ahau ki te whakaröpü FoldIt hei karanga tuwhera no titau te reira pūkenga motuhake, me te e te reira whai wāhi te otinga pai, pai atu i te whakamahi i te afa-tono-ngā rautaki.
I te pae hopea, i taea e tetahi tautohe e Hoa-ki-Patent ko te tauira o te kohinga raraunga tohaina. whiriwhiri e ahau ki te whakauru i te reira hei karanga tuwhera no te mea he hanganga whakataetae-rite me te e whakamahia nga takoha pai anake (ina ki kohinga raraunga tohaina, he iti mārama te whakaaro o ngā pai, me te kino).
Hoki atu i runga i te Netflix paraihe, kite Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , ko Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . No te atu i runga i FoldIt kite, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , ko Khatib et al. (2011) ; toku whakaahuatanga o FoldIt kumea runga whakaahuatanga i Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , ko Hand (2010) . No te atu i runga i Peer-ki-Patent, kite Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , ko Noveck (2009) .
Rite ki nga hua o Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Chapter 10 pūrongo painga nui i roto i te hua o te kaitirotiro whare i roto i te New York City, no te e arahina ana e ngā tauira mana'ohia e inspections. I roto i te New York City, i hanga enei tauira mana'ohia e i kaimahi pa, engari i roto i te tahi atu take, i taea e tetahi whakaaro e taea te hanga ratou ranei pai ake ki waea tuwhera (hei tauira, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Heoi, kotahi āwangawanga nui ki tauira mana'ohia e whakamahia ki te tohatoha rauemi ko e te tauira i te pūmanawa ki te whakaū o näianei ngā. Kua mohio maha kairangahau "paru i roto i, paru i roto i", me te tauira mana'ohia e taea e te mea "rītaha i, rītaha ki waho." A hi'o Barocas and Selbst (2016) me te O'Neil (2016) mo ake i runga i nga fifi o tauira mana'ohia e hanga ki raraunga whakangungu rītaha.
Ko tētahi raruraru e ai ārai kāwanatanga i te whakamahi i tuwhera whakataetae he e titau te reira tuku raraunga, e taea e arahi ki maumaui tūmataiti. Hoki atu e pā ana ki tūmataiti me te tuku raraunga i roto i ngā waea tuwhera kite Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) me te kōrero i roto i te Pene 6.
- Kohinga raraunga Tūaritia (Wāhanga 5.4)
Toku whakaahuatanga o eBird kumea runga whakaahuatanga i Bhattacharjee (2005) me te Robbins (2013) . No te atu i runga i te pehea whakamahi kairangahau tauira tauanga ki te tātari raraunga eBird kite Hurlbert and Liang (2012) me Fink et al. (2010) . Hoki atu i runga i te hītori o te pūtaiao tangata i roto i te ornothology, kite Greenwood (2007) .
Hoki atu i runga i te Malawi Journals Project, kite Watkins and Swidler (2009) ko Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . A hoki atu i runga i te kaupapa e hāngai ana i roto i Āwherika ki te Tonga, kite Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Hoki atu tauira o te rangahau mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga i te Project Malawi Hautaka kite Kaler (2004) me te Angotti et al. (2014) .
- Hoahoa koutou ake (Wāhanga 5.5)
Toku huarahi ki te whakahere tohutohu hoahoa ko inductive, e hāngai ana i runga i nga tauira o angitu a rahua kaupapa mahi tahi papatipu e kua rongo ahau e pā ana ki. He hoki he awa o rangahau whakamātau ki te tono atu whānui ariā hinengaro pāpori ki te hoahoa hapori ipurangi e he hāngai ki te hoahoa o ngä kaupapa mahi tahi papatipu, kite, mo te tauira, Kraut et al. (2012) .
E pā ana hihiri ngā kaiuru, he reira mau tino uaua ki te feruri i roto i rite aha whai wāhi te iwi i roto i te kaupapa papatipu mahi tahi (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Ki te whakamahere koe ki te faaitoito ngā kaiuru ki te utu i runga i te mākete mahi moroiti-mahi (hei tauira, Amazon Mechanical Turk) Kittur et al. (2013) tuku etahi tohutohu.
No nia i taea ohorere, hoki atu tauira o ngā āhuatanga ohorere haere mai i roto i te kaupapa Zoouniverse, kite Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .
No nia i te matatika, te tahi mau talateu whānui pai ki nga take whai wāhi ko Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , ko Zittrain (2008) . Hoki ngā take e pā āta ki ngā take ture ki kaimahi mano, kite Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) whakatutuki pātai e pā ana ki tirotiro matatika o te rangahau, ina te a'oi te nga tūranga o kairangahau me ngā kaiuru. Hoki ngā take e pā ana ki ngā raraunga tiri i tiaki participats i roto i ngā kaupapa pūtaiao tangata, kite Bowser et al. (2014) . E rua Purdam (2014) ko Windt and Humphreys (2016) i te tahi mau kōrero e pā ana ki te take matatika i roto i te kohinga raraunga tohaina. I te pae hopea, whakaae te nuinga o ngā kaupapa takoha engari e kore e hoatu e ngā kaituhi tūturu nama ki ngā kaiuru. I roto i te Foldit, e maha e rārangi nga kaitākaro Foldit hei kaituhi (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . I roto i te tahi atu kaupapa tuwhera karanga, ka taea e te kaituku toa maha tuhituhi te pepa whakaahua ratou rongoā (hei tauira, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) ko Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). I roto i te hapu nga tupuni Zoo o kaupapa, e te tahi mau taime karangatia whai tino kaha, me te nui ki te kia tahi-kaituhi i runga i ngā pepa. Hei tauira, ko Ivan Terentev ko Tim Matorny, e rua ngā kaiuru Radio tupuni Zoo i Russia, tahi-kaituhi i runga i tetahi o nga pepa i whakatika i taua kaupapa (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .
