6.4.2 i atawhai

I atawhai hoki he e pā ana ki te māramatanga, me te whakapai ake i te kōtaha mōrearea / painga o to koutou ako, a ka whakatau ki te patua e ia te toenga tika.

tohe te Report Belmont e te parau tumu o atawhai hoki ko te titauraa e kairangahau whai ki ngā kaiuru, a e kau e rua nga wahi: (1) e kore e kino me te (2) te whakanui hua taea, me te whakaiti raru e taea. Te Report Belmont kāmataga te whakaaro o "e kore e kino" ki te whakarerenga iho Hippocratic i roto i matatika hauora, a taea te whakahuatia te reira i roto i te puka kaha i reira kairangahau "kore e kino tetahi tangata ahakoa o nga painga e ai haere mai ki ētahi atu" (Belmont Report 1979) . Heoi, whakaae ana ano hoki te Report Belmont e ako te mea he painga whai wāhi ai e tuu te tahi mau iwi ki mōrea. Na reira, i te nui o te mahi e kore te kino e taea kia i roto i te pakanga ki te nui ki te ako, ārahi kairangahau ki te whakatau wā uaua e pā ana ki "i te mea e tika tënei ki te rapu i etahi painga ahakoa te mōrearea whai wāhi, me te ka kia foregone mo o te nga painga tūponotanga. " (Belmont Report 1979)

I roto i te mahi, i te parau tumu o atawhai hoki kua whakaatu ai ki a te tikanga kia whakahaere kairangahau e rua tukanga motuhake: he mōrea / painga tātaritanga, me te ka te whakatau e pā ana ki ranei patu nga tūponotanga me painga he toenga matatika e tika ana. Ko tenei tukanga tuatahi te nuinga he mea hangarau tono tohungatanga lalahi, me te tuarua ko te nuinga he mea matatika wahi kia iti mahu'inga ranei ara tuukino tohungatanga lalahi.

He tātaritanga mōrea / painga tā e rua māramatanga me te whakapai ake i te tūponotanga, me ngā painga o te ako. Me ngā tātaritanga o mōrea e rua huānga: te tūponotanga o ngā kino, me te pakeke o te hunga ngā. I roto i tēnei wā, hei tauira, he kairangahau taea te whakatika i te hoahoa ako ki te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te hui kino (hei tauira, hipoki i roto i ngā kaiuru nei e whakaraerae) ranei te whakaiti i te pakeke o te hui kino ki te puta te reira (hei tauira, kia tohutohu e wātea ana ki kaiuru e tono te reira). I tua atu, i roto i tenei tukanga Me ki te pupuri i roto i te ngakau te pānga o to ratou mahi e kore e tika i runga i ngā kaiuru, engari ano hoki i runga i kore-kaiuru me ngā pūnaha pāpori kairangahau. Hei tauira, whakaaro te whakamātautau e Restivo me van de Rijt (2012) i ​​runga i te pānga o ngā tohu i runga i ētita Wikipedia (kōrero i roto i te Chapter 4). I roto i tenei whakamātau, hoatu nga kairangahau tohu ki te tahi mau ētita i whakaaro tika ratou, a ka whaia ratou takoha ki Wikipedia whakaritea ki te rōpū mana o ētita rite tika ki nei kihai nga kairangahau i hoatu e te tohu. I roto i tenei ako ngā, ko te iti te maha o ngā tohu i hoatu e ratou, engari ki te waipuke nga kairangahau i Wikipedia me tohu i taea kua fakahohaasi reira te hapori o ētita, kahore tükino tetahi o ratou takitahi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ka mahi tātari mōrea / painga kia whakaaro koutou e pā ana ki te pānga o koutou mahi e kore e tika i runga i ngā kaiuru engari ki runga ki te ao ake āhua.

Next, Kua whakaiti kotahi te tūponotanga ka whakanuia nga painga, kia aromatawai kairangahau mehemea patu te ako i te pauna pai. e kore e Ethicists tūtohu te aofangatuku ohie o utu, me hua. I roto i ngā, hoatu te tahi mau tūponotanga te rangahau impermissible noa'tu te painga (hei tauira, Ako te Tuskegee pakewakewa whakaahuatia i roto i te Historical Tāpiritanga). Rerekē te tātari mōrea / painga, i te mea te nuinga o hangarau, he hohonu matatika tenei taahiraa tuarua, me te kia i roto i te meka kia taonga e te iwi e kore e nei i motuhake tohungatanga kaupapa-rohe. I roto i te meka, no te mea maha kite waho nga mea rerekē i insiders, e hiahiatia ana IRBs i roto i te US ki te whai i te iti rawa kia kotahi kairangahau-kore. I roto i toku wheako te taviniraa i runga i te IRB, ka taea e enei waho e āwhina mō te ārai rōpū-whakaaro. Na, ki te he koe raruraru whakatau mehemea patu tou kaupapa rangahau he tātari mōrearea / painga e tika ana e kore e ui noa koutou hoa, tamata tono etahi kore-kairangahau; ai maere koe o ratou pahonoraa.

Faaohiparaa i te parau tumu o atawhai hoki ki nga tauira e toru ngā te meka i reira he maha nui te papu ore e pā ana ki tūponotanga i mua i te ako haamata. Hei tauira, kihai i nga kairangahau mohio te tūponotanga rahi ranei o nga ngā aituä e taea te meinga e ratou akoranga. Ko tenei papû ore mau tino noa i roto i te rangahau tau mamati, a muri i roto i teie pene, ka whakangaromia e ahau he wāhanga katoa ki te wero o te whakatau i roto i te mata o te papû ore (Tekiona 6.6.4). Heoi, e te parau tumu o atawhai hoki fokotu'u ētahi whakarerekētanga e ai kia hanga ki enei rangahau ki te whakapai ake i to ratou toenga mōrea / painga. Hei tauira, i roto i te contagion aronganui, te kairangahau taea kua ngana ki te hipoki i roto i te iwi ki raro i te 18 tau, me te iwi ai nei kia rawa pea ki te ariu kino ki te maimoatanga. taea kua tamata ano ratou ki te whakaiti i te maha o ngā kaiuru mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tauanga tōtika (rite whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito i roto i te Chapter 4). I tua atu, i taea kua whakamatau ratou ki te aroturuki i ngā kaiuru, me te whakahere āwhina ki tetahi i puta ki te kua whara. I roto i te Reka, taura, me te Time, taea kua hoatu nga kairangahau anō paruru i roto i te wahi i to ratou tukua nga raraunga (ahakoa i whakaaetia ratou tukanga e IRB o Harvard e fokotuu e he rite ki te mahi noa i taua wa ratou); Ka whakahere ahau te tahi mau mana'o taa atu e pā ana ki te tuku raraunga muri i roto i te pene, no te whakaahua ahau mōrea mōhiohio (Wāhanga 6.6.2). I te pae hopea, i roto i Encore, nga kairangahau taea kua ngana ki te whakaiti i te maha o ngā tono meá e kua hanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga ine o te kaupapa, a taea kua waho ratou kaiuru e te nuinga i roto i te ati i te mau faatereraa repressive. e whakauru i ia o enei huringa taea hokohoko-kētanga ki te hoahoa o enei kaupapa, a kahore he toku whāinga ki te whakaaro kia kua hanga enei kairangahau enei huringa. Engari, e toku whāinga ko ki te whakaatu i te momo o ngā rerekētanga e taea te parau tumu o atawhai hoki whakaaro.

I te pae hopea, ahakoa kua tikanga hanga te ao mamati te taimaha o mōrea me painga matatini ake, mau i hanga reira te reira māmā mō ngā kairangahau ki te whakapiki ake i te painga o to ratou mahi. I roto i ngā, i te taputapu o te ao mamati nui whakahaere tuwhera, me te reproducible rangahau, te wahi e hanga kairangahau ratou raraunga rangahau me te waehere e wātea ana ki ētahi atu kairangahau, me meinga ratou pepa e wātea ana ki te iwi whānui mā te whakaputa tuwhera uru. Tenei huringa ki te whakatuwhera me te rangahau reproducible, i te taha kore tikanga ohie, tuku he ara mo ki kairangahau ake i te painga o to ratou rangahau, kahore tuu ngā kaiuru ki tetahi atu mōrea (tiritiri raraunga ko te okotahi kia e ka aparauhia i roto i taipitopito i roto i te wāhanga i runga i mōhiohio mōrea (Wāhanga 6.6.2)).