6.1 Whakataki

Kua whakaaturia te vahe o mua e hanga te ao mamati whai wāhitanga hou mō te kohikohi me te tātari raraunga pāpori. Kua hanga ano hoki te tau mamati wero matatika hou. Te whāinga o tenei pene ko ki te hoatu ki a koutou i te taputapu e hiahia ana koe ki te hapai i enei mau tamataraa matatika.

Ratou he wā te papu ore, me te tautohenga e pā ana ki te whakahaere e tika ana o te tahi mau tau mamati rangahau pāpori. Kua arahina tenei papû ore ki raruraru pānga e rua, tetahi o nei kua riro nui atu te aro atu i te tahi atu. I runga i te ringa kotahi, kua etahi kairangahau te whakapanga o takahi tūmataiti o te iwi ranei whakauru ngā kaiuru i roto i ngā unethical. Enei take-e ka whakaahua ahau i roto i tenei pene-kua te kaupapa o te tautohe whānui, me te kōrero. I te tahi atu te ringa, kua hoki i te papû ore matatika he pānga ri'ari'ai, te ārai rangahau matatika, me te nui i te tupu; Kei te nui iti te meka e whakaaro ahau mauruuru. Hei tauira, i roto i te Ebola pakarutanga 2014, ua hinaaro rangatira hauora tūmatanui mōhiohio e pā ana te nekeneke o te iwi i roto i nga whenua tino kaha te huaketo i roto i te tikanga ki te āwhina i te whakahaere i te pakarutanga. ngā kamupene waea pūkoro i karanga pūkete e taea kua whakaratohia etahi o tenei mōhiohio. Otiia, tuahu iho āwangawanga matatika, me te ture whai kairangahau 'ki te tātari i te raraunga (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Ki te taea e tatou te whakawhanake tikanga matatika, me ngā paerewa e kua ngā e rua kairangahau me te iwi whānui-a whakaaro ahau e nehenehe e rave tatou i teie-katahi ka taea e tatou e te ahu i te kaha o te ao mamati i roto i ara e te hunga kawenga, me te painga ki te hapori.

He rerekētanga nui i waenganui i pēhea te pāpori pūtaiao me whakatata pūtaiao raraunga matatika rangahau. No te kaipūtaiao pāpori, whakaaro e pā ana ki matatika te nuinga e Institutional Poari Arotake (IRBs) me nga tikanga e kua tēra ratou ki uruhi. I muri i te katoa, anake te ara e wheako pāpori pūtaiao tino wheako tautohetohe matatika ko roto te tukanga uiui o te arotake IRB. kaipūtaiao Raraunga, i runga i te tahi atu i te ringa, i wheako iti pūnahanaha ki matatika rangahau no te mea kahore te mea nuitia kōrero i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko, me te engineering. E kore ano o enei huarahi-te huarahi ture-e hāngai ana o pūtaiao pāpori te huarahi ad-hoc o raraunga ranei pūtaiao-he pai hāngai hoki te rangahau pāpori i roto i te ao mamati. Engari, e whakapono ana ahau e meinga e matou kia rite ki kia rite ki te hapori te ahunga whakamua, ki te tango i tatou i te mau parau tumu-e hāngai ana huarahi. Ko, kia arotake i kairangahau ratou rangahau i roto i ngā ture-e ka tangohia e ahau kia rite ki hoatu a amo kia followed- me te i roto i atu te mau parau tumu matatika whānui. Ka āta whakarite tēnei huarahi parau tumu-e hāngai ana e taea hanga kairangahau whakatau whaitake e pā ana ki te rangahau hoki i kore i ano i tuhituhia ture me e nehenehe ia tatou ia te kōrero i to tatou whakaaroaro ana ki ētahi atu kairangahau, me te iwi whānui.

E kore te mea hou te huarahi parau tumu-e hāngai ana e ahau taunaki i ahau; kumea te reira i runga i te tekau tau o te whakaaro o mua. Ka rite ki a koutou e kite, i roto i ētahi wā arata'i te huarahi parau tumu-e hāngai ana ki te ūkui, rongoā actionable. A, no te kore e arahina te reira ki taua rongoā, haamaramarama te reira i te hokohoko-kētanga whai wāhi, i te mea tino mo te patu i te pauna tika, me te te taea ki te whakamārama koutou e whakaaroaro ana ki ētahi atu kairangahau, me te iwi whānui. I tua atu, rite koe e kite, tango i te huarahi parau tumu-e hāngai ana e kore e rapua e te nui minamina o te wā. Kia koutou ako te mau parau tumu taketake, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ia ratou ki te hohoro a pai korerorero e pā ana ki te whānuitanga o te raruraru whānui. I te pae hopea, Ko feunga whānui e titau ahau e ka riro te reira āwhina noa'tu i reira to koutou rangahau e wahi mahi koutou (hei tauira, whare wānanga, te kāwanatanga, NGO, kamupene rānei) ranei te huarahi parau tumu-e hāngai ana.

Kua tēnei pene kua hangaia ki te āwhina i te kairangahau takitahi pai-te auraa. kia pehea te koutou whakaaro e pā ana ki te matatika o koutou ake mahi? He aha koe e nehenehe e rave i ki te hanga atu matatika koutou ake mahi? I roto i te Tekiona 6.2, ka whakaahua ahau e toru kaupapa rangahau tau mamati e kua hangaia tautohetohe matatika. Na, i roto i Tekiona 6.3, ahau ka waitara i aua tauira motuhake ki te whakaahua he aha ahau whakaaro ko te take taketake mō te papû ore matatika: tere te whakanui ake te mana mō ngā kairangahau ki te mau me te whakamātau i runga i te iwi, kahore to ratou whakaae noa mōhiotanga ranei. E huri ēnei kaha tere atu i to tatou tikanga, ture, me ture. Next, i roto i te Tekiona 6.4, ka whakaahua ahau e wha parau tumu tīariari e taea ārahi koutou whakaaro: whakaute hoki Persons, atawhai hoki, Justice, me faaturaraa i te ture, me te Interest Public. Na, i roto i te Tekiona 6.5, ka whakarāpopoto ahau e rua whanui matatika anga-consequentalism me deontology-e nehenehe e tauturu korerorero koutou tetahi o nga tamataraa hohonu e ai fehangahangai koe: ina he tika taua mea mo ki a koutou te tango tikanga matatika pāhekeheke i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i te mutunga matatika e tika ana. Teie mau parau tumu, me anga matatika ka taea koe ki te neke tua atu te arotahi ki te mea kua tukua e te ture ngā me te faarahi i to outou aravihi no te te kōrero koutou e whakaaroaro ana ki ētahi atu kairangahau, me te iwi whānui (Whakaahua 6.1). Ki te taua whakamārama, i roto i te Tekiona 6.6, ka matapaki i ahau e wha ngā wāhanga e tino wero mō te tau mamati kairangahau pāpori: whakaaetanga mōhio (Tekiona 6.6.1), māramatanga, me te whakahaere mōrearea mōhiohio (Tekiona 6.6.2), tūmataiti (Wāhanga 6.6.3 ), a te faaotiraa matatika i roto i te mata o te papû ore (Tekiona 6.6.4). I te pae hopea, i roto i Tekiona 6.7, ka faaoti ahau ki toru tohutohu mahi mō te mahi i roto i te rohe ki te matatika iu. I roto i te Historical Tāpiritanga, ka whakaahua ahau i te kukuwhatanga o te pūnaha o nāianei o matatika rangahau tirotiro i te Hau Amui no Marite, tae atu i te Ako Tuskegee pakewakewa, te Report Belmont, te Ture Common, me te Report Menlo.

Whakaahua 6.1: Ko nga ture whakahaere rangahau e ahu i te mau parau tumu i roto i te tahuri e ahu i anga matatika. He tautohe matua o tenei pene ko e kia arotake i kairangahau ratou rangahau i roto i ngā ture-e ngā ka tango ahau rite hoatu a amo kia followed- me te i roto i atu te mau parau tumu matatika whānui. Ko te Ture Common ko te huinga o ngā ture whakahaere i tēnei wā rangahau tino federally-utua i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite (mo ētahi atu pārongo, kite i te Historical Tāpiritanga). haere mai i te mau parau tumu e wha i rua awhi puru-rīpene e kua rapua ki te whakarato i te ārahitanga matatika ki kairangahau: te Belmont Report me te Report Menlo (mo ētahi atu pārongo, kite i te Historical Tāpiritanga). I te pae hopea, consequentialism me deontology he anga matatika e kua whakawhanakehia e te mau philosopho mō rau o nga tau. He ara tere, me te masivesivá ki te wehewehe i te anga e rua ko e arotahi consequentialists runga pito, me te arotahi deontologists runga tikanga.