kōrero atu

Hangaia tēnei wāhanga te ki kia whakamahia ano te tohutoro, nui atu i ki te pānui me te he kōrero.

• Kupu Whakataki (Wāhanga 6.1)

matatika rangahau kua tuku iho hoki ngā kaupapa pērā i tinihanga pūtaiao me te tohatoha o te nama. E kōrerohia ēnei kaupapa i roto i te kōrero nui i roto i Engineering (2009) .

Kei te kaha āhua tenei pene e te āhuatanga i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite. Hoki atu i runga i te tukanga arotake matatika i roto i ētahi atu whenua, kite vahe 6, 7, 8, me te 9 o Desposato (2016b) . Hoki te tautohe e te mau parau tumu matatika biomedical e kua tākiekina tenei pene e rawa American, kite Holm (1995) . Hoki atu arotake hītori o Institutional Poari Arotake i te US, kite Stark (2012) .

Kua hanga te Report Belmont me tikanga muri i roto i te US he rereketanga o te rangahau me te mahi. Kua tēnei puta ke, kua whakahē muri (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . e kore ahau e meinga e tenei puta ke i roto i tenei pene no te whakaaro e ahau te mau parau tumu matatika me anga te tono ki ngā tautuhinga e rua. No te atu i runga i tirotiro rangahau i Facebook, kite Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Hoki te tono mō te tirotiro rangahau i kamupene me NGO, kite Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) me te Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Hoki atu i runga i te take o te pakarutanga Ebola i roto i 2014, kite McDonald (2016) , me te hoki atu e pā ana ki te tūponotanga tūmataiti o raraunga waea pūkoro, kite Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Hoki te tauira o te rangahau e pā ana-raruraru mā te whakamahi i raraunga waea pūkoro, kite Bengtsson et al. (2011) me Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• E toru ngā tauira (Wāhanga 6.2)

Kua tuhituhia nga iwi maha e pā ana ki contagion aronganui. Te buka aamu Rangahau Ethics i oti rawa to ratou take katoa i roto i te Hānuere 2016 te matapaki i te whakamātau; kite Hunter and Evans (2016) mo te tirohanga. Nga Nga mahi o te National he pükenga nö o Pūtaiao whakaputaina e rua nga wahi e pā ana ki te whakamātautau: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) ko Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Ētahi atu mongamonga e pā ana ki te whakamātautau ngā: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) : Selinger and Hartzog (2015) : Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

No te atu i runga i Encore, kite Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• He rerekē Digital (Wāhanga 6.3)

I roto i ngā o te tirotiro papatipu, E whakaratohia ana ngā tirohanga whānui i roto i Mayer-Schönberger (2009) me te Marx (2016) . Hoki te tauira raima o te utu te huri o te tirotiro, Bankston and Soltani (2013) whakatau tata e aroturuki i te parenga taihara te whakamahi i waea pūtau he e pā ana ki te 50 nga wa iti ake te whakamahi i titiro tinana. Bell and Gemmell (2009) whakarato he tirohanga atu anaanatae i runga i kitá tirotiro. I tua atu ki te te taea ki te aru i te whanonga kitea e he tūmatanui ranei wāhanga tūmatanui (hei tauira, Reka, taura, me Time), ka taea e fakautuutu kairangahau ļa mea e whakaaro maha kaiuru ki te kia tūmataiti. Hei tauira, ka whakakitea e Mikara Kosinski me hoa e taea ļa ratou mōhiohio tairongo e pā ana ki te iwi, pērā i hōkakatanga me te whakamahi o ngā matū faatîtîraa i ngali mau raraunga wahi mamati (Facebook pai) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . ai tangi mīharo tenei, engari te huarahi Kosinski me hoa whakamahia-e fakatahai tohu mamati, rangahau, ka mātakitaki i he ako-mau te tahi mea e kua korerotia kua koutou ahau e pā ana ki. A haamana'o na e i roto i te Chapter 3 (aniraa pātai) korerotia e ahau ki a koutou pehea Josh Blumenstock me hoa (2015) ki te raraunga rangahau ngā ki raraunga waea pūkoro whakatau tata rawakore i roto i Rwanda. taea hoki te whakamahi i tēnei taua huarahi tangohia, e taea te whakamahi ki te tōtika ine i rawakore i roto i te whenua te whakawhanake, hoki pea tūmataiti takahi waeua.

Ture maiorooro me tikanga e taea arahi ki te rangahau e kore e faatura i te hiahia o ngā kaiuru, a taea arahi te reira ki "hokohoko ture" e kairangahau (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . I roto i ngā, etahi kairangahau e hiahia ana ki te karo tirotiro IRB whai hoa kahore e nei hipokina e IRBs (hei tauira, te iwi i kamupene NGO ranei) kohikohi me te de-te tāutu raraunga. Na, ka taea e te kairangahau te tātari tenei raraunga de-tāutuhia kahore tirotiro IRB, i te iti rawa kia rite ki te tahi mau kaiwhakaatu o ture o nāianei. puta tenei ahua o te whakataha IRB ki te kia taupatupatu ki te mau parau tumu-e hāngai ana huarahi.

Hoki atu i runga i nga whakaaro maiorooro me heterogeneous e te iwi i pā ana ki ngā raraunga hauora, kite Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Hoki atu i runga i te raruraru e hangaia e heterogeneity mō matatika rangahau whakatau kite Meyer (2013) .

Kotahi rerekētanga i waenganui i tairitenga tau, me te rangahau tau ​​mamati kei e i roto i te tau mamati ngā rangahau ki ngā kaiuru he atu tawhiti. tupu pinepine ēnei taunekeneke i roto i te takawaenga pērā i te kamupene, a reira he tino he nui tinana-a pāpori-tawhiti i waenganui i kairangahau me ngā kaiuru. hanga ana tēnei ngā tawhiti te tahi mau mea e te hunga ngāwari i roto i te rangahau tairitenga tau uaua i roto i te rangahau tau mamati, pērā i tātari i ngā kaiuru e rapu anō tiaki, kimi kaupapa kino, a remediating kino, ki te puta te reira. Hei tauira, kia fakafehoanaki te contagion aronganui ki te whakamātau taiwhanga hypothetical i runga i te kaupapa kotahi. I roto i te whakamātautau taiwhanga, i taea e hipoki kairangahau i te tangata e tae i te taiwhanga whakaatu tohu kitea o te raru aronganui. I tua atu, ki te hanga i te whakamātau taiwhanga he hui kino, kairangahau e kite i te reira, te whakarato ratonga ki te puutea i te kino, a ka hanga whakarerekē ki te kawa whakamātau ki te ārai i raru heke mai. Te āhua tawhiti o ngā taunekeneke i roto i te whakamātautau contagion aronganui tūturu hanga ia o enei kaupae ohie, me te mahara tino uaua. Ano, mana'o ahau e te tawhiti i waenganui i te kairangahau me ngā kaiuru hanga kairangahau iti tairongo ki te āwangawanga o ratou kaiuru.

Ētahi atu puna o tikanga maiorooro me ture. Ētahi o tenei ka ngoikore haere mai i te meka e te tupu tenei rangahau katoa i runga i te ao. Hei tauira, whai wāhi Encore iwi i katoa i runga i te ao, a na reira ai kia te reira ngohengohe ki te tiaki raraunga me ture tūmataiti o maha whenua rerekē. He aha te mea te tikanga whakahaere i tono tukutuku tuatoru-rōpū (te mea i mahi Encore) he rerekē i roto i Germany, te United States, Kenya, ko China? He aha te mea e kore e ara ōrite i roto i te whenua kotahi nga tikanga? He puna tuarua o te taupatupatu mai i mahi tahi i waenganui i ngā kairangahau i ngā whare wānanga, me kamupene; hei tauira, ko aronganui contagion he mahi tahi i waenganui i te pūtaiao raraunga i Facebook me te ākonga orometua me paetahi i Cornell. I Facebook rere ngā nui he mahi me, i taua wa, kihai i rapua e tetahi arotake matatika tuatoru-rōpū. I Cornell Ko tino rerekē nga tikanga me ture; tata me arotakehia e te Cornell IRB ngā katoa. Na, e huinga o tikanga kia faatere aronganui contagion-Facebook o ranei Cornell o?

No te atu i runga i tautooraa ki te whakahou i te Ture Common, kite Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , ko Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• E wha te mau parau tumu (Wāhanga 6.4)

Te huarahi matarohia te mau parau tumu-e hāngai ana ki te matatika biomedical ko Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . whakaaro ratou e kia ārahi wha parau tumu matua matatika biomedical: whakaute hoki Mana Motuhake, Nonmaleficence, atawhai hoki, ko te tika. Te parau tumu o te nonmaleficence raurau tetahi ki mawehe i meinga kino ki te tahi atu iwi. Kei te hohonu tenei ariā hono ki whakaaro Hippocratic o "kei kino." I roto i te matatika rangahau, kei te maha ngā teie parau tumu ki te parau tumu o atawhai hoki, engari kite Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Chapter 5) mo ake i runga i te wehewehe i waenganui i te rua . Hoki te faaino e he rawa American enei mau parau tumu, e kite Holm (1995) . No te atu i runga i whärite ka te pakanga parau tumu, kite Gillon (2015) .

Te mau parau tumu e wha i roto i tenei pene, kua hoki i whakaarohia ki te ārahi tirotiro matatika mō te rangahau tupu i kamupene me NGO (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) i roto i tino i huaina "Consumer Subject Poari Arotake" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Te faatura i te Tangata (Wāhanga 6.4.1)

I tua atu ki mo mana motuhake, whakaae hoki te Report Belmont e kore he ahei o pono whaiaro faaotiraa-katoa tangata. Hei tauira, tamariki, iwi e mate ana i te ma'i, e aore e kore ai te iwi e noho ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te haere noa rawatia whāiti e taea ki te ngāue takitahi rite tino motuhake, me, ko enei iwi, Na raro ki te tiaki anō.

Faaohiparaa i te parau tumu o te faaturaraa mo Tangata i roto i te ao mamati taea e fifi. Hei tauira, i roto i te rangahau tau mamati, ka taea e te mea uaua ki te whakarato i anō malui mo te iwi ki te āheinga iti o te faaotiraa-whaiaro no te mea maha mohio kairangahau iti rawa e pā ana ki o ratou kaiuru. I tua atu, whakaae mōhio i roto i te tau mamati rangahau pāpori ko te wero nui. I roto i ētahi wā, ka taea e whakaae pono mōhio mamae i te lēsoni mārama (Nissenbaum 2011) , i reira ngā mōhiohio me te māramatanga kei roto i te pakanga. Pakeke, ki te whakarato kairangahau mōhiohio tonu e pā ana ki te āhua o te kohinga raraunga, te tātaritanga raraunga, me ngā mahi haumaru raraunga, ka waiho te reira fifi no te ki he maha nga kaiuru maramarama. Otiia, ki te whakarato kairangahau mōhiohio mahuki, kia hapa i te reira mōhiohio hangarau nui. I roto i te rangahau hauora i roto i te tairitenga tonu te tautuhinga pule whakaaro e te Belmont Report-tetahi taea whakaaro he tākuta korero takitahi ki ia kaiuru ki te āwhina i te whakatau i te lēsoni mārama. I roto i te rangahau ipurangi e pā ana mano ranei mirioni o iwi, he taua huarahi kanohi-ki-mata e taea. He raruraru tuarua ki whakaae i roto i te ao mamati ko e i roto i te tahi mau haapiiraa, pērā i te tātari o kaipupuri raraunga nui, e te mea koretake ki te whiwhi whakaaetanga mōhio i ngā kaiuru katoa. aparau ahau enei me era atu pātai e pā ana ki te whakaaetanga mōhio i roto i te kōrero atu i roto i Tekiona 6.6.1. Ahakoa enei uauatanga, Heoi, e ti'a ia tatou mahara e he kore e tika e kore e ranea hei faaturaraa no Persons whakaae mōhio.

No te atu i runga i rangahau hauora i mua i te whakaaetanga mōhio, kite Miller (2014) . Hoki te maimoatanga pukapuka-roa o te whakaaetanga mōhio, kite Manson and O'Neill (2007) . A hi'o atoa i te pānuitanga whakaaro e pā ana ki te whakaaetanga mōhio i raro.

• I atawhai hoki (Wāhanga 6.4.2)

Raru ki horopaki ko te kino e taea rangahau meinga kaua ki te iwi motuhake engari ki tautuhinga pāpori. Tenei ariā Ko te waitara moka, engari ka whakaatu ahau ki te rua tauira: kotahi tairitenga me kotahi mamati.

He tauira matarohia o raru ki horopaki mai i te Ako Wichita Jury [ Vaughan (1967) : Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Ētahi wā ka karanga ano te Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . I roto i tenei kairangahau ako i te University o Chicago, hei wāhanga o te ako nui e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori o te pūnaha ture, tuhia puku ono ngā ngārahutanga i Wichita, Kansas. Nga kaiwhakawa me nga roia i roto i nga take whakaaetia i te recordings, me i reira ko tirotiro tino o te tukanga. Heoi, i mōhio i puta ngā nakonei. Kia kitea te ako, i reira ko poauau tūmatanui. timata te Tari Justice te tūhuratanga o te ako, a ka i huaina nga kairangahau ki te whakaatu i roto i te mua o Congress. I te pae hopea, haere Congress he ture hou e hanga ana e ia te ture ki te tuhi puku tekau te hurihuri.

Te āwangawanga o fakaangá o te Ako Wichita Jury kihai i kino ki kaiuru; Engari, ko reira raru ki te horopaki o te tekau te hurihuri. Ko, whakapono iwi e ki te kahore te mau melo o te tekau i whakapono i ia ratou kōrero i roto i te wāhi haumaru, me te tiaki, e te mea uaua mo ki ngā ngārahutanga puta i roto i te heke mai. I tua atu ki te tekau te hurihuri, i reira e te tahi atu horopaki motuhake pāpori e whakarato ana hapori ki te tiaki anō pērā i te whanaungatanga rōia-kiritaki me te tiaki hinengaro (MacCarthy 2015) .

Te mōrea o raru ki horopaki me te tauwhatinga o ngā pūnaha pāpori hoki mai ki runga i roto i te tahi mau ngā mara i Tōrangapū Science (Desposato 2016b) . Hoki te tauira o te ake calculation utu-painga horopaki-tairongo mō te whakamātau mara i Political Science, kite Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Wāhanga 6.4.3)

Compensation mō ngā kaiuru i kōrerohia kua i roto i te maha o ngā tautuhinga e pā ana ki te rangahau tau ​​mamati. Lanier (2014) whakaarohia te aufauraa i ngā kaiuru mō tohu mamati whakaputa ratou. Bederson and Quinn (2011) e kōrero ana utu i roto i te hokohoko mahi ipurangi. I te pae hopea, Desposato (2016a) opua nei te aufauraa i ngā kaiuru i roto i ngā mara. tohu ia i roto i taua ara, ki te kore e taea te utua tika kaiuru, taea te takoha kia hanga ki te rōpū mahi i runga i mo ratou. Hei tauira, i roto i Encore nga kairangahau taea kua hanga he takoha ki te rōpū mahi ki te tautoko i te uru ki te Ipurangi.

• Whakaute hoki Ture me Interest Public (Wāhanga 6.4.4)

Ngā-o-mahi kia whai whakaaetanga iti taimaha i te kirimana whakaritea i waenganui i ngā rōpū rite me ture hanga e te kāwanatanga tika. Āhuatanga i reira Kua tukinotia e kairangahau whakaaetanga ngā-o-mahi i roto i te mua te tikanga ngā whakamahi pātai aunoa ki te arotake i te whanonga o ngā kamupene (nui rite ngā mara ki te ine i whakahāwea). No te kōrero atu kite Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Hoki te tauira o te rangahau hōhonu e matapaki ana i ngā o te mahi, kite Soeller et al. (2016) . Hoki atu i runga i nga raruraru ture ka taea kairangahau fehangahangai ki te ofati ratou i ngā o te taviniraa kite Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• E rua anga matatika (Wāhanga 6.5)

Oia mau, Kua oti te tuhituhi moni nui e pā ana ki consequentialism me deontology. Hoki te tauira o te pehea enei anga matatika, me etahi atu, e taea te whakamahi ki te korerorero e pā ana ki te rangahau tau ​​mamati, kite Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Hoki te tauira o te pehea e taea te tono i enei anga matatika ki ngā āpure i roto i te whakawhanake economics, kite Baele (2013) .

• Whakaae mōhio (Wāhanga 6.6.1)

No te atu i runga i rangahau tātari o te whakahāweatanga, kite Pager (2007) ko Riach and Rich (2004) . E kore anake e kore enei rangahau e whai whakaaetanga mōhio, whai wāhi hoki ratou tinihanga, kahore te arotake.

E rua Desposato (2016a) ko Humphreys (2015) tuku tohutohu e pā ana ki ngā mara, kahore e whakaae.

Sommers and Miller (2013) arotake maha kupu i roto i te manakohia o kore arotake i ngā kaiuru i muri tinihanga, a ka tohe kia tukuange kairangahau "arotake i raro i te huinga rawa kuiti o huru, ara, i roto i te rangahau mara i roto i nei te arotake, notemea aukati mahi nui engari kairangahau e whai kahore kaitope te arotake ki te taea e ratou. e kore e tukua kairangahau ki te tukuange arotake i roto i te tikanga ki te tiaki i te poka wai kaiuru kuware, i te whakangungu rakau ia ratou i te kaiuru riri, te tiaki i ngā kaiuru i kino ranei. "etahi tautohe e ki te ai te arotake i rahi atu te kino i te pai kia karohia te reira. Te arotake i te mea he take i reira whakaraupapa etahi kairangahau whakaute hoki Persons mo atawhai hoki, me etahi kairangahau mahi i te ritenga atu. e Kia kotahi otinga taea ki te kitea huarahi ki te hanga te arotake i te wheako ako mo nga kaiuru. Ko, nui atu i te whakaaro o te arotake i rite te tahi mea e taea e meinga kino, pea te arotake taea hoki e te tahi mea e painga kaiuru. Hoki te tauira o tenei ahua o te arotake i te mātauranga, kite Jagatic et al. (2007) i runga i te arotake i ngā ākonga i muri i te whakamātau hītinihanga pāpori. Kua whakawhanakehia ngā kaimātai hinengaro ngā tikanga mō te arotake i (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) me etahi o enei kia whaitake tono ki te rangahau tau ​​mamati. Humphreys (2015) tuku whakaaro ngā pā ana ki te whakaaetanga e Pirika, nei tata ki te rautaki arotake i i whakaahuatia e ahau.

Ko te pā ana ki te mea te whakaaro o te tono i te tauira o ngā kaiuru mo ratou whakaae Humphreys (2015) karanga whakaae hīkarotia.

He whakaaro atu kua whakaarohia e pā ana ki te whakaae mōhio ko ki te hanga i te rōpū o te iwi nei whakaae ki te kia i roto i ngā ipurangi (Crawford 2014) . kua tohe ētahi e e riro tenei röpü he tauira kore-matapōkere o te iwi. Ko, Chapter 3 (aniraa pātai) whakaatu e he pea addressable enei raruraru mā te whakamahi i pou-raupapatanga me te tauira ōrite. Ano, ki te whakaae kia i runga i te röpü taea hipokina te momo o ngā. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e kore ai ngā kaiuru hiahia ki te whakaae ki tenei whakamātau takitahi, ka karanga i te ariā whakaae whanui (Sheehan 2011) .

• Māramatanga me te whakahaere mōrearea mōhiohio (Wāhanga 6.6.2)

Tawhiti i ahurei, whakaatu te Netflix paraihe he taonga hangarau nui o huinga e roto ngā mōhiohio āmiki e pā ana ki te iwi, a ko te kupu tuku ngaahi lēsoni mahu'inga e pā ana ki te pea o "anonymization" o huinga pāpori hou. He pea ki te e korekore kōnae ki mongamonga maha o te mōhiohio e pā ana tangata ia, i roto i te tikanga tautuhi ōkawatia i roto i te Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ko, hoki ia record reira he kore pūkete e te taua, a ka i roto i te meka i reira he kore pūkete e tino rite: he tawhiti atu i to ratou hoa tata i roto i te huingararaunga tangata ia. Ka taea e tetahi e whakaaro ai kia korekore nga raraunga Netflix no ki e pā ana ki te 20,000 kiriata i runga i te tauine 5 whetu, i reira e pā ana ki \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) uara taea e taea whai tokotaha ia (6 no te mea i roto i te tua ki tetahi ki 5 whetu , te tangata e kore i ai whakatau te kiriata i katoa). Ko te pera nui tenei tau, he mea uaua ki te ara taa.

e rua pānga matua Sparsity. Tuatahi, te auraa e ngana ana ki te "anonymize" te huingararaunga e hāngai ana i runga i perturbation tupurangi pea ka kore. Ko, ara ki te he Netflix ki te whakarite matapōkeretia etahi o nga whakawākanga (i ta ratou), e kore e tenei e ranea ko tonu no te record perturbed te rekoata tata taea ki te kōrero e te hoariri. Tuarua, te sparsity tikanga e he taea de-anonymization noa ki te matauranga ta'ehaohaoa tōkeke ranei te hoariri. Hei tauira, i roto i nga raraunga Netflix, kia whakaaro a te hoariri e mohio koutou whakawākanga mō te rua kiriata me te rā i hanga e koe te hunga whakawākanga +/- 3 ra; tika he rawaka e mōhiohio anake ki ahurei tāutu i 68% o te iwi i roto i nga raraunga Netflix. Ki te matau ana te hoariri 8 teata e kua tauanga koe +/- 14 ra, na ahakoa e rua o enei whakawākanga mohiotia rawa he, e taea te ahureitia tāutuhia 99% o ngā pūkete i roto i te huingararaunga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, sparsity ko te raruraru taketake mō tautooraa ki "anonymize" raraunga, i te mea meapango no te mea he korekore hou te nuinga o huingararaunga pāpori.

kia puta Waea raraunga hoki ki te kia "ingoamuna" a kahore tairongo, engari e kore e he e te take. He tautuhi, me te tairongo Waea metadata (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

I roto i te Whakaahua 6.6, tuhia ahau i te hokohoko-atu i waenganui i mōrea ki ngā kaiuru me painga ki te rangahau i te tuku raraunga. Hoki te whakarite i waenganui i ngā huarahi whāiti te uru (hei tauira, he kari taiepa) me huarahi raraunga whāiti (hei tauira, etahi ahua o te anonymization) kite Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Hoki te pūnaha tēhea whakaarohia o ngā taumata mōrea o raraunga, kite Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Hei whakamutunga, mo te he aparauraa atu whānui o te tiritiri raraunga, kite Yakowitz (2011) .

Hoki tātaritanga atu āmiki o tenei hokohoko-atu i waenganui i te mōrea me te whaipainga o te raraunga, e kite Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , ko Goroff (2015) . Kia kite i tenei hokohoko-atu tono ki raraunga tūturu i massively tuwhera akoranga ipurangi (MOOCs), kite Daries et al. (2014) me Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Tuku hoki tūmataiti pārōnaki he huarahi kē e taea paheko e rua painga nui ki te hapori me te tūpono iti ki ngā kaiuru, kite Dwork and Roth (2014) ko Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Hoki atu i runga i te ariā o fakatāutaha tautuhi mōhiohio (PII), e ko e uho ki he tokomaha o nga ture e pā ana ki matatika rangahau, kite Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) ko Schwartz and Solove (2011) . No te atu i runga i ngā raraunga katoa te pea tairongo, kite Ohm (2015) .

I roto i tēnei wāhanga, kua tuhituhi ahau i te hononga o huinga rerekē rite te tahi mea e taea e arahi ki te tūpono mōhiohio. Heoi, ka taea e hoki te waihanga i te reira mau rave'a hou mo te rangahau, rite tohe i roto i Currie (2013) .

Hoki atu i runga i nga safes e rima, kite Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Hoki te tauira o te pehea whakaputanga e taea te tāutu, kite Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , e whakaatu ana pēhea te mahere o te mate nuinga e taea te tāutu i. Dwork et al. (2017) whakaaro hoki patua ki raraunga whakahiato, pērā i ngā tatauranga e pā ana ki te tini o te mau taata i te tetahi mate.

• Tūmataitinga (Wāhanga 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) ko te tuhinga ture rohe e pā ana ki tūmataiti, me te nuinga o te tuhinga e pā ana ki te whakaaro i tūmataiti ko te tika ki te kia mahue anake. More tata maimoatanga roa pukapuka o te tūmataiti e e tūtohu ahau ngā Solove (2010) me te Nissenbaum (2010) .

Hoki te arotake o te rangahau hōhonu i runga i pehea te whakaaro iwi e pā ana ki tūmataiti, kite Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Te buka aamu Science whakaputaina he take motuhake parauhia "te Whakamutunga o te Tūmataitinga", e whakatutuki nga take o te tūmataiti me te mōrea mōhiohio i te whānuitanga o ngā tirohanga rerekē; hoki te whakarāpopotonga kite Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) tuku he anga mō te whakaaro e pā ana ki te raru e e haere mai i te maumaui tūmataiti. He tauira wawe o āwangawanga e pā ana ki tūmataiti i roto i te tino timatanga o te ao mamati ko Packard (1964) .

• Making whakatau i raro i te papû ore (Wāhanga 6.6.4)

Kotahi wero ka ngana ana ki te tono i te paerewa mōrea iti ko e kore he reira mārama nei rā te ora ko te ki te whakamahi hoki ngā kaiako (Council 2014) . Hei tauira, i ngā taumata teitei o te hūhi i roto i to ratou oraraa ia rā iwi manene. Otiia, e kore e taua fakahu'unga e ko te reira matatika whakaaetia ki te maka atu iwi manene ki teitei rangahau mōrea. No tenei take, i reira te mea ki te riro i te whakaaro e tipu e kia whakatairitea čnei tūpono iti ki te paerewa taupori whānui, e kore i te paerewa taupori motuhake. I te tikanga e ahau whakaae ki te whakaaro o te paerewa taupori whānui, whakaaro ahau e hoki nui tüäpapa ipurangi pērā i Facebook, he whaitake te paerewa taupori motuhake. Ko, ka whakaaro contagion aronganui, whakaaro ahau e mea tano ki te paearu ki tūpono rā i runga i Facebook. Ko te nui māmā ki te aromātai i te paerewa taupori motuhake i roto i tenei take, me te he pea ki te papā ki te parau tumu o te Ture, e whai ana ki te ārai i te kawenga o te rangahau te oreraa te whana i runga i ngā rōpū rawakore (hei tauira, herehere, me pani).

• Tohutohu Practical (Wāhanga 6.7)

Kua karangatia ano hoki te tahi atu pūkenga mō atu pepa ki te whakauru āpitihanga matatika (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) hoki tuku tohutohu mahi.