ngohe

Key:

• tohu o te uaua: ngāwari , reo , pakeke , Rawa pakeke
• titau pāngarau ( )
• titau Tapa ( )
• kohinga raraunga ( )
• oku makau ( )

1. [ ] I roto i totohe ki te whakamātautau contagion aronganui, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) i tuhituhi:

   "Ahakoa ki te he te reira parau mau i iti nga tūponotanga mō te whakamātautau Facebook me tae noa ki te, i roto i te Wī, kua whakawakia nga hua ki kia whai hua, i reira he ha tefito'i mo'oni mahu'inga i tĭtĭ konei e kia tautoko me. I roto i te ara ano e tahae te tahae noa'tu aha moni e whai wāhi, kia whai tatou katoa he tika e kore e ki te kia whakamātauria e runga, kahore to tatou matauranga me te whakaae, mea katoa te āhua o te rangahau. "

   1. Nei o te anga matatika e rua aparauhia i roto i teie pene-consequentialism ranei deontology-te tenei tautohe tino mārama e pā ana ki?
   2. Na, whakaaro e hiahia koe ki te totohe ki tenei tūranga. Kia pehea te e tautohe koe te take ki te kaipūrongo mo te New York Times?
   3. Kia pehea te, ki te i katoa, e kia rerekē koutou tautohe, ki te i te matapaki koe tenei ki te hoa?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) whakaaro te pātai o mehemea kia whakamahi kairangahau tweets e kua mukua. A tai'oi to ratou pepa ki te ako e pā ana ki te papamuri.

   1. Tātari tenei whakatau i te tirohanga deontological.
   2. Tātari i te whakatau taua tangohia mai i te tirohanga consequentialist.
   3. E e koe kite atu papû i roto i tenei take?

3. [ ] I roto i te tuhinga i runga i te matatika o ngā mara, Humphreys (2015) , e whakaarohia te whakamātautau hypothetical e whai ake nei ki te whakanui i te mau tamataraa matatika o wawaotanga e kua mahi kahore whakaae o ngā rōpū pānga katoa me e pa etahi, ka tauturu ia vetahi ê.

   "Mea atu whakapā he kairangahau e te huinga o te rōpū hapori e hiahia ana ki te feruri i roto i ranei whakatakoto rama tiriti i roto i hawa ka whakaiti i kino tutu. I roto i tenei rangahau te kaupapa ko nga kaimahi kino: rapu whakaaetanga mōhio o nga kaimahi kino e pea haafifi i te rangahau, me te kore pea e riro te reira ahu ahakoa (takahi o te he whakapai tangata); pea ka te kaimahi kino e waha i te utu o te rangahau, kahore aonga (takahi o te tika); a reira ka hei tautohenga e pā ana ki te painga o te rangahau - ki te he te reira whai hua, e kore nga kaimahi kino i roto i ngā e haafaufaa te reira (whakaputa he uaua mō te aromatawai aau maitai). . . . Nga take motuhake i konei e kore e tika a tawhio noa te kaupapa Heoi. Tenei reira e hoki tūponotanga e whiwhi ki ngā kaupapa-kore, ki te hoki tauira utu kino ki nga whakahaere maka ana i te rama i roto i te wahi. pea te whakahaere rawa mōhio o ēnei tūponotanga engari kia pai ki te mau ratou, no te ratou hoatu hetia whakapono i roto i te tūmanako kino-whakaturia o kairangahau i wānanga rawa e e hihiri i roto i ki te wahi te whakaputa ia ratou. "

   1. Tuhia he email ki te whakahaere hapori whakahere koutou aromatawai matatika o te whakamātau rite hoahoa? E te tauturu ia koe ratou mahi i te whakamātautau rite whakaarohia? He aha ngā āhuatanga kia pānga tō whakatau?
   2. Ko reira te tahi mau huringa kia whakapai ake koutou aromatawai o te matatika o tenei hoahoa whakamātautau.

4. [ ] I roto i a te 1970 60 tangata whai wāhi i roto i te whakamātau mara i tangohia e wahi i roto i te kaukau o te tangata i te whare wānanga i roto i te wahi Midwestern o te US (e kore e nga kairangahau ingoa te whare wānanga) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . I hiahia i roto i te aro iwi ki maumaui o ratou wāhi whaiaro, e nga kairangahau Sommer (1969) tautuhia rite te "rohe ki rohe e kitea a tawhio noa te tinana o te tangata ki e kore e tae mai tope." More āta, whiriwhiria nga kairangahau ki te ako pehea te i pānga urination o te tangata i te aroaro o ētahi atu tata. I muri te whakahaere i te ako kitea pono, he whakamātau mara te kairangahau whakahaere. i takoha kaiuru ki te whakamahi i te maui-tino urinal i roto i te kaukau urinal toru (e kore e nga kairangahau whakamārama rite pehea tupu tenei). Next, i whakaritea ngā kaiuru ki tetahi o toru ngā taumata o te tawhiti pāhekoheko. No te tahi tangata e whakamahia ana i te whakatakoto i te tika urinal muri ki a ratou, no te tahi mau tangata whakamahia he whakatakoto i te kotahi wāhi urinal atu i a ratou, a mo etahi tangata tomo kahore whakatakoto te kaukau. whanganga nga kairangahau o ratou taurangi-roa putanga wā me te kaha-i te stationing he kaiāwhina rangahau i roto i te turanga kau wharepaku pātata ki urinal o te kaiuru. Tenei te pehea te kairangahau fakamatala'i te tukanga inenga:

   "I whakaturia tētahi kaimātakitaki i roto i te turanga kau wharepaku tonu pātata ki urinal te kaupapa '. I roto i ngā whakamātautau paerata o enei tukanga ka mārama e kore i taea te whakamahi tohu māna ki te tohu i te tomokanga me te paipa o [urination]. . . . Engari, i whakamahia ngā tohu ataata. whakamahia te kaimātakitaki he poro periscopic kāore i roto i te tāpae o pukapuka e takoto ana i runga i te papa o te turanga kau wharepaku. He 11-inch (28-cm) wāhi i waenganui i te patunga witi, me te taiepa o te turanga kau wharepaku whakaratohia he tirohanga, i roto i te poutiro, o utumu o te kaiwhakamahi raro, a hanga taea kitenga ataata tika o te awa o te mimi. Te kaimātakitaki, Heoi, ko taea ki te kite i te kanohi o te tumu parau. tīmata te kaimātakitaki rua mataaratanga mutu ka marere ake he kaupapa ki te urinal, mutu tetahi ka timata urination, a mutu te tahi atu, i te poroa urination. "

   kitea nga kairangahau e heke tawhiti tinana arata'i ki nui whakaroa o te tīmatanga, me te heke kaha (Figure 6.7).

   1. whakaaro e koe i aha nga kaiuru i tenei whakamātau?
   2. whakaaro e koe e kia te kairangahau kua whakahaere tenei whakamātau?
   3. Eaha te mau tauiraa, te mea tetahi, e tūtohu koe ki te whakapai ake i te toenga matatika?
   

   Whakaahua 6.7: Hua i Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Tangata nei tomo te kaukau i faataahia ki tetahi o tikanga e toru: tawhiti tata (whakanohoia he whakatakoto i roto i te urinal tonu pātata), tawhiti āhua (whakanohoia he whakatakoto i tetahi urinal tangohia), ranei whakamahia kahore whakatakoto he urinal. He kaimātakitaki tu i roto i te turanga kau wharepaku whakamahia he poutiro ritenga-hanga ki te mau me te wa i te roa me te kaha o te urination. e kore e wātea hapa Paerewa a tawhio noa tata.

5. [ ] I roto i te Akuhata 2006, e pā ana ki 10 nga ra i mua ki te he pōtitanga tuatahi, 20,000 iwi e noho ana i roto i te Michigan riro te mēra i whakakitea ratou whanonga pōti me te whanonga pōti o ratou hoa (Figure 6.8). (Rite kōrero i roto i te pene, i roto i te US, kāwanatanga kāwanatanga pupuri pūkete o e pōti i roto i ia pōtitanga me he wātea tenei mōhiohio ki te iwi whānui.) Hua tenei maimoatanga ngā te pānga nui rawa ake kite ake ki taua wāhi hoki te mēra wahi kotahi: nui reira te auau huihuinga i 8.1 ngā ōrau (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Hei hoatu i tēnei i roto i te horopaki, mēra kotahi wahi tino whakaputa i piki o e pā ana ki tetahi ira ōrau (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ko na nui e te operative tōrangapū, ko Hal Malchow patua Donald Green $ 100,000 e kore ki te whakaputa i te hua o te whakamātautau (Īhaka kia e taea e Malchow hanga whakamahi o tenei kōrero ia) te pānga (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Ko, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, ko Christopher Larimer i whakaputa i te pepa i roto i te 2008 i roto i te Political Arotake Science American.

   A, no te āta tirohia e koe i te pūmēra i Whakaahua 6.8 kia kite koutou e kore ingoa nga kairangahau 'e puta i runga i taua mea. Engari, ko te wāhitau hoki he ki te Consulting tōrangapū Practical. I roto i te mihi ki te pepa i te kaituhi whakamārama: "whakawhetai Motuhake haere ki Mark Grebner o Practical Political Consulting, nei hangaia me whakahaere ako te hōtaka mēra konei."

   1. Koa aromatawai te whakamahi o tenei maimoatanga i ngā o te mau parau tumu matatika e wha whakaahuatia i roto i tenei pene.
   2. Eaha te mau tauiraa, te mea tetahi, e tūtohu koe ki tenei whakamātau?
   3. Tuhia he āpitihanga matatika e taea puta ki tenei pepa, i te whakaputaina te reira.
   

   Whakaahua 6.8: Neighbor pūmēra i Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . nui tenei pūmēra auau huihuinga e 8.1 ngā ōrau, te pānga nui rawa i ake kua kitea hoki te pūmēra kotahi-wahi.

6. [ ] Te paturaa i runga i te pātai o mua, i tonoa kotahi enei mailers 20,000 (Figure 6.8), me te pai rite 60,000 atu mailers pea iti tairongo, i reira ko tetahi pepepe i ngā kaiuru. I roto i te meka, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) pūrongo e "kore i taea e ki te tātai i te ka mau nga iwi maha i te raruraru ki te amuamu i te waea Grebner [te kaiwhakahaere o Practical Political Consulting], no te mea i tona tari whakahoki mīhini tonu hohoro kia kaiwaea hou i taea ki te waiho i te karere. "i roto i te meka, tuhia Grebner e taea kua te pepepe me kua noa nui ki te i Whakaitia ratou ake te maimoatanga. Ka mea ia ki a Alan Gerber, tetahi o nga kairangahau, "Alan ki te i pau tatou rima rau mano tāra, ka taupokina te kāwanatanga katoa koutou me ahau e te ora ki a Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. E huri i tenei mōhiohio koutou whakautu ki te pātai o mua?
   2. He aha ngā rautaki mō te pā ana ki te hanga whakatau i roto i te mata o te papû ore e tūtohu koe mo rangahau heke mai e te hunga rite?

7. [ ] I roto i te mahi, puta te nuinga o tautohetohe matatika e pā ana ki te rangahau i te wahi e kore e kairangahau i whakaae mōhio pono i ngā kaiuru (hei tauira, te mātai take e toru i roto i teie pene). Heoi, ka taea e hoki tautohetohe matatika tupu mo rangahau e whai whakaae mōhio pono. Hangaia he ako hypothetical i reira e koe whakaae pono mōhio i ngā kaiuru, engari tonu whakaaro e koe e kia unethical. (Tīwhiri: Ki te aro koe, koutou e taea e tamata te tai'oraa Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Kairangahau maha uaua ki te whakaahua i to ratou whakaaro matatika ki tahi i te tahi, me te ki te iwi whānui. I muri i kitea i te reira i taua Reka, taura, me te Time i anō-tāutuhia, Jason Kauffman, te rangatira o te rōpū rangahau, hanga he torutoru kōrero tūmatanui e pā ana ki te matatika o te kaupapa. A taio i te Zimmer (2010) , me te ka tuhituhi anō kōrero a Kauffman te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu, me anga matatika e kua whakaahuatia i roto i tenei pene.

9. [ ] Banksy Ko tetahi o te kaitoi nāianei tino rongonui i roto i te Basileia United, a he mohio hoki graffiti ara tōrangapū-hāngai (Figure 6.9) ia. Tona tuakiri pū, Heoi, ko te mea ngaro. Banksy he paetukutuku whaiaro kia taea e hanga e ia tona tūmatanui tuakiri, ki te hiahia ia, engari kua whiriwhiria ia e kore e ki. I te tau 2008 whakaputaina te Daily Mail, he niupepa, he tuhinga kī ki te tāutu i te ingoa tūturu o Banksy. Na i roto i te 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo ko Steven C. Le Comber (2016) whakamātau ki te manatoko i tenei kerēme whakamahi Dirichlet tauira ranunga tukanga o te profiling matawhenua. More āta, kohia e ratou nga wāhi matawhenua o graffiti tūmatanui o Banksy i Bristol ko London. Next, na roto i te rapu i roto i tuhinga nūpepa tawhito me ngā pūkete pōti tūmatanui, kitea Hauge me hoa wāhitau mua o te taata ingoa, tana wahine, me tona whutupaoro (arā, poikiri) kapa. o te kaituhi fakanounou te kitenga o ratou pepa e whai ake:

   "Ki te kahore atu 'suspects' nui [sic] ki te tūhura, he uaua ki te hanga tauākī tuturu e pā ana ki te tuakiri o Banksy i runga i te tātari aroaro konei, te tahi atu i te mea i te tihi o nga geoprofiles i roto i rua Bristol me Rānana ngā wāhitau mohiotia ki kia whai pānga ki [redacted ingoa]. "

   E whai ake nei Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , kua whakaritea e ahau ki kore ki ngā te ingoa o te tangata takitahi, ina te matapaki i tēnei ako.

   1. Arotake i tenei ako mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu, me anga matatika i roto i tenei pene.
   2. E kua meatia e koe tenei ako?
   3. Nga kaituhi whakatika tenei ako i roto i te rāpopototanga o te pepa ki te rerenga e whai ake nei: "More whānui, tautoko enei hua whakaaro o mua e taea te whakamahi i te tātari o mahi e pā ana-terrorism iti (hei tauira, graffiti) ki te āwhina i te kimi turanga kaiwhakatuma i mua atu taumaha mahinga puta, a ka whakarato he tauira ātahu o te tono o te tauira ki te matatini, tūturu-ao raruraru. "E huri tenei koutou whakaaro o te pepa? Ki te pena, pehea?
   4. Nga kaituhi ngā te tuhipoka matatika e whai ake nei i te mutunga o to ratou pepa: "E mōhio o, a whakaute o nga kaituhi, te tūmataiti o [te ingoa redacted] me ana teina, me kua kupu whakamahia anake raraunga i roto i te rohe tūmatanui. Kua āta mahue matou wāhitau pau. "E huri tenei koutou whakaaro o te pepa? Ki te pena, pehea? whakaaro e koe te iwi whānui / Häiti tūmataiti hanga tikanga i roto i tenei take?
   

   Whakaahua 6.9: Street toi e Banksy i Cheltenham, Ingarangi. Photo e Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] I roto i te tuhinga ngā Metcalf (2016) hanga te tautohe e "huinga wātea nuitia kei roto raraunga tūmataiti kei roto i te ngā tino ki kairangahau me tino meá ki marau."

    1. He aha e rua tauira raima e tautoko tenei kereme?
    2. I roto i tēnei tuhinga taua hoki kerēme Metcalf e he anachronistic ki te amo i taua "tetahi kino mōhiohio kua oti mahi e te huingararaunga tūmatanui". Homai tetahi tauira o te wahi i taea e te take tenei.

11. [ ] I roto i teie pene whakaarohia e ahau te tikanga o te koromatua e raraunga katoa he pea ake, me he pea tairongo raraunga katoa. Ripanga 6.5 whakarato he rārangi o ngā tauira o te raraunga e kua kore mārama fakatāutaha tāutu ngā mōhiohio engari e taea tonu e te hono ki te iwi motuhake.

    1. Tiki e rua o enei tauira, me te whakamārama me pēhea te whakaeke de-anonymization i roto i rua wā he hanganga rite.
    2. Hoki ia o nga tauira e rua i roto i te wāhanga (i te), whakaahua pehea te raraunga taea whakakitea mōhiohio tairongo e pā ana ki te iwi i roto i te huingararaunga.
    3. Na te tiki i te huingararaunga tuatoru i te tepu. Tuhia he email ki te tangata whakaaro tuku i te reira. Te whakamārama ki a ratou me pehea i taea e tenei raraunga e pea ake, me pea tairongo.

    Ripanga 6.5: Rārangi o tauira o te raraunga pāpori e kore e whai tetahi mōhiohio fakatāutaha tāutu mārama, engari e taea tonu te hono ki te iwi motuhake.

    raraunga	Torokī
    pūkete rīanga hauora	Sweeney (2002)
    raraunga tauwhitinga kāri nama	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix raraunga kiriata whakatauranga	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    karanga Waea meta-raraunga	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    raraunga Rapu rangitaki	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    raraunga taupori, whakahaere, me te pāpori e pā ana ki ngā ākonga	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Tuku koe i roto i hu o te katoa ngā koutou kaiuru me te iwi whānui, e kore noa koutou hoa. Fakatātaa'i tēnei puta ke te i roto i te take o te Hurai Disease Hospital tauraa haehaa (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam ko te rata taiea, me te kairangahau i Sloan-Ketelingí Institute mo Cancer Research me te Ahorangi Tuarua o Medicine i te Cornell University Medical College. I te Hōngongoi 16, 1963, patia Southam me rua hoa pūtau mate pukupuku ora ki te tinana o 22 tūroro debilitated i te Hurai tauraa haehaa Hospital mate i roto i New York. Enei werohanga i wahi o te rangahau o Southam ki mahino te pūnaha ārai mate o te tūroro matepukupuku. I roto i te rangahau o mua, i kitea Southam i kaha ki te whakakahore i ngā pūtau pukupuku patia i roto i te pakeke te 4 ki te 6 wiki tūao hauora, Tena ia ka mau te reira tūroro nei kua i nui roa mate pukupuku. miharo Southam ahakoa ko te whakautu roa i roto i te tūroro mate pukupuku no ratou mate pukupuku no ratou ruhiruhia, ka debilitated kua ranei. Ki te whakatutuki i enei taea, faaoti Southam ki te wero pūtau mate pukupuku ora ki te rōpū o te iwi nei i toulekeleka ka debilitated engari nei kihai i whai mate pukupuku. A, no te kupu a te horapa ako, nā i roto i te wahi i te rīhainatanga o rata e toru nei i ui ki te whai wāhi, i hanga faaauraa ki te ngā Camp takapau Nasí etahi, engari etahi-e hāngai ana i roto i te wahi i runga i haapapûraa e Southam-kitea unproblematic te rangahau. Nāwai, te New York State Poari o Regents arotakengia te take i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau, ki te kia e taea ki te haere tonu ki te mahi rongoā Southam. Tohe Southam i tona korero i mahi ia i roto i hāngai korero o Southam i runga i te maha o ngā kerēme, i tautoko katoa i te taha e rave rahi tohunga rongonui nei whakaatu i runga i mo tona "te whakarerenga iho pai o te mahi haumanu haepapa.": (1) ko tona rangahau o te kaiaka pūtaiao, me te pāpori teitei; (2) i reira nga kahore tūponotanga appreciable ki ngā kaiuru; he kerēme e hāngai ana i roto i te wahi o te 10 tau o Southam o wheako mua ki marau neke atu i te 600; (3) te taumata o te whakaaturanga kia whakaritea rite ki te taumata o te mōrea fai e te kairangahau; (4) ko te rangahau i roto i te rite ki te paerewa o te mahi hauora i taua wa. I te pae hopea, i kitea te poari o te Regent Southam hara o te tinihanga, tinihanga, me te whakahaere kāhore, ka iri tona raihana hauora mō te tau kotahi. Otiia, tika he tau torutoru i muri mai, i pōtitia Chester M. Southam peresideni o te American Association o Cancer Kairangahau.

    1. Arotake i ako a Southam te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu e wha i roto i tenei pene.
    2. puta te reira e ka mau Southam te tirohanga o ona hoa, me te tika tūmanako pehea ratou ai tali ki tana mahi; i roto i te meka, he tokomaha o ratou whakaatu mo tona. Ko, i taea ranei e pai ki te mārama me pēhea te ai hei tona rangahau te whakararuraru ki te iwi whānui ia. He aha te tūranga e koe whakaaro whakaaro-e tūmatanui taea e motuhake i nga whakaaro o ngā kaiuru-kia whai i roto i te matatika rangahau? He aha e tupu ki te rerekē whakaaro rongonui, me te whakaaro hoa?

13. [ ] I roto i te pepa ui "Crowdseeding i Eastern Congo: Mā te Waea Cell ki Kohikohi Papā Events Raraunga i Time Real", Van der Windt me Humphreys (2016) whakaahua i te pūnaha kohinga raraunga tohaina (kite Chapter 5) e hanga e ratou i roto i Eastern Congo. Te whakaahua pehea ta nga kairangahau ki te papû ore e pā ana ki raru e taea ki ngā kaiuru.

14. [ ] I roto i te Oketopa 2014, ka tonoa e toru kaipūtaiao tōrangapū mailers ki 102,780 ngā kaipōti rēhita i roto i Montana hei wāhanga o te whakamātau ki te ine i ranei he pea atu ki te pōti ngā kaipōti e hoatu ētahi atu mōhiohio. Nga mailers-i i tapanga 2014 Montana General Election kaipōti Information Guide-whakanohoia kaitono Montana Supreme Court Justice, i te mea he pōtitanga kore-köarotia, i runga i te tauine i ohaoha ki momo, i ngā Barack Obama, me te Mitt Romney rite whakatairite. ngā ano te pūmēra he uri o te Hīra nui o te State o Montana (Figure 6.10).

    hanga nga mailers amuamu i ngā kaipōti Montana, a meinga ana e ratou Linda McCulloch, Hekeretari o State o Montana, ki te kōnae i te whakapae ōkawa ki te kāwanatanga kāwanatanga Montana. Nga whare wänanga i mahi nga kairangahau-Dartmouth me Stanford-tonoa he reta ki te katoa i i riro te pūmēra kole fakamolemole mo tetahi whakama pūmanawa, me te hanga mārama e kore i te pūmēra "pānga ki tetahi rōpū tōrangapū, kaitono whakahaere ranei, a kihai i whakaaro ki mana tetahi iwi. "haamaramarama te pukapuka ano hoki e te rangatira" i okioki ki ngā mōhiohio tūmatanui e pā ana ki te hunga i takoha ki ia o nga pakanga. "(Figure 6.11)

    I roto i te Mei 2015, te Komihana o Tōrangapū ngā o te State o Montana, Honatana Motl, whakaritea e takahi ture Montana nga kairangahau: "Te Komihana whakatau i reira e rawaka meka ki te whakaatu i takahi Montana mahi pakanga Stanford, Dartmouth ona kairangahau me / ranei ture tono rēhita, pūrongo, me te whākinga o fakamolé motuhake. "(E rahi iteraa i Tau 3 i roto i Motl (2015) ). Tūtohutia hoki te Komihana e te Kaute Attorney tirotiro ranei te whakamahi o te whakamahi kāore o te Hīra nui o Montana whakaiti ture kāwanatanga Montana (Motl 2015) .

    rite Stanford ko Dartmouth ki tikanga o Motl. He māngai Stanford ingoa ka mea a Lisa Lapin "Stanford ... e kore e whakapono i takahia tetahi ture pōtitanga" me e te mēra "kihai i tetahi tautoko i roto i te tautoko i ātete i tetahi kaitono ranei." Faaite ia i roto i taua āta kī te pūmēra e reira "he nonpartisan me e kore e tautoko i tetahi kaitono, rōpū ranei. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Arotake i tenei ako mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu e wha me anga e rua whakaahuatia i roto i tenei pene.
    2. Kī i tonoa nga mailers ki te tauira matapōkere o ngā kaipōti (engari atu i runga i taua i te taime i roto i), i raro i te mea ai tikanga kua puta ke tenei mēra te putanga o te pōtitanga Hupirimi Kooti Justice?
    3. I roto i te meka, kihai i tonoa te mailers ki te tauira matapōkere o ngā kaipōti. E ai ki te pūrongo e Jeremy Johnson (he pūtaiao tōrangapū e āwhina i roto i te tūhuratanga), mailers "i tonoa ki 64.265 kaipōti i tāutuhia rite ohaoha pea ki te centrist taupuhipuhi i roto i waho te okioki ana Democratic me 39.515 kaipōti tāutuhia rite momo ki te centrist i Republican taupuhipuhi waho. whakatikaia nga kairangahau i te rerekëtanga i waenganui i ngā tau Democratic me Republican i runga i whenua e tia'ihia ratou huihuinga ki te kia tino raro i roto i ngā kaipōti Democratic. "E huri tenei koutou aromatawai o te hoahoa rangahau? Ki te pena, pehea?
    4. I roto i te whakautu ki te tūhuratanga, ka mea nga kairangahau i tangohia e ratou i tenei pōtitanga i roto i te wahi no te "i tata whakataetae kore iwi fakaefakamaau i roto i te tuatahi. I runga i te tātaritanga o te hua pōtitanga tuatahi 2014 i roto i te horopaki o pōtitanga ture Montana mua, whakaritea nga kairangahau e kore e te ako rangahau rite hangaia huri te putanga o rānei whakataetae. " (Motl 2015) E huri tenei koutou aromatawai o te rangahau ? Ki te pena, pehea?
    5. I roto i te meka, ka tahuri te pōtitanga i roto i ki te kia kaua e tino tata (Ripanga 6.6). E huri i tenei koutou aromatawai o te rangahau? Ki te pena, pehea?
    6. Huri i te reira i roto i i tukuna he ako ki Dartmouth IRB i tetahi o nga kairangahau, engari rerekē te reira nui i te ako Montana tūturu. e kore te pūmēra whakamahia i roto i Montana i tukuna ki te IRB. e kore te ako i tukuna ki te Stanford IRB. E huri i tenei koutou aromatawai o te rangahau? Ki te pena, pehea?
    7. Reira i tahuri hoki ki waho i tonoa nga kairangahau rauemi pōtitanga rite ki 143.000 kaipōti i California, a 66,000 i New Hampshire. Pera i te matara e matau ana ahau ki, i reira nga kahore amuamu ōkawa pōreareatanga e enei āhua 200,000 mailers atu. E huri i tenei koutou aromatawai o te rangahau? Ki te pena, pehea?
    8. He aha, ki te ki tetahi mea, e kua mahi koe rerekē, ki te i koe te tino feia imi? Kia pehea te e kua hangaia e koe te ako, ki te he hiahia i roto i te tūhura ranei faarahi mōhiohio atu kaipōti huihuinga i roto i te iwi nonpartisan koe?

    Ripanga 6.6: Hua i te 2014 Montana Hupirimi Kooti Justice pōtitanga. Source: Whārangitukutuku o Montana Hekeretari o State .

    ngā kaitono	pōti riro	Te ōrau
    Hupirimi Kooti Justice # 1
    W. Rawiri Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Hupirimi Kooti Justice # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike Witi	195.303	59,06%

    

    Feruri 6.10: Kaimēra tonoa e pūtaiao tōrangapū e toru ki te 102.780 kaipōti rēhita i roto i Montana hei wāhanga o te whakamātau ki te ine i ranei he pea atu ki te pōti ngā kaipōti e hoatu ētahi atu mōhiohio. Te rahi o te tauira i roto i tenei whakamātau ko te pakeke te 15% o ngā kaipōti āhei i roto i te āhua.

    

    Feruri 6.11: Whakapāha reta i tonoa ki te kaipōti rēhita 102.780 i Montana nei i riro i te pūmēra i Whakaahua 6.10. I tonoa mai te pukapuka i te Peresideni o Dartmouth ko Stanford, nga whare wānanga i mahi nga kairangahau e tonoa te pūmēra.

15. [ ] I te Mei 8, 2016, e rua kairangahau-Emil Kirkegaard ko Huriu mōhiohio Bjerrekaer-waruhia i te pae teití ipurangi OkCupid me nuitia tukua he huingararaunga o e pā ana ki 70,000 kaiwhakamahi, tae atu ki ngā taurangi o ingoa kaiwhakamahi, pakeke, te ira tangata, wāhi, whakaaro e pā ana-karakia, whakaaro e pā ana-kōkōrangi, ngā ngākau nuitanga teití, maha o whakaahua, me ētahi atu, me te whakautu i homai ki te runga 2600 ngā pātai i runga i te pae. I roto i te pepa tauira tahi nga raraunga tukua, kī te kaituhi e "kia whakahe etahi ki nga matatika o kohikohi me te tuku i tēnei raraunga. Heoi, nga raraunga katoa kitea i roto i te huingararaunga e ranei i kua wātea nuitia, na tuku tenei huingararaunga whakaatu ana noa te reira i roto i te puka ake whai hua. "

    I roto i te whakautu ki te tuku raraunga, ka ui tetahi o nga kaituhi i runga i Twitter: "Kei te ana tēnei huinga raraunga tino anō-tautuhi. Ahakoa ngā kaiwhakamahi? Ko tetahi mahi mahi i katoa ki te anonymize te reira? ". Tona pahonoraa ko "No. Ko Raraunga kua tūmatanui ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Arotake i tenei tuku raraunga mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu, me anga matatika kōrero i roto i tenei pene.
    2. E whakamahi koe i tenei raraunga mo koutou ake rangahau?
    3. He aha te mea waruhia koe i te reira koe?

16. [ ] I roto i te tau 2010 i hoatu te kaitātari ite ki te Army US 250,000 taura takawaenga whakarōpūtia ki te whakahaere WikiLeaks, a i ​​muri ratou whakairi ipurangi. Gill and Spirling (2015) tautohe e "te whakaaturanga WikiLeaks pea tohu te kīkī o te raraunga e kia patapata ai ki whakamatautau ariā mohio i roto i te whanaunga ao ", a ka tauanga tohu te tauira o ngā tuhinga patai. Hei tauira, te kaituhi tata e tohu ratou e pā ana ki 5% o taura takawaenga katoa i taua wā wa, engari e rerekē tenei rahi i karere ki te karere (kite Figure 1 o ratou pepa).

    1. A tai'oi te pepa, a ka tuhituhi he tāpiritanga matatika ki reira.
    2. kihai i nga kaituhi tātari te ihirangi o tetahi o nga tuhinga patai. He reira tetahi kaupapa mā te whakamahi i enei taura e e whakahaere koe? He reira tetahi kaupapa mā te whakamahi i enei taura e kore koutou e whakahaere?

17. [ ] I roto i te tikanga ki te ako pehea kamupene tali ki amuamu, tonoa he kairangahau pukapuka amuamu rūpahu ki 240 wharekai nui-mutunga i roto i New York City. Tenei te he whiti i te pukapuka rūpahu.

    "Tuhituhia atu e ahau i tenei pukapuka ki a koutou no te mea ahau pouri e pā ana ki te wheako tata i ahau i to koutou wharekai ahau. E kore e roa i mua, whakanuia toku wahine, me ahau tatou tau tuatahi. ... Ka ia riri te ahiahi ka timata nga tohu ki te puta e pā ana ki e wha haora i muri i te kai. whakapairuaki Toronga, ruaki, korere, me cramps puku tohu katoa ki tetahi mea: paihana kai. hanga ana e ia ki ahau riri whakaaro tika e ka heke to tatou ahiahi whaiāipo motuhake ki toku wahine e matakitaki ana i ahau te riporipo ake i roto i te tūranga fetal i runga i te papa Tapā o to tatou kaukau i roto i waenganui i rauna o whiua ake. ... Ahakoa reira te kore toku whakaaro ki te kōnae i tetahi pūrongo ki te pai Business Bureau te Tari o Health ranei, e hiahia ana ahau ki a koutou, [ingoa o te restaurateur], ki te matau te mea i haere ahau i roto i roto i te anaanatae e ka pahono koe i runga ".

    1. Te arotake i tenei ako mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu, me anga matatika whakaahuatia i roto i tenei pene. Homai tou aromatawai, koe e mahi i te ako?
    2. Tenei te pehea tali nga wharekai nei riro i te rata: "Ko te hepohepo tunu rite rangatira, kaiwhakahaere me kaitao rapu i roto i rorohiko mo [ingoa redacted] rahuitia kāri nama ranei pūkete, ngā tahua arotakengia me te whakaputa i deliveries mō te kai pea pahuatia, a ui kaimahi kīhini e pā ana ki mōnehu taea, kipaina katoa i ta raua te whare wānanga, me te orometua i teie nei tuku ko te ako kura pakihi i te reinga. " (Kifner 2001) e huri tenei mōhiohio pehea aromatawai koe te ako?
    3. Pera i te matara e matau ahau, kihai i tenei ako arotakengia e te IRB tetahi atu tuatoru-rōpū ranei. E taua tauiraa pehea aromatawai koe te ako? He aha ranei te aha e kore?

18. [ ] Paturaa i runga i tenei pātai mua, e hiahia ana ahau ki a koutou whakarite i tenei ako ki te ako tino rerekē e whai wāhi hoki wharekai. I roto i tenei te tahi atu ako, Neumark me hoa (1996) ka tonoa e rua tane me ngā ākonga kāreti wahine tokorua ki faahou fabricated ki te tono mō te mahi rite kaimahi me waitresses i 65 wharekai i Philadelphia, i roto i te tikanga ki te tirotiro whakahāweatanga sex i roto i te wharekai utu. Nga tono 130 arahina ki 54 ngā uiuinga, me te 39 e horo'a nei mahi. kitea te ako tauanga nui taunakitanga o te whakahāweatanga sex ki nga wahine i roto i te wharekai nui-utu.

    1. Tuhia he āpitihanga matatika mō te ako.
    2. whakaaro mahi koutou he matatika rerekē i te tetahi whakaahuatia i roto i te pātai o mua tenei ako. Ki te pena, pehea?

19. [ ] Ētahi wa a tawhio noa 2010, 6.548 ahorangi i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite riro īmēra rite ki tenei tangata.

    "Here Professor Salganik,

    Ka tuhituhi atu ahau ki a koutou no te mea ko ahau te Ph.D. teuteu ākonga ki nui anaanatae i roto i to koutou rangahau. Taku mahere ko ki te tono ki Ph.D. hōtaka tenei hinga haere mai ana, a ka ngakau nui ana ahau ki te ako rite nui rite taea ahau e pā ana ki ngā whai wāhitanga rangahau i roto i te wā e ahau.

    ka waiho e ahau ki te whare wānanga i tenei ra, a ahakoa e mohio ana ahau kei te pānui poto, i miharo ahau i te reira, ki te kia whai koe 10 meneti ina e waiho koutou pai ki te whakatau i ki ahau ki te kōrero poto e pā ana ki to koutou mahi, me tetahi wāhitanga taea ki ahau mo te tiki whai wāhi i roto i koutou rangahau. Tetahi wa e pai kia watea hoki e koe pai ki ahau, rite te whakaminenga ki a koutou ko toku matua tuatahi i roto i tenei wānanga tere.

    Mauruuru koe i roto i te mua mo te whakaaro koutou.

    Faka'apa'apa atu, Carlos Lopez "

    Enei īmēra i wahi o te whakamātau parae ki te ine i ranei i pea atu ki te whakautu ki te īmēra i runga i te 1) te wa-anga rānei ahorangi (i tenei ra vs wiki i muri) me te 2) te ingoa o te kaituku i rerekē ki te tohu te matawaka, me te ira tangata (hei tauira, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, etc). kitea nga kairangahau e, no te nga tono ki te whakatau i roto i te 1 wiki, i homai tane Caucasian uru ki te mau melo o te manga e pā ana ki te 25% maha atu atu he wahine, me iti. Otira, no te tonoa nga ākonga rūpahu hui i tino e taua ra whakakorea enei tauira (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Arotake i tenei whakamātau rite ki te mau parau tumu, me anga i roto i tenei pene.
    2. I muri ko te rangatira o te ako, ka tonoa nga kairangahau te īmēra arotake i whai ake ki ngā kaiuru katoa.

    "Aita i maoro a'e, riro koe i te īmēra i te ākonga tono mō te 10 meneti o koutou wa ki te whakawhiti kōrero koutou Ph.D. hōtaka (puta te tinana o te īmēra raro). Kei te īmēra matou ki a koutou i tenei ra ki te tōia koutou i runga i te whakaaro tūturu o taua īmēra, rite ko reira wahi o te ako rangahau. Te ti'aturi pono tatou kihai i meinga e koe to matou ako i tetahi tauwhatinga me tatarahapa tatou ki te i whakarerenga i katoa koutou. To tatou e tumanako ai ko e ka whakarato tenei pukapuka he whakamārama rawaka o te whakaaro me te hoahoa o to tatou ako ki te hiki i tetahi āwangawanga kia whai koe e pā ana ki to koutou whai wāhi. e hiahia ana matou ki te whakawhetai ki a koe mo tou wa, me te mo te tai'oraa atu ki te he hiahia i roto i te matauranga aha riro koe i tenei karere koutou. Te ti'aturi nei matou e kite koe i te uara o te matauranga te opua nei matou whakaputa ki tenei ako nui mātauranga. "

    I muri whakamārama i te whakaaro, me te hoahoa o te ako, ake tuhia ratou e:

    "Kau he wātea nga hua o to matou rangahau, ka tuku matou ratou i runga i to tatou paetukutuku. Koa okioki papu e ake ka korerotia kore raraunga tautuhi i tenei ako, a ka whakarite to matou i waenganui i raro hoahoa e ka noa e taea ki te tāutu i ngā tauira īmēra aronga i roto i te whakahiato tatou - e kore i te taumata takitahi. No takitahi whare wānanga ranei ka tautuhi i tetahi o te rangahau raraunga ranei whakaputa tatou. O te akoranga, e kore he whai kiko tetahi kotahi whakautu īmēra takitahi rite reira he take maha aha ai farii i te mema manga takitahi peka ke i te tono hui ranei. kua oti de-tāutuhia raraunga katoa ka kua kua nga whakautu īmēra tautuhi kua mukua i to tatou pātengi me tūmau e hāngai ana. I tua atu, i roto i te wa, i te tautuhi i te raraunga, i tiakina ki te kupuhipa kaha, me te haumaru. A ko nga wa katoa rite te take, no te rangahau mātauranga whakahaere e whai wāhi mai kaupapa tangata, to tatou tikanga rangahau i whakaaetia e Institutional Poari tatou whare wānanga 'Arotake (te Columbia University Morningside IRB me te University o Pennsylvania IRB).

    Ki te whai koe i tetahi pātai e pā ana ki o koutou tika ano he kaupapa rangahau, kia whakapā atu koe i te Poari Morningside Institutional Arotake Columbia University i 212-851-7040 i te īmēra ranei i askirb@columbia.edu me / Poari ranei te University o Pennsylvania Institutional Arotake i 215 -898-2614.

    Mauruuru ano koe mo tou wa me te māramatanga o te mahi tatou e mahi. "

    3. He aha e nga tautohetohe mō te arotake i roto i tenei take? He aha e nga tautohetohe ki? whakaaro e koe e kia te kairangahau kua debriefed nga whai wāhi i roto i tenei take?
    4. I roto i te rauemi ipurangi tautoko, te kairangahau i te konga'oku ui ko "Kaupapa Human malu'i." Tena, korerotia tenei wāhanga. He reira tetahi mea e e tāpiri koe te tango ranei.
    5. He aha ko te utu o tenei whakamātau ki te kairangahau? He aha ko te utu o tenei whakamātau ki kaiuru? Andrew Gelman (2010) kua tohe e whai wāhi i roto i tenei ako taea kua utua hoki ratou wa i muri ko te rangatira o nga ngā. E whakaae ana koe? Whakamātauria ki te hanga tou tautohe mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu, me anga matatika i roto i te pene.