6.6.4 whakatau Making i te mata o te papû ore

Kore e papû ore arahi ki te ngoikore.

Te wāhi tuawha, me te whakamutunga wahi titau ahau kairangahau ki te uaua kei te hanga whakatau i roto i te mata o te papû ore. Ko, i muri i te philosophizing katoa me whärite, matatika rangahau ngā hanga whakatau e pā ana ki te mea ki te mahi i a te mea e kore e ki te mahi i. Kia aroha mai, maha me hanga enei whakatau e hāngai ana i runga i ngā mōhiohio pahara. Hei tauira, ka hoahoa Encore, kia hiahia kairangahau ki te mohio te tūponotanga e ka meinga te reira tangata ki te pa i te pirihimana. Ranei, ka hoahoa aronganui kairangahau contagion hiahia ai ki te mohio ki te tūponotanga e taea tīmata te reira whārua i roto i te tahi mau piahi. Ko ēnei tūponotanga pea tino iti, engari e mohiotia e ratou i te aroaro o te rangahau e wahi. A, no te mea aroturuki nuitia kore kaupapa ngā mōhiohio e pā ngā kino, e kore te tikanga e mohiotia enei tūponotanga ara i muri oti nga kaupapa i.

e kore e ahurei ki te rangahau pāpori i roto i te ao mamati papû ore. Te Report Belmont, ka whakaahua i te aromatawai pūnahanaha o ngā tūponotanga me painga, āta whakaae enei ka uaua ki te ine rite. Teie mau feaaraa, Heoi, he nui ake nui i roto i te ao mamati, i roto i te wahi no te to tatou iti wheako, me i roto i te wahi mo o te āhuatanga o te ao mamati rangahau pāpori.

Homai teie mau feaaraa titiro te tahi mau iwi ki te taunaki mō te tahi mea rite "pai haumaru atu pouri," i te mea he putanga kīwaha o te whakatūpato Mätäpono. Ahakoa puta tenei huarahi whaitake-pea ara whakaaro nui-te reira e nehenehe e meinga mau kino; Kei te ri'ari'ai te reira ki rangahau; a faatupu te reira whakaaro iwi i roto i te ara he (Sunstein 2005) . I roto i te tikanga ki te matau i te raruraru ki te whakatūpato Tefito'i, kia whakaaro te contagion aronganui. I whakaritea te whakamātau ki te ngā pā ana ki 700,000 iwi, a ki reira ko tino etahi tupono e te iwi i roto i te whakamātautau e tukua kino. Otiia, i reira ko ano etahi tupono te whakamātautau taea tukua matauranga e pai kia maitai ki Facebook kaiwhakamahi me ki te hapori. Ko te kupu, i te tuku i te whakamātau ko te mōrea (rite kua e oia mau kōrero), ārai i te whakamātau he hoki he mōrea no taea te whakamātautau i hua faufaa matauranga. O te akoranga, e kore ko te pai rawa i waenganui i te mahi i te whakamātautau rite puta te reira, a e kore e mahi i te whakamātau; i reira e maha nga whakarerekētanga taea ki te hoahoa i ai kua kawea ana ki te pauna matatika rerekē. Heoi, i te tahi mau wāhi, ka whai i te kōwhiringa i waenganui i te mahi i te ako, me te kore e mahi i te ako kairangahau, a reira he tūponotanga i roto i rua mahi, me te otirā. Ko reira tika ki te arotahi anake i runga i te tūponotanga o te mahi. Tino noa, kahore he huarahi mōrearea-free.

Te neke tua atu i te whakatūpato Tefito'i, ki te kotahi te ara nui whakaaro e pā ana te hanga whakatau i homai papû ore te te paerewa mōrearea iti. Nga ngana iti noa paerewa mōrea ki e tu'unga te mōrea o te ako ngā ki te tūponotanga e ngā kaiuru te kawe i roto i to ratou oraraa ia rā, pērā i te tākaro hākinakina, me te pei waka (Wendler et al. 2005) . He tino no te aromatawai ranei te tahi mea he he māmā atu te aromatawai i te taumata tūturu o te mōrea mōrea iti tenei huarahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te contagion aronganui, i mua tīmata te rangahau, te kairangahau taea kua whakaritea te ihirangi aronganui i runga ka puta noa Whāngai News ki te ihirangi aronganui e ngā kaiuru e kite i roto i te whakamātautau (Meyer 2015) . Ki te he rite ki te hunga e fakanatula puta i runga i Facebook te Whāngai News i raro i te maimoatanga, ka nga kairangahau taea faaoti e te whakamātautau he tūpono iti. A, i taea e hanga e ratou i tenei whakatau noa, ki te kahore ratou e mohio ki te taumata tino o te mōrea. taea te tono i te taua huarahi ki Encore. I te tīmatanga, nā Encore tono ki tukutuku e i mohiotia ki te kia tairongo, pērā i paetukutuku o ngā rōpū tōrangapū rāhuitia i roto i nga whenua ki te kāwanatanga repressive. Ka rite ki taua, kihai i reira mōrearea iti mō ngā kaiuru i roto i etahi whenua. Heoi, te putanga hou o Encore-e anake rongo tono ki Twitter, Facebook, me iti tono YouTube-he no te mea kei te rongo tono ki aua pae i roto i tirotiro tukutuku noa (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .

He whakaaro nui tuarua ko ka hanga whakatau e pā ana ki te rangahau ki te mōrea unknown he tātari mana, e taea kairangahau ki te tātai i te rahi e tika ana mo to ratou ako (Cohen 1988) . Ko, ki te ai maka atu koutou ako kaiuru ki te aituä-ara mōrearea-ka iti te parau tumu o atawhai hoki fokotuu mai e hiahia ana koe ki te tangohia i te nui iti o te mōrea e hiahiatia ana ki te whakatutuki i tō whāinga rangahau. (A feruri hoki ki te parau tumu Whakaititia i kōrero ahau i roto i te Chapter 4.) Ahakoa etahi kairangahau i te pokenga ki te hanga o ratou akoranga rite nui rite taea, matatika rangahau kōrero kia hanga tatou i to tatou haapiiraa rite iti rite taea. Ko te kupu, ara, ki te kahore koutou e mohio ki te taumata tangohia o mōrearea koutou ako ngā, ka taea e te tātaritanga mana e tauturu ia te whakarite ia koe e he reira rite iti ka taea. e kore he tātari Power hou, o te akoranga, engari i reira he he rerekētanga nui i waenganui i te ara i whakamahia te reira i roto i te tairitenga tau me pehea kia whakamahia te reira i teie mahana. I roto i te tairitenga tau, tikanga i kairangahau tātari mana ki te kia e kore i iti rawa ratou ako (arā, i raro i-Powered). Na, Heoi, kia mahi kairangahau tātari mana ki te kia e kore he nui rawa to ratou ako (arā, i runga i-Powered). Ki te mahi koe i te tātari mana, me te puta o koutou ako ki te rapu utu i te maha nui o te iwi, ka kia kia ai he tohu e te pānga e ako koe he iti. Ki te pera, kia ui koe ranei te mea feunga nui tenei pānga iti ki te tangohia i te maha nui o te iwi ki mōrea o te rahi unknown. I roto i te āhuatanga maha Ko pea te whakahoki kahore (Prentice and Miller 1992) .

Te iti noa paerewa mōrea me tātari te mana te tauturu whakaaroaro koutou e pā ana ki a hoahoa rangahau, engari e kore ratou e whakarato koe tetahi mōhiohio hou e pā ana ki te pehea ai ongo'i kaiuru e pā ana ki to koutou ako me te mea ngá ratou kia ite i whai wāhi i roto i to koutou ako. Ko tētahi atu huarahi ki te mahi ki te papû ore he ki te kohikohi mōhiohio atu, e tika ana ki te rangahau matatika-whakautu a tū mau tamataraa.

I roto i te rangahau matatika-whakautu, tapaea kairangahau he whakamārama poto o te kaupapa rangahau marohi a ka ui rua pātai:

• (Q1) "Ki te tangata nona koe e pā ana ki i te whai wāhi kaitono mo tenei whakamātau, e hiahia ana koe e tangata ki te kia whakaurua ano he wāhi?": [Ae], [i ahau kahore manakohanga], [No]
• (Q2) "E whakapono ana koe e kia whakaaetia nga kairangahau ki te puta ki tenei whakamātau?": [Ae], [Ae, engari ki te tūpato], [e kore au e mōhio ahau], [No]

I muri mai i ia pātai, E whakaratohia ana ngā te wāhi i roto i nei ratou e nehenehe e whakamārama ratou whakahoki. I te pae hopea, ngā-ko wai i taea e ngā kaiuru pea iwi ranei haina i te hokohoko mahi moroiti-mahi (hei tauira, Amazon Mechanical Turk) -answer tahi mau uiraa taupori taketake (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .

rangahau matatika-whakautu i rua ngā āhuatanga e kitea e ahau i tino ataahua. Tuatahi, tupu ratou i te aroaro o kua he ako i whakahaere, a reira e taea te ārai raruraru i mua i te tīmatanga rangahau (rite te ātete ki ngā huarahi e aroturuki hoki tauhohe kino). Tuarua, rangahau matatika-whakautu taea kairangahau ki te tū putanga maha o te kaupapa rangahau i roto i te tikanga ki te aromatawai i te toenga matatika mohio o putanga rerekē o te kaupapa kotahi. Kotahi fakangatangata, Heoi, o rangahau matatika-whakautu ko e kore he reira mārama pehea ki te whakatau i waenganui i whakaaro rangahau rerekē homai nga hua rangahau. I roto i te wā o te papû ore tino tenei ahua o te mōhiohio ai tauturu i te whakatau aratohu kairangahau '; i roto i te meka, Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) pūrongo te faaru'eraa i te ako whakaritea i roto i te whakautu ki ngā āwangawanga i whakaarahia e ngā kaiuru i roto i te rangahau matatika-whakautu.

Ahakoa e taea e rangahau matatika-urupare āwhina mō te aromatawai i ngā tauhohe ki rangahau whakaarohia, e kore e taea e ratou te ine i te tūponotanga pakeke ranei o ngā aituä. Ko e founga e mahi kairangahau hauora ki te papû ore i roto i ngā tautuhinga tiketike-mōrea tū te mau tamataraa, te huarahi e ai kia āwhina i roto i te tahi mau rangahau pāpori.

A, no te whakamatautau i te whai huatanga o te tarukino hou, e kore e peke tonu kairangahau ki te tamataraa haumanu randomized nui. Engari, rere ratou e rua ngā momo o rangahau tuatahi. I te tīmatanga, i roto i te tamataraa Wāhanga ahau, e tino arotahi kairangahau i runga i te kimi i te horopeta haumaru, me whai wāhi enei rangahau he maha iti o te iwi. Kia kitea he horopeta haumaru te, Wāhanga II tamataraa aromatawai te miramira o te raau taero, te reira kaha ki te mahi i roto i te āhuatanga pai-take (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Anake i muri Wāhanga ahau me II rangahau ko te tarukino hou tukua ki te kia aromatawaitia i roto i te tamataraa rahi randomized te mana. Ahakoa kore ai te hanganga tangohia o tamataraa tū whakamahia i roto i te whanaketanga o te raau taero hou he pai pai mo te rangahau pāpori, ka fehangahangai ki te papû ore, kairangahau taea rere rangahau iti āta hangaia ki te aromatawai i te haumaru me te tapiri mana. Hei tauira, ki Encore, taea e koe feruri i te kairangahau tīmata ki ngā kaiuru i roto i nga whenua ki te tikanga-o te-ture kaha.

mau tamataraa-taea amui enei huarahi-te wha paerewa iti mōrearea, tātari mana, rangahau matatika-whakautu, ka tū te tauturu puta koe i roto i te ara tika, ara i roto i te mata o te papû ore. kore e papû ore arahi ki te ngoikore.