6.6.3 Tūmataitinga
Ko te tika ki te rere tika o te mōhiohio Tūmataitinga.
He toru rohe i reira kia uaua kairangahau he tūmataiti. Ka rite ki Lowrance (2012) hoatu te reira tino mahino: ". Kia whakaute tūmataiti no kia whakaute iwi" Tūmataitinga, Heoi, ko te nānā ariā pōrohe (Nissenbaum 2010, Ch. 4) , me te rite taua, he uaua ki te whakamahi, ka tamata ki te hanga whakatau motuhake e pā ana ki te rangahau.
He ara noa ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki tūmataiti kei ki te Häiti tūmatanui / tūmataiti. Na roto i tenei ara o te whakaaro, ki te mea he wātea nuitia mōhiohio, ka taea te whakamahi i te reira e te kairangahau, kahore āwangawanga e pā ana ki takahi tūmataiti o te iwi. Ko tenei huarahi e taea rere ki raruraru. Hei tauira, i roto i Noema 2007 ka tonoa e Costas Panagopoulos katoa i roto i te pa e toru i te pukapuka e pā ana ki te ū mai i roto i te pōtitanga. I roto i te rua pa-e Monticello i, Iowa me Holland, i korero Michigan-Panagopoulos / whakawehi ki te whakaputa i te rārangi o te iwi nei i pōti i roto i te niupepa. I roto i te tahi atu pa-Ely, i korero Iowa-Panagopoulos whakawehi / ki te whakaputa i te rārangi o te iwi nei kihai i pōti i roto i te niupepa. Hangaia ēnei maimoatanga i ki te kaha ai whakapehapeha me te whakama (Panagopoulos 2010) no te mea i kua kitea enei kare ki te pānga huihuinga i roto i rangahau mua (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Mōhiohio e pā ana ko wai pōti a te tangata e kore e he tūmatanui i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite; tetahi e taea te uru i te reira. Na, i taea e tetahi tautohe e no te mea te mea kua tūmatanui tenei mōhiohio pōti, kahore he raruraru ki te kairangahau whakaputa i te reira i roto i te niupepa. I te tahi atu te ringa, mana'o te tahi mea e pā ana ki taua tautohe he ki te iwi maha.
Ka rite ki tenei tauira whakaatu, he puhuki rawa te / Häiti tūmataiti tūmatanui (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . He ara pai ki te whakaaro e pā ana tūmataiti, kotahi rawa hangaia ki te hapai i ngā take i whakaarahia e te ao mamati, ko te whakaaro o te tapatahi horopaki (Nissenbaum 2010) . Nui atu i te whakaaro mōhiohio tūmatanui tūmataiti ranei, hāngai tapatahi horopaki i runga i te rerenga o te kōrero. Hei tauira, e kia maha iwi unbothered ki ngā ratou tākuta ratou pūkete hauora ki tetahi tākuta engari e kia pouri ki te hokona ratou tākuta tenei mōhiohio taua ki te kamupene hokohoko. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki Nissenbaum (2010) , "he tika ki te tūmataiti ko e kore he tika ki te muna ranei he tika ki te whakahaere engari he tika ki te rere tika o te mōhiohio whaiaro."
Te ariā matua waiwai tapatahi horopaki ko tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga (Nissenbaum 2010) . He tikanga e faatere i te rerenga o te kōrero i roto i ngā tautuhinga motuhake enei, a kua whakaritea e ratou i te toru tawhā:
- kaiwhakaari (kaupapa, kaituku, kaiwhiwhi)
- huanga (momo o te kōrero)
- te mau parau tumu tuku (herenga i raro i nei rere mōhiohio)
Ko te kupu, ka koe rite te kairangahau e whakatau mehemea ki te whakamahi i ngā raraunga, kahore whakaaetanga e mea maitai ki te ui, "E tenei whakamahi ofati tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga?" Ho'i ki te take o Panagopoulos (2010) , i roto i tenei take, he waho kairangahau whakaputa rārangi o ngā kaipōti-kaipōti kore ranei i roto i te mea pea ki te maumau'i tikanga mōhiohio te niupepa. I roto i te meka, kihai Panagopoulos i whai i roto i runga i tona kupu whakaari / riri no te mea kua ata whakatakina rangatira pōtitanga rohe nga pukapuka ki a ia, ka whakakikitia e ia e kore te reira i te whakaaro pai (Issenberg 2012, 307) .
I roto i te tahi atu tautuhinga, Heoi, whakaaro e pā ana ki tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga titau te whakaaro atu moka. Hei tauira, kia hoki a ki te taea o te whakamahi i karanga waea rangitaki pūkoro ki te aru i nekeneke i roto i te pakarutanga Ebola i Africa Te Hau-ā-uru i roto i te 2014, he take i kōrero ahau i roto i te omuaraa ki tenei pene (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . I roto i tēnei tautuhinga, ka taea e tatou e whakaaro āhuatanga e rua rerekē:
- Āhuatanga 1: te tuku oti raraunga roko karanga [huanga]; ki kāwanatanga o whaitake oti [kaiwhakaari]; hoki tetahi heke mai taea te whakamahi i [te mau parau tumu tuku]
- Āhuatanga 2: te tuku lekooti wāhanga anonymized [huanga]; ki kairangahau whare wānanga faaturahia [kaiwhakaari]; hoki te whakamahi i roto i te whakautu ki te pakarutanga Ebola me raro ki te tirotiro o te whare wānanga papa matatika [te mau parau tumu tuku]
Ahakoa i roto i karanga e rua o enei āhuatanga e rerengia ana raraunga i roto o te whakaminenga, e kore nga tikanga mōhiohio mo enei āhuatanga e rua ko te taua no te o ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i nga kaitapere, huanga, me ngā mātāpono tuku whai wāhi. Arotahi ki runga ki tetahi anake o enei tawhā taea arahi ki rawa ataata taurite whakatau-hanga. I roto i te meka, Nissenbaum (2015) fakamamafa'i e taea te heke tetahi o enei tawhā e toru ki te era atu, e kore e taea e tetahi tetahi o ratou takitahi tautuhi tikanga mōhiohio. E whakamārama ana tēnei āhua e toru-ahu o te tikanga mōhiohio aha mau tautooraa-e mua kua arotahi ki runga i rānei huanga tuku ranei te mau parau tumu-kua hua i hopu fakakaukau noa-tikanga o te tūmataiti.
Kotahi wero ki te whakamahi i te whakaaro o tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga ki te ārahi i ngā whakataunga ko e kore ai kairangahau mohio ratou i mua o te wa, me te he ratou rawa pakeke ki te ine i (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . I tua atu, ara, ki te te tahi mau rangahau e maumau'i tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga e kore e tikanga aunoa e kore e tupu i te rangahau. I roto i te meka, Chapter 8 o Nissenbaum (2010) ko e katoa e pā ana ki "ofatiraa Ture mō te pai." Ahakoa enei pōauautanga, he tonu tikanga mōhiohio horopaki-whanaunga he huarahi tino whai hua ana ki te korerorero e pā ana ki ngā pātai e pā ana ki te tūmataiti.
I te pae hopea, he tūmataiti he wāhi i reira kua kite ahau i maha pōhēhētanga i waenganui i kairangahau nei ngā whakaute hoki Persons me te hunga e whakaraupapa i atawhai. A feruri na i te take o te kairangahau hauora tūmatanui te kaitiaki puku iwi tango ua no te mea he matua ki te ārai i te horapa o te mate TB pūrākau matauranga akuaku. Kairangahau arotahi i runga i atawhai hoki e arotahi ki runga i te painga ki te hapori i tenei rangahau, a kia ara tautohe e te mea kahore he kino ki ngā kaiuru, ki te mahi i te kairangahau tona tutei kahore rapunga. I te tahi atu te ringa, kairangahau nei ngā whakaute mō Tangata e arotahi ki runga i te meka e kore te te kairangahau rongoā iwi ki te whakaute me te he mahi ratou kino na roto i te ofatiraa i ta ratou tūmataiti i roto i te meka. Kia aroha mai, e kore e mea ohie ki te whakatau i nga whakaaro papā o tenei āhuatanga (ahakoa te otinga pai i roto i tenei take ai tika kia ki te ui mo whakaae).
I roto i te mutunga, ka korerorero e pā ana ki tūmataiti, e mea maitai ia neke tua atu i te Häiti rawa ataata taurite tūmatanui / tūmataiti me ki te korerorero hei utu e pā ana ki tikanga horopaki-whanaunga mōhiohio, kua hanga nei o ake huānga e toru: kaiwhakaari (kaupapa, kaituku, kaiwhiwhi), huanga (ngā momo o te kōrero), me te mau parau tumu tuku (herenga i raro i nei rere mōhiohio) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Ētahi kairangahau aromātai i tūmataiti i roto i ngā o te kino e taea hua i te ofatiraa o te tūmataiti, Tena tiro atu kairangahau te ofatiraa o te tūmataiti rite te kino i roto i, me te o ano. No te mea kei te rerekē haere ariä o te tūmataiti i roto i te maha ngā pūnaha mamati i runga i te wā, rerekē i tangata ki te tangata, a ka rerekē i te āhuatanga ki te āhuatanga (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , he pea ki te waiho i te puna o te mau faaotiraa fifi matatika mō kairangahau mo etahi tūmataiti wā.
