6.6.2 matauranga me te whakahaere mōrearea mōhiohio

Mōrea Information Ko te mōrea tino noa i roto i te rangahau pāpori; kua nui te reira tino; a ko reira te mōrea faingataa ki matau.

Te wero matatika tuarua mō te tau pāpori rangahau mamati he mōrea mōhiohio, te pūmanawa mo te kino i te whākinga o ngā mōhiohio (Council 2014) . raru e mōhiohio i te whākinga o ngā mōhiohio whaiaro i taea e ohaoha (hei tauira, ngaro he mahi), pāpori (hei tauira, te whakamā), hinengaro (hei tauira, korekore), ranei ara taihara (hei tauira, hopu mo te whanonga ture). Te mea oto, e faarahi te ao mamati mōrearea mōhiohio tino-i reira he tika kia nui atu mōhiohio e pā ana to tatou whanonga. Na, kua kï tūpono mōhiohio tino uaua ki te mārama me te whakahaere i whakaritea ki tūponotanga i āwangawanga i roto i te tairitenga tau rangahau pāpori, pēnei i tūpono tinana. Ki te kite pehea faarahi te ao mamati tūpono mōhiohio, whakaaro te whakawhiti i te pepa ki te pūkete rorohiko hauora. E rua ngā momo o ngā pūkete te waihanga mōrea, engari te pūkete hiko hanga tūponotanga nui nui no i te tauine nui e taea te tuku ratou ki te rōpū kāore i hanumi ki ētahi atu pūkete ranei. kairangahau pāpori i roto i te ao mamati kua rere kē ki te raruraru ki te mōrea mōhiohio, i roto i te wahi no te mea kihai tino ratou i matau e founga ki te ine me te whakahaere i te reira. Na, Kei te haere ahau ki te whakahere i te ara āwhina ki te whakaaro e pā ana tūpono mōhiohio, a ka haere ahau ki te hoatu ki a koe etahi tohutohu mo te pehea, ki te whakahaere i te mōrearea mōhiohio i roto i to koutou rangahau, me te i roto i te tuku raraunga ki ētahi atu kairangahau.

Ko tētahi ara e kairangahau pāpori whakaiti i tūpono mōhiohio ko "anonymization" o raraunga. "Anonymization" Ko te tukanga o te tango i pūwehe kitea whaiaro pēnei i ingoa, wāhitau, me te tau waea i te raraunga. Heoi, ko tenei huarahi nui iti whai hua i te maha iwi ite, a ko reira, i roto i te meka, hohonu, me te parau iti. No taua take, te wa e ahau whakaahua "anonymization," ka whakamahi ahau tohu pikorua ki te whakamahara koe e hangaia e tenei tukanga te ahua o te fakapuli engari e kore e fakapuli pono.

He tauira oraora o te kore o "anonymization" mai i te mutunga o nga 1990 i roto i Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . Te Rōpū Insurance Commission (GIC) ko he pokapū kāwanatanga te kawenga mō te hoko inihua hauora mō ngā kaimahi kāwanatanga katoa. Na roto i tenei mahi, i kohia te GIC pūkete hauora taipitopito e pā ana ki nga mano o nga kaimahi kāwanatanga. I roto i te kaha ki te whakaohokia rangahau e pā ana ki huarahi ki te whakapai ake i te hauora, ua faaoti GIC ki te tuku i enei lekooti ki kairangahau. Heoi, e kore ratou i faaite katoa o ratou raraunga; kaua, ratou "anonymized" te reira na roto i te tango i ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te ingoa me te wāhi noho. Heoi, i mahue ratou ētahi atu mōhiohio e ratou whakaaro taea e whai hua mō te kairangahau pērā i ngā mōhiohio taupori (waehere poutāpeta, te rā whanau, te matawaka, me te takoto) me ngā mōhiohio hauora (raraunga haerenga, te tātaritanga, tukanga) (Figure 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Kia aroha mai, kihai i ranea ki te tiaki i nga raraunga tenei "anonymization".

Whakaahua 6.4: "Anonymization" Ko te tukanga o te tango i mārama te tāutu ngā mōhiohio. Hei tauira, ka tuku i nga pūkete inihua hauora o ngā kaimahi kāwanatanga i te Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission (GIC) tangohia ingoa me te wāhi noho i te kōnae. whakamahi ahau korukī a tawhio noa te kupu "anonymization" no te mea e whakarato te tukanga i te ahua o te fakapuli, engari e kore e fakapuli tūturu.

No te faahoho'ai te mau hapehape o te GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-na te ākonga paetahi i MIT-utua $ 20 ki te whiwhi i te pūkete pōti i te pa o Kemureti, te oire o Massachusetts kawana William Weld. Ēnei pūkete pōti ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te ingoa, wāhitau, waehere poutāpeta, te rā whanau, me te ira tangata. Te meka e te kōnae hauora raraunga me te waehere mara-kōtui kōnae kaipōti ngā, te rā whanau, me te takoto-auraa e taea Sweeney hono ratou. mohio Sweeney ko te ra whanau o Weld Hōngongoi 31, 1945, me nga pūkete pōti e ono anake iwi i roto i Cambridge ngā ki taua ra whanau. I tua atu, o te hunga iwi e ono, e toru anake i toa. A, o aua tangata tokotoru, kotahi anake ngā waehere poutāpeta o Weld. Ko te kupu, whakakitea te raraunga pōti i ko tetahi i roto i te raraunga hauora ki ngā o te rā whanau, te ira tangata, me te waehere poutāpeta o Weld William Weld. I roto i te ngako, ngā toru enei nga wahi o te mōhiohio i te tapumati ahurei ki a ia i roto i te raraunga. Mā te tenei meka, i taea ki te kimi pūkete hauora o Weld, a ki te whakamōhio ia o tona feat Sweeney, imērā ia ia he kape o tana pūkete (Ohm 2010) .

Feruri 6.5: Re-idenification o "anonymized" raraunga. Ngā Latanya Sweeney te "anonymized" pūkete hauora ki ngā pūkete pōti i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea te pūkete hauora o Kawana William Weld (Sweeney 2002) .

Faahoho'a mahi a Sweeney te hanganga taketake o whakaeke de-anonymization, ara tango i te wā i te hapori haumaru rorohiko. I roto i enei whakaeke, huinga raraunga e rua, e kore o nei i tahaki faaite mōhiohio tairongo, kua hono, a roto i tenei hononga, kitea ngā mōhiohio tairongo te. I roto i te tahi mau founga he rite ki te ara e tunu houra me te winika, e rua ngā matū e te hunga e ratou haumaru, e taea te ngā ki te whakaputa i te putanga tohe tenei tukanga.

I roto i te whakautu ki te mahi a Sweeney, me ētahi atu mahi e hāngai ana, kairangahau inaianei te tikanga tango nui ētahi atu pārongo-katoa pera i huaina "Mōhiohio Fakatāutaha tautuhi" (PII) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during te tukanga o "anonymization." I tua atu, he maha nga kairangahau i teie nei ite e etahi raraunga-pērā i ngā pūkete hauora, ngā pūkete pūtea, tali ki ruri pātai e pā ana ki te ture whanonga-he tairongo rawa pea ki te tuku noa i muri "anonymization." Heoi, tauira tata atu e ka whakaahua ahau i raro tohu e hiahia kairangahau pāpori ki taui i to ratou whakaaro. Ka rite ki te taahiraa matamua, ko reira whakaaro nui ki te amo i taua raraunga katoa he pea ake, me he pea tairongo raraunga katoa. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, nui atu i te whakaaro e mōrearea mōhiohio pā ki te huinga iti o kaupapa, kia amo tatou e tano-ki reira etahi tohu-ki kaupapa katoa.

E faahoho'ahia e te Netflix paraihe rua āhuatanga o tenei re-takotoranga. Ka rite ki whakaahuatia i roto i te Pene 5, tukua Netflix 100 miriona whakatauranga kiriata e whakaratohia ana e tata 500,000 ngā mema o, a i te karanga tuwhera te wahi i tukuna iwi i katoa i runga i te ao hātepe e taea te whakapai ake i te āheinga o Netflix ki tūtohu kiriata. I mua i te tuku i te raraunga, tangohia Netflix tetahi mōhiohio mārama fakatāutaha-te tāutu, pērā i ngā ingoa. haere hoki Netflix he taahiraa anō ka whakaurua perturbations iti i roto i te tahi mau o nga lekooti (hei tauira, te huri i te tahi mau whakawākanga i whetu 4 ki 3 whetu). Netflix hohoro kitea, Heoi, e ahakoa ratou mau tautooraa, ko nga raraunga i te kore tikanga ingoamuna.

E rua noa wiki i muri i te raraunga tukua i Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) whakakitea e ia e taea te ki ako e pā ana ki manakohanga kiriata o te iwi motuhake. Te taea ki to ratou whakaeke anō-tautuhi i rite ki Sweeney o: hanumi tahi rua puna kōrero, kotahi te kōrero pea tairongo me kahore mōhiohio mārama te tāutu me te tangata e kei te tuakiri o te iwi. kia ia o enei puna raraunga kia haumaru takitahi, engari ka e ngā ratou e taea e te huingararaunga hanumi hanga mōrearea mōhiohio. I roto i te take o te raraunga Netflix, i konei te pehea i taea e tupu te reira. A feruri na e whiriwhiri e ahau ki te faaite i oku whakaaro e pā ana ki te mahi me te kiriata pukuhohe ki oku hoa mahi, engari e kore ahau e whakanui ki faaite toku whakaaro e pā ana ki kiriata whakapono, me te tōrangapū. Oku hoa mahi i taea e te whakamahi i te mōhiohio e kua ngā ahau ki a ratou ki te kitea i toku pūkete i roto i te raraunga Netflix; te mōhiohio e faaite ahau i taea e te tapumati ahurei rite noa rā William Weld o whanautanga, waehere poutāpeta, me te takoto. Na, ki te kitea e ratou toku tapumati ahurei i roto i te raraunga, i taea e te ako ratou aku whakawākanga e pā ana ki kiriata katoa, tae atu ki ngā kiriata e kore te wahi i whiriwhiria e ahau ki te faaite. I tua atu ki tenei ahua o te whakaeke hāngai arotahi ana ki te tangata kotahi, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) whakakitea hoki e ia e taea te ki te mahi i te kotahi whakaeke whanui whai wāhi maha iwi-na roto i te hanumi i te raraunga Netflix ki raraunga whakatauranga whaiaro, me te kiriata e etahi kua whiriwhiria iwi ki te tuku i runga i te Database Movie Ipurangi (IMDb). Tetahi mōhiohio e he tapumati ahurei ki te tauwhāiti tangata-ara to ratou huinga o te kiriata ratings-taea te whakamahi ki te tautuhi i ratou.

Ahakoa e taea te anō-tāutuhia te raraunga Netflix i roto i rānei i te whawhai ngā whanui ranei, te reira tonu ai puta ki hei tūpono iti. I muri i te katoa, e kore e whakawākanga kiriata mea rawa tairongo. Ahakoa ai e pono i roto i te whānui, mo etahi o te iwi 500,000 i roto i te huingararaunga, kia tino tairongo whakawākanga kiriata. I roto i te meka, i roto i te whakautu ki te de-anonymization honoa he wahine moe wahine closeted he hutu akomanga-mahi ki a Netflix. Tenei te pehea whakahuatia te raruraru i roto i to ratou ina tohe (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie me whakatauranga raraunga kei roto ngā mōhiohio o te āhua ake tino whaiaro, me te tairongo [sic]. raraunga kiriata o te mema hora anaanatae whaiaro he mema o Netflix me / ranei aroraa ki ngā take tino whaiaro, tae atu ki hōkakatanga, te mate hinengaro, ora i te waipiro, me te patua i irawaru, tūkino tinana, tutu kāinga, puremu, me te rape. "

faahoho'a te de-anonymization o te raraunga Netflix paraihe e rua e raraunga katoa he pea ake, me e raraunga katoa he pea tairongo. I tenei wāhi, kia whakaaro koutou e pā anake tenei ki raraunga e e te hokonga kia e pā ana ki te iwi. Koinei, e kore ko e te take. I roto i te whakautu ki te tauatāina o te tono ture Information, tukua te New York City Kāwanatanga pūkete o nga tere taxi i roto i New York i te 2013, tae atu ki te tiki me te maturuturu atu wa, wāhi, me moni ekenga (maumahara i Chapter 2 e Farber (2015) whakamahia tenei raraunga ki te whakamātau i ngā ariā nui i roto i te mahi ohaoha). Ahakoa tenei raraunga e pā ana ki ngā haerenga tēkihi kia mea mārire no te mea kahore e titiro te reira ki te hei mōhiohio e pā ana te iwi, mohio Anthony Tockar e mau i roto rota o ngā mōhiohio pea tairongo e pā ana ki te iwi i tenei huingararaunga tēkihi. Ke fakatātaa'i, ka titiro ia i ngā haerenga katoa tīmata i te Hustler Club-te karapu Unuhia nui i roto i te New York-i waenganui i waenganui po, me te 6am me ka kitea o ratou wāhi maturuturunga iho-atu. Tenei search whakakitea-i roto i te ngako-te rārangi o ngā wāhitau o te tahi mau taata e haere pinepine te Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . He mea pakeke ki te whakaaro i tenei te kāwanatanga pa i roto i te ngakau, no te tukua te reira te raraunga. I roto i te meka, taea te whakamahi i tenei tikanga taua ki te kitea te wāhitau kāinga o te iwi nei tirotiro i tetahi wahi i roto i te pa-he whare hauora hauora, he whare kāwanatanga, ranei he whare karakia.

Enei take-te rua Netflix paraihe me te New York City tēkihi raraunga-whakaatu i rahua iwi āhua mohio ki te whakatau tata tika te mōrea mōhiohio i roto i te raraunga i tukua ratou, me enei take he e kore te tikanga ahurei (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . I tua atu, i roto i te tokomaha o enei take, he tonu te raraunga raruraru noa e wātea ana ipurangi, tohu te uaua o ake ii te faaore i te tuku raraunga. Ngātahi enei sīpinga-me te rangahau i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko e pā ana ki tūmataiti-ahu ki te mutunga nui. Kia amo kairangahau e raraunga katoa he pea ake, me he pea tairongo raraunga katoa.

Kia aroha mai, i reira he kahore otinga ohie ki te meka i raraunga katoa he pea ake, me he pea tairongo raraunga katoa. Heoi, kotahi te ara ki te whakaiti i tūpono mōhiohio ia e mahi koe ki te raraunga kei ki te waihanga me te whai i tētahi mahere tiaki raraunga. Ka heke tenei mahere i te tupono e ka turuturu o koutou raraunga, a ka whakaiti i te kino, ki te hopoia puta he turuturu. Ka huri i te pau o te mahere tiaki raraunga, pērā i nei ki te ahua o te whakamunatanga whakamahi, i runga i te wā, engari ko nga Ratonga Raraunga UK helpfully ngā nga mea timatanga o te mahere tiaki raraunga ki 5 ngā wāhanga e karanga ratou nga safes 5: kaupapa haumaru, iwi haumaru , tautuhinga haumaru, raraunga haumaru, me ngä putanga haumaru (Ripanga 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Tetahi o nga safes rima whakarato takitahi tiaki tino. Ko, tahi ahua ai ratou he huinga kaha o te āhuatanga e taea whakaiti tūpono mōhiohio.

I tua atu ki te te tiaki i tō raraunga i kei te whakamahi koe i te reira, kotahi taahiraa i roto i te tukanga rangahau kei hea tino salient tūpono mōhiohio he tiri raraunga ki ētahi atu kairangahau. tiritiri Raraunga roto kaipūtaiao ko te uara matua o te whakakoro pūtaiao, me te reira nui whakaurunga te haereraa i mua o te matauranga. Tenei te pehea te UK Whare o Commons fakamatala'i te faufaa o te tiritiri raraunga:

"Uru ki te raraunga he faufaa ki te he kairangahau ki te whakaputa uri, manatoko me hanga i runga i ngā hua e kua korerotia i roto i te tuhinga. Me te pokanoa e, te kore i reira he he take kaha kore, raraunga kia tino whakakitea ka hanga e wātea ana nuitia. I roto i te raina ki tenei parau tumu, te wahi kia kia hanga taea, raraunga e pā ana ki katoa rangahau utua nuitia whānui me wātea noa. " (Molloy 2011)

Otiia, na roto i te faaiteraa i to outou raraunga ki tētahi atu kairangahau, koe kia whakanui ake ai mōrearea mōhiohio ki o koutou kaiuru. Ko te kupu, titiro ai i te reira e kairangahau e hiahia ki te faaite i to ratou raraunga-ranei e hiahiatia ana ki te faaite i to ratou raraunga-e anga te mānukanuka taketake. I runga i te ringa kotahi to ratou he fatongia matatika ki te faaite i to ratou raraunga ki ētahi atu kaipūtaiao, rawa ki te pütea nuitia te rangahau taketake. Otiia, i te wa ano, kairangahau i he fatongia matatika ki whakaiti, nui taea, te mōrea ngā mōhiohio ki a ratou kaiuru.

Aua'e, e kore te mea rite nui rite puta te reira tenei matawaenga. He mea nui ki te whakaaro o te raraunga faaiteraa i haere te auroa i kore tiritiri raraunga ki te tuku me te wareware, te wahi raraunga te "anonymized" ka whakairi mo tetahi ki te uru (Figure 6.6). E rua o enei tūranga tino tūponotanga me painga. E ko, e kore te mea aunoa i te mea tino matatika ki kore faaite i to koutou raraunga; he huarahi pera faaore maha painga pea ki te hapori. Hoki ki te Taste, taura, me te Time, he tauira kōrero mua i roto i te pene, tohenga ki te tuku raraunga e arotahi anake i runga i raru e taea, me e tau'a ore hua taea e rawa-iu tetahi; ka whakaahua ahau nga raruraru ki tenei-iu kotahi, huarahi rawa tiaki i roto i te kōrero atu i roto i raro ina whakaherea e ahau tohutohu e pā ana ki te hanga whakatau i roto i te mata o te papû ore (Tekiona 6.6.4).

Feruri 6.6: rautaki tuku Raraunga taea hinga haere te ihinga. Hea kia koe haere tei tenei auroa i runga i nga taipitopito tauwhāiti o koutou raraunga. I roto i tenei take, kia tauturu i te arotake rōpū tuatoru whakatau koutou te toenga tika o te mōrea me te painga i roto i to koutou take.

I tua atu, i roto i waenganui i enei te wā tino e rua Ko te aha ka huaina e ahau he huarahi kari taiepa te wahi ngā raraunga ki te iwi nei te whakatau etahi paearu me te hunga e whakaae ana ki te kia herea e etahi tikanga (hei tauira, tirotiro i te IRB me te mahere tiaki raraunga) . E whakarato ana tēnei aronga kari taiepa tokomaha o nga painga o te tuku, me te wareware ki te iti mōrea. O te akoranga, hanga he huarahi kari taiepa maha pātai-ko wai e whai wāhi, i raro i te mea tikanga, mo pehea te roa, ko wai kia utua ki te mau tonu me te pirihimana i te kari taiepa etc.-engari e kore e tōnoa enei. I roto i te meka, i reira e mahi kē māra taiepa i roto i te wahi e taea te whakamahi i kairangahau tika i teie nei, pērā i te pūranga raraunga o te Inter-wānanga Consortium mo Tōrangapū me te Social Research i te Whare Wānanga o Michigan.

Na, i reira e te raraunga i tō ako kia ki te auroa o kahore tiri, kari taiepa, a ka tuku, ka wareware? whakawhirinaki te reira i runga i nga taipitopito o to koutou raraunga; Me pauna kairangahau whakaute mo Persons, atawhai hoki, Justice, me faaturaraa i te ture, me te Interest Public. A, no te aromatawai toenga e tika ana mō te tahi atu mau faaotiraa kairangahau rapu i te tohutohu me te whakaae o IRBs, a taea tuku raraunga e tika tetahi atu wahi o taua tukanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ahakoa te whakaaro etahi iwi o te tuku raraunga rite te morass matatika Aue, kua tatou pūnaha i roto i te wahi ki te āwhina i kairangahau taurite enei ahua o matawaenga matatika.

Ko e founga whakamutunga ki te whakaaro e pā ana tiritiri raraunga ko i te faaauraa. He kawenga mō mano o mate nga waka tau, engari e kore matou e tamata ki te whakakorehia taraiwa. I roto i te meka, e kia heahea he taua karanga ki te whakakorehia taraiwa no taraiwa taea maha nga mea whakamiharo. Engari, te pāpori tuu here i runga i te hunga e ahei te peia (hei tauira, Me ki te waiho i te tetahi tau, Me ki kua haere etahi whakamātautau) me pehea e taea e ratou te pei (hei tauira, i raro i te rohe tere). Society hoki he iwi tēra ki uruhi enei ture (hei tauira, pirihimana), a whiua tatou iwi nei e mau ofatiraa i ratou. taea hoki te tono i tēnei taua ahua o te whakaaro taurite e pā ana hapori ki ture taraiwa ki te tiri raraunga. Ko, nui atu i te tohenga absolutist mō ranei ki tiritiri raraunga, whakaaro ahau e haere mai i te painga nui i fakakaukau'i atu pehea e nehenehe ia tatou ia ake humarie faaite atu raraunga.

Ki te faaoti, kua nui haere tino mōrea mōhiohio, a ko reira tino uaua ki te matapae me te ine. Na reira, he mea pai ki te amo i taua raraunga katoa he pea ake, me pea tairongo. Ki te whakaiti i tūpono mōhiohio i te mahi rangahau, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te waihanga me te whai i tētahi mahere tiaki raraunga. I tua atu, e kore e mōrea mōhiohio ārai kairangahau i te faaiteraa i raraunga ki ētahi atu pūtaiao.