6.6.1 whakaae mōhio

Kia, Ka taea e, a e whai kairangahau te tikanga: etahi ahua o te whakaaetanga mo te nuinga o te rangahau.

Whakaae mōhio ko te whakaaro-etahi niu mea ai te pokenga tata (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) matatika rangahau -i. Te putanga māmā o matatika rangahau kupu: "whakaae mōhio mō te katoa." Tenei tikanga ohie, Heoi kahore he, e hāngai ana ki ngā te mau parau tumu matatika, ture matatika, ranei mahi rangahau. Engari, kia kairangahau, ka taea e, ka aru mahi he tikanga matatini ake: "etahi puka o te whakaaetanga mo te nuinga o te rangahau."

Tuatahi, i roto i te tikanga ki te neke tua atu whakaaro rawa ataata taurite e pā ana ki te whakaaetanga mōhio, e hiahia ana ahau ki te atu e pā ana ki ngā āpure e korero ki a koutou ki te ako whakahāwea (hipoki i enei he moka i roto i te Pene 4 rite te pai). I roto i enei akoranga, kaitono rūpahu nei i ngā āhuatanga-pērā rerekē rite te tangata ranei nga wahine tono-no te mahi rerekē. Ki te utua tetahi momo o kaitono tangata i te tere teitei, ka taea kairangahau faaoti e reira kia whakahāwea i roto i te tukanga utu. Hoki nga take o tenei pene, te mea tino nui e pā ana ki enei ngā Ko e te whai wāhi i roto i enei ngā-nga kaitukumahi-kore whakarato whakaaetanga. I roto i te meka, kei te kaha tinihanga e nga tono rūpahu enei kaiuru. Otiia, ngā mara ki te ako whakahāwea kua whakamana i roto i te iti rawa 117 rangahau i roto i te 17 whenua (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Kua tāutuhia kairangahau e whakamahi ngā mara ki te ako whakahāwea āhuatanga e wha o enei rangahau e, ngātahi, kia ratou matatika whakaaetia: 1) te iti kino ki te kaitukumahi, 2) te pāpori painga nui o he mehua pono o te whakahāweatanga, 3) te ngoikore o te tahi atu tikanga o te ine te whakahāweatanga, ko 4) te meka e kore e kaha ofati tinihanga nga tikanga o taua tautuhinga (Riach and Rich 2004) . Ia o enei tikanga he tino, a i tetahi o ratou e kore e kua makona, e riro atu wero te take matatika. E toru o enei āhuatanga e taea te ahu i te mau parau tumu matatika i roto i te Pūrongo Belmont: iti kino (Te whakaute i Persons ko atawhai hoki) me te painga nui, me te ngoikore o ētahi atu tikanga (i atawhai me te Ture). Te āhuatanga whakamutunga, takahi-kore o tikanga horopaki, e taea te ahu i faaturaraa i te Report o Menlo mo Ture me Interest Public. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, tono mahi ko te tautuhinga te wahi i reira he kē etahi tumanako o te tinihanga taea. Ko te kupu, e kore e enei ngā whakapokea te whenua matatika kē mä.

I tua atu ki tenei tautohe parau tumu-e hāngai ana, kua mutu hoki pinepine o IRBs e te kore o te whakaaetanga i roto i enei rangahau he hāngai ki ngā ture ngā, i roto i ngā Common Ture §46.116, wahi (d). I te pae hopea, kua tautokona US marae hoki te kore o te whakaaetanga me te tinihanga i roto i ngā parae ki te ine i whakahāwea (No. 81-3029. United Kooti States o Pīra, Seventh Circuit). Ko te kupu, te whakamahi o ngā mara, kahore whakaae he hāngai ki ngā tefito'i mo'oni matatika, me te ngā ture (i te iti rawa i te ture i roto i te US). Kua tēnei korerorero kua tautoko e te hapori rangahau pāpori whanui, pinepine o IRBs, a i te Kooti US o Pīra. Ko te kupu, me whakakahore ia tatou i te tikanga ohie "whakaae mōhio mō te katoa." E kore te mea he tikanga e whai kairangahau tenei, e kore ano he reira he tikanga kia whai kairangahau.

Te neke tua atu "whakaae mōhio mō te katoa" rau kairangahau ki te pātai uaua: he aha ngā momo o te whakaaetanga e hiahiatia ana mo te mea momo o te rangahau? Noatia, i reira kua tautohetohe nui mua a tawhio noa tenei pātai, ahakoa he tino o te reira i roto i te horopaki o te rangahau hauora i roto i te tairitenga tau. Whakarāpopoto taua tautohe, Eyal (2012) tohi:

"Ko te ake meá te wawaotanga, te atu ko reira he nui-pānga he 'kōwhiringa ora tino' ení, te atu ko reira uara-taimaha, me te tautohetia, te atu tūmataiti te rohe o te tinana e tika pā, te atu te wawaotanga ranei whairaru ka anake te mahi, te teitei te hiahia mo te whakaaetanga mōhio pakari. I te tahi atu taime, te hinaaro no te tino pakari ngā whakaaetanga, ka pono, mo te whakaaetanga o tetahi puka, he iti. I te hunga taime, ngāwari kia utu tiketike takahi i taua hinaaro. "[Torokī ā waho]

He tirohanga nui i tenei tautohetohe mua ko e kore te katoa ranei kahore he whakaaetanga mōhio; reira he kaha me te ngoikore momo o whakaaetanga. I roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga, te mea e tika ana pakari whakaaetanga mōhio, engari, i roto i te tahi atu mau huru, kia puka ngoikore o te whakaaetanga e tika ana. Next, ka whakaahua ahau e toru ngā āhuatanga i reira e fifi kairangahau ki te whiwhi whakaaetanga mōhio i ngā rōpū pāngia katoa me te kōwhiringa torutoru i roto i aua wā.

Tuatahi, i ētahi wā tono ngā kaiuru ki te whakarato i whakaae mōhio ai ake i nga tūponotanga e fehangahangai ratou. Hei tauira, i roto i Encore, tono iwi e noho i raro i ngā kāwanatanga repressive ki te whakarato i whakaae ki te whai i to ratou rorohiko whakamahia mō te inenga o te aukatinga Ipurangi ai tuu te hunga e whakaae ana i nui ake mōrearea. A, no te arata'i whakaae ki nui tūpono, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakarite kia mōhiohio e pā ana te mea e mahi ana ratou he tūmatanui, me te e he reira taea hoki ki te kaiuru whakaputa-i roto i. Ano, i taea e te rapu ratou whakaae i ngā rōpū e tohu i te mau piahi (hei tauira, NGO).

Tuarua, i ētahi wā he whakaaetanga tino mōhio i mua i haamata i te ako i taea haafifi i te uara pūtaiao o te ako. Hei tauira, i roto i te contagion aronganui, ki te mohiotia e i te mahi kairangahau he whakamātau e pā ana ki kare kaiuru i, tenei kua puta ke ai to ratou whanonga. Ta'ofi mōhiohio i ngā kaiuru, a tae noa tinihanga ratou, e kore he nohinohi te i roto i te rangahau pāpori, rawa i roto i ngā taiwhanga i roto i te hinengaro. Ki te kore e taea whakaaetanga mōhio i mua i haamata te ako, kairangahau taea (me te nuinga o te mahi) kia tōia ngā kaiuru i muri i te ako ko runga. Arotake i whānui ngā whakamārama he aha te mau tupu, remediating tetahi raru, a whiwhi whakaaetanga i muri i te meka. He etahi tautohetohe, Heoi, e pā ana ki ranei he tika te arotake i roto i ngā mara, ki te mea te arotake i ano e taea e meinga kino ki ngā kaiuru (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

A toru, i ētahi wā he reira logistically koretake ki te farii i whakaae mōhio i te katoa pānga e koutou ako. Hei tauira, whakaaro he kairangahau e hiahia ki te ako i te blockchain Bitcoin (Bitcoin ko te crypto-moni me ko te blockchain he lekooti o whakawhitinga Bitcoin katoa (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Ētahi iwi e whakamahi Bitcoin tatari a hiahia fakapuli, me ētahi o ngā mema o te hapori Bitcoin ai whakahe ki etahi momo o te rangahau i runga i to ratou hapori. Kia aroha mai, e kore e taea ki te whiwhi whakaaetanga i te tangata katoa e whakamahi Bitcoin no tokomaha o enei iwi e ingoamuna. I roto i tenei take, i te kairangahau taea tamata ki whakapā i te tauira o Bitcoin kaiwhakamahi, me te ui mo ratou whakaaetanga mōhio.

Enei take e toru he aha e kore ai e taea e ngā kairangahau ki te farii i mōrearea whakaae-te whakanui ake mōhio, tä whāinga rangahau, a logistical kore taotiaraa-e anake nga take e kairangahau uaua ki te whiwhi whakaaetanga mōhio. Na, nga rongoā e kua fokotu'u-whakamōhio ahau te iwi whānui e pā ana ki to koutou rangahau, taea te whakaputa-waho, e rapu ana whakaae i te toru-rōpū, te arotake, me te rapu whakaaetanga i te tauira o te kaiuru-ai kore e taea i roto i te wā katoa. I tua atu, ara, ki te ka taea enei whirinoa, e kore ai e ratou ranea mo koutou ako. Aha teie mau hi'oraa mahi whakaatu, Heoi, ko te e kore te katoa ranei kahore he whakaaetanga mōhio, a ka taea e taua rongoā auaha whakapai ake i te toenga matatika o rangahau e kore e taea e e farii i whakaaetanga mōhio tonu i ngā rōpū whai pānga katoa.

He whakaaetanga whakahuatia i roto i ngā o te mau parau tumu, mōhio e kore e tika ana e kore e ranea hei te parau tumu: ki te faaoti, nui atu i te "whakaae mōhio mō te katoa" kia, ka taea e, ka whai i ngā kairangahau mahi he tikanga matatini ake "etahi puka o te whakaaetanga mo te nuinga o nga mea." o te faaturaraa i te Tangata [ Humphreys (2015) ; p. 102]. I tua atu, he tika whakaute hoki Persons tetahi o nga parau tumu e hiahia ki te kia potupotutatau ka whakaaro matatika rangahau; e kore e hipokina e aunoa reira i atawhai, Justice, me faaturaraa i te ture, me te Interest Public, he wāhi i hanga toutou i ethicists i runga i te 40 tau o mua [ Gillon (2015) ; p. 112-113]. Whakahuatia i roto i ngā o anga matatika, ngā whakaaetanga mo te katoa ko te tūranga rawa deontological e taka pārurenga ki ngā āhuatanga pērā i Timebomb (kite Wāhanga 6.5).

Hei whakamutunga, ka rite ki te mea mahi, ki te e whakaaro koutou mahi rangahau, kahore ahua o whakaaetanga tetahi, na kia mohio koe e he koe i roto i te wāhi hina. Kia tupato. hoki Titiro i te tautohe matatika e kua hanga kairangahau i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahaere i rangahau whakamātautau o te whakahāweatanga, kahore e whakaae. He rite kaha tou tika? No te mea whakaae te mōhio ko e uho ia maha ariā matatika takoto, kia mohio koutou e ka pea koe e huaina i runga ki te paruru i to outou mau faaotiraa.