6.3 He rerekē Digital

Rangahau Social i roto i te ao mamati he āhuatanga rerekē, me te reira whakaara rerekē pātai matatika.

rangahau pāpori nuinga i roto i te tairitenga tau patua he toenga matatika e tika ana. Hei tauira, i roto i te arotake o ngā taiwhanga e whai wāhi ngātahi neke atu i te 100,000 te iwi, Plott (2013) i kitea tetahi anake hui kino, he ākonga nei ka pouri mo o ngaro moni i roto i te kēmu ōhanga. Ka rite ki te mua e toru hi'oraa tau mamati fakatātaa'i, Heoi, kairangahau inaianei fehangahangai tamataraa matatika e rerekē i te hunga i roto i te mua. Generalizing i enei akoranga e toru, whakaaro ahau e te raruraru matua e fehangahangai pai-tikanga kairangahau ko e huri tere atu ture, ture, me tikanga āheinga. More āta, kairangahau-maha i roto i te mahi tahi ki te kamupene me te kāwanatanga-whai atu mana i runga i ngā kaiuru atu i roto i te mua. Na roto te mana, te tikanga e ahau noa te kaha ki te mahi i nga mea ki te iwi i waho to ratou whakaae noa mōhiotanga ranei. Nga mea au korero ahau e pā ana ki i taea e rānei te mātakitaki ratou whanonga ranei whakauru ia ratou i roto i ngā. Ka rite ki te piki haere i te mana o ngā kairangahau ki te mau me te perturb, kahore he reira he hua ōrite i roto i te mārama e pā ana ki te pehea kia whakamahia taua mana. I roto i te meka, me whakatau kairangahau pehea ki te faaohipa i to ratou mana i runga i ngā ture maiorooro me inaki, ture, me tikanga. Ki te kia mārama, e kore e tenei tikanga e he unethical tino rangahau tau mamati. I roto i te meka, homai tenei āhuatanga, whakaaro ahau e kua whakakitea kairangahau whakawa noatia e pai. Te huinga o kaha kaha me ngā aratohu marama, Heoi, e pai-te auraa kairangahau i roto i te āhuatanga uaua.

Ahakoa koe fakatāutaha kore ai ite rawa kaha i roto i ngā o koutou kaha ki te mahi i nga mea ki te iwi, nui kairangahau-maha i roto i te mahi tahi ki te kamupene me te kāwanatanga-whai i te kaha ki te mau me te perturb iwi kahore ratou e whakaae mōhiotanga ranei. Hei tauira, feruri e whai ake nei i te tangata a tawhio noa, me te tuhi nga mea katoa e mahia ana e ratou. e ngā tenei aroturuki mea pērā i te wahi e haere ratou, he aha ratou te hoko, e kōrero ana ratou ki, a ta ratou tai'o. Te aroturuki i te iwi, ano tenei i roto i te ao tairitenga whakamahia ki te hei i te mea o kāwanatanga ki pūtea nui. Na, kei te angamaheni me aunoa tuhia katoa o tenei mōhiohio e pā ana milioni me hohoro ki te hei miria o te iwi. I tua atu, no te mea kei te rongoa katoa o tenei mōhiohio mamati, e mea ohie ki te tārua, rapu, tuku, hanumi, me te taonga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, aha te angamaheni mahi i tenei ra e paorooro me te haruraa i pokapū tirohia, Cold War rite te KGB, CIA, ko Stasi. I tua atu, kei te nui o tenei aroturuki whanonga tango wahi i waho te matauranga tonu o te hunga e te surveilled.

He kupu whakarite oraora e wāhanga kapo tenei āhuatanga o te tirotiro papatipu ko te panopticon. Tuatahi whakaarohia i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 e Jeremy Bentham hei hoahoanga mo whare herehere, te panopticon ko te faaiteraa tinana o te tirotiro (Figure 6.3). Te panopticon Ko te whare porohita ki ruma hāngai huri noa te wahi tutei pokapū. Te tangata e noho tenei pourewa e taea mau te whanonga o te iwi katoa i roto i nga ruma. Na, arohaehae, te iwi i roto i nga ruma e taea kore mau te tangata i roto i te kaitutei. Te tangata i roto i te pourewa ko te kupu i te matakite kitea (Foucault 1995) .

Whakaahua 6.3: Hoahoa i te whare herehere panopticon, tuatahi whakaarohia e Jeremy Bentham. I roto i te pokapū, i reira he he matakite kitea ko wai e ahei te mau i te whanonga o te katoa, me te kore e taea te kitea. Tuhi e Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

I roto i te meka, he ara atu tino atu i te tangata i roto i te wahi tutei titiro mamati no ahei te hua i te reira i te record mamati tino o te whanonga e taea te rongoa ake (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Ahakoa kahore he reira ano hanumi he tuhi tonu i te whanonga katoa taata ki te pātengi raraunga ariki, nga mea e neke i roto i taua aronga. A, ka tino pea tonu taua kaupapa rite te roa rite te kaha o pūoko tonu ki te whakapiki ake, tonu te utu o te rokiroki ki whakaiti, me te ake o to tatou oraraa hei rorohiko-takawaenga.

Ki he tokomaha pāpori kairangahau tenei pātengi raraunga ariki ai tuatahi tangi whakaongaonga, a tino taea te whakamahi i te reira no te te rota o te rangahau nui. Pūkenga Ture, heoi, kua hoatu he ingoa rerekē ki tenei pātengi raraunga ariki: te pātengi raraunga o te whakangaromanga (Ohm 2010) . Te hanganga o te ara pātengi raraunga ariki pahara taea whai i te pānga ri'ari'ai i runga i te ora pāpori me te tōrangapū ki te hei pai ki te pānui i etahi rauemi ranei aparau etahi kaupapa iwi (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . He hoki he mōrearea e te pātengi raraunga ariki, i hanga hoki tetahi whakaaro-mea ngā pānuitanga-kia whakamahia kotahi ra mo te whakaaro rerekē, he āhuatanga i huaina tuarua-whakamahi. He tauira fakalilifu o apoopoo Tuarua-whakamahi tupu i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, no te tatauranga kāwanatanga raraunga-te pātengi raraunga ariki o taua wa-i whakamahia ki te whakahaere i te kohuru i i tango te wahi ki nga Hurai, Roma, me etahi atu (Ripanga 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Nga statisticians nei kohia nga raraunga i roto i nga wa rangimarie tata tino i koronga pai. Otira, ka puta ke-ka te ao ka haere nga kau Nasí ki te mana i roto i Germany, a tata whenua-tenei raraunga whakahohea kore he-whakamahi tuarua i te tikanga. Kia vai te pātengi raraunga ariki, he pakeke te reira ki te tia'i nei e riro te uru ki reira, a me pehea ka whakamahia te reira.

He tino mau pāpori kairangahau, tawhiti noa atu i tetahi mea rite te hanga pānga ri'ari'ai i runga i te pāpori whai wāhi i roto i te tangata taahoa tika i roto i tuarua-whakamahi ranei. kua whiriwhiria e ahau ki te matapaki i enei kaupapa, Heoi, no te mea whakaaro ahau e te tauturu ratou kairangahau pāpori mahino te tirohanga i roto i nei e kite etahi iwi ratou mahi. Kia hoki a ki te Reka, taura, me te kaupapa Time, hei tauira. Na roto i te hanumi raraunga tahi oti, me te potakataka i Facebook ki raraunga oti, me te potakataka i Harvard, i hanga nga kairangahau he tirohanga maere taonga o te ora pāpori me te ahurea o te ākonga (Lewis et al. 2008) . Ki he tokomaha pāpori kairangahau te mea tenei kia rite ki te pātengi raraunga ariki, e taea te whakamahi mō te pai. Ko, ki etahi etahi, rite te timatanga o te pātengi raraunga o te whakangaromanga i hanga waho te whakaae o nga kaiuru titiro reira. Te Reka, taura, me te kaupapa Time timata i roto i te tau 2006, a kihai i tino tūmataiti te mōhiohio i kairangahau. Otiia, ki te titiro koe i mua i te wahi ka taea e koe whakaaro e enei take e pea ki te tiki matatini ake. He aha te momo o te mosaic mamati ka taea ki te hanga e pā ana ki ngā ākonga i roto i te 2026 2046 ranei kairangahau?

I tua atu ki tenei tirotiro papatipu, kairangahau-ano i roto i te mahi tahi ki te kamupene me te kāwanatanga-taea piki pūnahanaha wawao i roto i te oraraa o te taata i roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i ngā randomized te mana. Hei tauira, i roto i te contagion aronganui, whakaurua te kairangahau 700,000 iwi i roto i te whakamātautau, kahore to ratou whakaae mōhiotanga ranei. A, ka rite ki ahau whakaahuatia i roto i te Pene 5 (ngā Running), e kore he nohinohi tenei ahua o te māperetanga ngaro o ngā kaiuru ki ngā. I tua atu, e kore e rapua e te reira te mahi tahi o kamupene nui. Ka rite ki ahau fakamatala'i i Chapter 5, taea fakautuutu kairangahau hoahoa me te hanga ngā mamati ki kore utu tāupe, he hanganga utu e āhei ngā tino nui. Ka rite ki te kaha ki te mau, te kaha ki te perturb nahanaha e pea tonu ki te tupu.

I roto i te mata o tenei nui mana, fehangahangai kairangahau ture maiorooro me inaki, ture, me tikanga. Kotahi pūtake o tenei taupatupatu ko e hohoro atu e te huri i te kaha o te ao mamati atu ture, ture, me tikanga. Hei tauira, kua puta ke iti te Ture Common (te huinga o ngā ture whakahaere i te nuinga o te kāwanatanga rangahau utua i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite) mai 1981. He kaha ki te whakahou i te Ture Common timata i roto i te 2011 engari ko kihai oti rite o te raumati o 2016. He tuarua puna o te taupatupatu ko e tonu te kaha tautohetohe tikanga a tawhio noa ariā waitara rite tūmataiti i kairangahau, kaihanga kaupapa here, me te ngā. Ki te kore e taea e tohunga i roto i ēnei wāhanga tae whakaaetanga kākahu, e kore matou e titau e kairangahau wheako kaiuru ranei ka tae whakaaetanga rānei. He puna whakamutunga o te taupatupatu ko e he piki whakauru rangahau tau mamati ki ētahi atu horopaki, e tika ana ki te tikanga pea inaki me ture. Hei tauira, ko aronganui contagion he mahi tahi i waenganui i te pūtaiao raraunga i Facebook me te ākonga orometua me paetahi i Cornell. I Facebook rere ngā nui he mahi rite te roa rite ratou tautuku ki ngā a Facebook o mahi, a i taua wa, kahore he arotake tuatoru-rōpū o ngā. I Cornell Ko tino rerekē nga tikanga me ture; tata me arotakehia e te Cornell IRB ngā katoa. Na, e huinga o tikanga kia faatere aronganui contagion-Facebook o ranei Cornell o? A, no te reira he ture maiorooro me inaki, ture, me tikanga noa pai-te tikanga kairangahau ai whai raruraru te mahi i te mea e tika ana. I roto i te meka, mo o te taupatupatu, i reira ai kore noa e te mea tika kotahi.

Whānui, enei āhuatanga-te whakanui ake rua te mana, me te kore o te whakaaetanga e pā ana ki te pehea kia taua mana whakamahia-tau toharite e kairangahau mahi i roto i te ao mamati e haere ki te kanohi wero matatika mō te heke mai. Aua'e, e kore e kairangahau anga enei mau tamataraa Me ki te tīmata i te wahanga. Engari, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te utu whakaaro nui i whakawhanakehia i mua te mau parau tumu matatika me anga, nga kaupapa o nga wāhanga e rua i muri mai.