3.4.3 tauira Non-tūponotanga: tauira ōrite

E kore ko te taua tauira tūponotanga-kore katoa. Ka taea e tatou e te tāpiri atu mana i runga i te mutunga mua.

Te huarahi Wang me hoa whakamahia ki te whakatau tata i te putanga o te 2012 US pōtitanga peresideniraa tei katoa i runga i te whakapai ake i roto i te tātari raraunga. E ko, kohia ratou rite maha whakautu rite i taea e ratou, a ka ngana ki te anō-taimaha ratou. He rautaki tautoko mō te mahi ki te tīpako tūponotanga-kore ko ki te whai atu mana i runga i te tukanga kohikohi raraunga.

Te tauira māmā o te tukanga tīpako tūponotanga-kore wāhanga whakahaere he motunga tīpako, he tikanga e haere hoki ki nga ra wawe o te rangahau rangahau. I roto i te motunga tīpako, wehe kairangahau te taupori ki ngā rōpū rerekē (hei tauira, nga taitamariki, taitamariki wahine, etc), me te ka whakaritea hopukia mo te maha o te iwi ki te kia tīpakohia i roto i ia rōpū. E tīpakohia kaiurupare i roto i te tikanga kōpeka noa kua tutaki te kairangahau ratou motunga i roto i ia rōpū. No te mea o te hopukia, titiro te tauira hua atu rite te taupori ūnga atu e kia pono te kore, engari no te mea e mōhiotia nga tūponotanga o whakaurua e taunu o te roherohenga tīpako maha kairangahau. I roto i te meka, ko roherohenga tīpako he take o te "Dewey mate Truman" hapa i roto i te 1948 US peresideniraa pane. No te whakarato te reira te tahi mau mana ki runga ki te tukanga tīpako, Heoi, ka taea e tetahi kite pehea whai ai motunga tīpako etahi painga i runga i te kohinga raraunga rawa whakakeke.

Moving tua atu motunga tīpako, huarahi atu hou ki te whakahaere i te tukanga tīpako tūponotanga-kore e inaianei taea. Tauira ōrite huaina kotahi taua huarahi te, a kua whakamahia te reira e te tahi mau arumoni kaiwhakarato rōpū ipurangi. I roto i tona ahua māmā, titau tauira ōrite e rua ngā puna raraunga: 1) te rēhita oti o te taupori me te 2) te rōpū nui o tūao. He mea nui kia kore e hiahia ana i te kaitūao ki te waiho i te tauira tūponotanga i tetahi taupori; ki te haapapu e te reira he kore whakaritenga mō te kōwhiringa ki te paewhiri, ka karanga ahau reira he rōpū paru. Ano, Me ngā rua te rēhita taupori me te röpü paru etahi mōhiohio pŭpŭ tauturu e pā ana ki te tangata ia, i roto i tenei tauira, ka whakaaro ahau tau me te ira, engari i roto i ngā āhuatanga whai kiko i taea e nui atu āmiki tenei mōhiohio pŭpŭ tauturu. Te whakapati tauira ōrite o te mea ki te tīpako tauira i te rōpū paru i roto i te ara e hua tauira e titiro rite tauira tūponotanga.

haamata ōrite Tauira ka riro te he tauira tūponotanga whakataruna i te rēhita taupori; riro tenei tauira whakataruna he tauira ūnga. Na, i runga i te kōrero pŭpŭ tauturu, e āu take i roto i te tauira ūnga ki te iwi i roto i te röpü paru ki te hanga i te tauira āu. Hei tauira, ki te mea he he wahine tawhito 25 tau i roto i te tauira ūnga, ka kitea te kairangahau he uha 25 tau tawhito i te röpü paru ki te kia i roto i te tauira ki āu. I te pae hopea, e uiui te mau melo o te tauira āu ki te whakaputa i te huinga whakamutunga o ngā.

Ahakoa rite te tauira ūnga titiro te tauira ki āu, he mea nui ki te mahara e kore ko te tauira ki āu he tauira tūponotanga. Ka taea e anake tauira āu ōrite te tauira ūnga i runga i te mōhiohio pŭpŭ tauturu mohiotia (hei tauira, pakeke me te ira), engari e kore i runga i ngā āhuatanga ki tua. Hei tauira, ki te ahu iwi i runga i te röpü paru ki te kia te iti-i muri katoa, kia kotahi take uru te röpü rangahau ko ki te imi i te moni-katahi rite te tauira ūnga noa ki te titiro te tauira ki āu i roto i ngā o te tau me te ira ka tonu i reira he rītaha ki te iwi rawakore. Te makutu o te tīpako tūponotanga mau ko ki te whakahaere tikanga i roto i ngā raruraru i runga i rua āhuatanga whanganga me tua (te wāhi e hāngai ana ki to tatou matapaki o ōrite mō hīkaro causal i rangahau observational i roto i Chapter 2).

I roto i te mahi, tei tauira mo runga he rōpū nui, me te kanorau vēkeveke ki te whakaoti rangahau, a ko te kupu kua mahia te nuinga i te reira e te kamupene e taea ki te whakawhanake me te mau tonu i te röpü taua. Hoki, i roto i te mahi, i reira e nehenehe e raruraru ki te mo (i ētahi wā he ōrite pai mo te tangata i roto i te tauira ūnga e kore te tīariari i runga i te röpü) me whakautu-kore (i ētahi wā te iwi i roto i te tauira āu e pai ki te whai wāhi i roto i te rangahau). Na reira, i roto i te mahi, kairangahau tauira ōrite mahi te mahi ano hoki etahi ahua o pou-raupapatanga whakarerekētanga ki te hanga whakatau tata.

he pakeke ki te whakarato i taurangi ariā whai hua tauira mo e pā ana ki reira, engari i roto i te mahi ka taea e te mahi pai. Hei tauira, Stephen Ansolabehere ko Brian Schaffner (2014) whakaritea e toru rangahau whakarara o e pā ana ki 1,000 iwi whakahaere i roto i te 2010 te whakamahi i toru tīpako rerekē, me te te uiui tikanga: mēra, waea, me te röpü Internet tauira ōrite me pou-raupapatanga whakaritenga mā te whakamahi i. Nga whakatau tata i te huarahi e toru i tino rite ki te whakatau tata i te taumata-kounga teitei pērā i te Population Survey nāianei (CPS) me te Interview National Health Survey (NHIS). More āta, i atu e rua nga rangahau Ipurangi me te mēra i te toharite o 3 ngā ōrau me ko atu i te 4 ngā ōrau te rangahau waea. Hapa tenei nui e āhua aha e titau tetahi i tauira o e pā ana ki 1,000 iwi. Ahakoa, tetahi o enei aratau hua raraunga nui pai, e rua te rangahau Ipurangi me te waea (i tangohia e nga ra wiki ranei) i nui tere ki te mara i to te rangahau mēra (i tangohia e waru marama), me te rangahau Ipurangi, tauira ōrite i whakamahia, ko iti atu i te tahi atu aratau rua.

I roto i te mutunga, e taunu mīharo o waeua i enei tauira tūponotanga-kore pūtaiao pāpori me statisticians, i roto i te wahi no te mea kei te whai pānga ratou ki etahi rahunga fakamā o te rangahau rangahau pērā i te pane Literary Digest. I roto i te wahi, whakaae ahau ki tenei ore te: he pea ki te whakaputa i tata kino unadjusted tauira tūponotanga-kore. Heoi, ki te taea te whakarite kairangahau mo te näianei i roto i te tukanga tīpako (hei tauira, pou-raupapatanga) whakahaere i te tukanga tīpako ahua ranei (hei tauira, tauira ōrite), ratou e ahei te hua tata pai, a tae noa tata o te kounga ranea mo te nuinga o ngā take. O te akoranga, e te mea pai ki te mahi i tīpako tūponotanga maitai e mahi, engari kore e puta ki te waiho i te kōwhiringa kiko.

E rua ngā tauira tūponotanga-kore, me te tauira tūponotanga rerekē i roto i to ratou kounga, a tēnei wā ko reira pea te take e he atu pono atu tata i ngā tauira tūponotanga-kore te nuinga o tata i tauira tūponotanga. Ko, ara aianei, tata i pai-whakahaere tauira tūponotanga-kore e pea pai atu tata i ngā tauira tūponotanga painga-whakahaere. I tua atu, he nui iti tauira tūponotanga-kore. Ko te kupu, puta reira e tūponotanga vs tīpako tūponotanga-kore tuku i te hokohoko-atu utu-kounga (Figure 3.6). Titiro whakamua, tatari ahau e ka riro iti me te pai tata i pai-mahi tauira tūponotanga-kore. I tua atu, no te mea o te rärangi i roto i te founu rangahau waea, me te whakanui ake auau o whakautu-kore, tatari ahau e ka riro tauira tūponotanga atu utu me te o te kounga o raro. No te mea o enei ngā wā roa-, whakaaro ahau e ka riro piki nui i roto i te toru o nga tau o te rangahau rangahau tīpako tūponotanga-kore.

Whakaahua 3.6: Tūponotanga tīpako i roto i te mahi, me te tīpako tūponotanga-kore he rua nui, kāwai heterogeneous. I roto i te whānui, i reira he he utu-hapa hokohoko-atu ki te tīpako tūponotanga-kore te utu o raro engari hapa teitei. Heoi, ka taea e pai-mahi tīpako tūponotanga-kore hua i tata pai atu tīpako tūponotanga painga-mahi. I roto i te heke mai, tatari ahau e ka whiwhi pai me te iti ia ka whiwhi kino me te ake te utu tīpako tūponotanga tīpako tūponotanga-kore.