3.3.2 Measurement

Inenga Ko e pā ana ki te hanga waeua i ta koutou ngā mea ki ta koutou ngā whakaaro me mahi.

Te kāwai tuarua o te katoa anga hapa rangahau he ine; te mahi i te reira ki te pehea e taea te hanga matou waeua i te pahonoraa e ngä hoatu ki to tatou mau uiraa. Huri i te reira i roto i taua nga tali tatou ia farii, a reira nga waeua kia tatou, e nehenehe whakawhirinaki ara-i runga i arohaehae-a i roto i te tahi mau taime maere rite pehea tatou ui. Mahalo kahore faahoho'a tenei wāhi nui pai atu i te kata i roto i te pukapuka faahiahia Te aniraa pātai e Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, ko Brian Wansink (2004) :

E rua nga tohunga, he Dominican me he Jesuit, e matapaki ranei he he hara ki paowa, me te inoi i te wa ano. I muri te oreraa ki te tae te mutunga, ia haere atu ki te kōrero i tona pai tēnā. ta te Dominican, "He aha ta koutou mea pai?"

pahono te Jesuit, "ka mea ia ko te reira pai."

"Ko te rorirori" whakautu te Dominican, "ka mea toku kaiwhakahaere ko reira he hara."

ka mea te Jesuit, "He aha koe i ui ki a ia?" te Dominican whakautu, "ka ui ahau ki a ia, ki te ko reira pai ki te paowa i te inoi." "Aue" ka mea te Jesuit, "ka ui ahau ki ko reira OK ki te inoi i te kai paipa."

He maha ngā tauira o kōhikohiko rite te tangata ite e nga tohunga e rua. I roto i te meka, he ingoa i roto i te hapori rangahau rangahau te take rawa i te pakiaka o tenei kata: pātai pānga puka (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Ki te kite pehea ai pānga pānga puka pātai rangahau tūturu, whakaaro enei pātai rangahau Titiro rawa ōrite e rua:

• "Kia pehea te nui e whakaae koutou ki te parau i muri: nui atu ki te kupu i to āhuatanga pāpori mō te hara, i te kino i roto i tenei whenua takitahi e."
• "Kia pehea te nui e whakaae koutou ki te tauākī e whai ake: atu tikanga Social he ki te kupu i te takitahi mō te hara, i te kino i roto i tenei whenua."

Ahakoa puta pātai e rua ki te ine i te mea ano, whakaputaina ratou hua rerekē i roto i te whakamātau rangahau tūturu (Schuman and Presser 1996) . A, no te ui tetahi ara, korerotia e pā ana ki 60% o ngā kaiwhakautu i atu ki te faahapa no te hara takitahi, engari, no te ui i te tahi atu ara e pā ana ki 60% korerotia i atu ki te faahapa āhuatanga pāpori (Figure 3.2). I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te rerekētanga iti i waenganui i te pātai e rua i taea e arahi kairangahau ki te mutunga rerekē.

Whakaahua 3.2: Hua i te whakamātau rangahau (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Ka taea e ngā kairangahau tiki whakautu rerekē i runga i rite pehea ratou ui te pātai rānei. Ko te tauira o te pānga puka pātai tenei (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

I tua atu ki te hanganga o te pātai, ngā taea hoatu hoki whakautu rerekē i runga i te kupu motuhake e whakamahia ana. Hei tauira, i roto i te tikanga ki te ine i whakaaro e pā ana ki ngā kaupapa matua kāwanatanga, i korerotia ngā te wawe e whai ake:

"E fehangahangai matou ki raruraru maha i roto i tenei whenua, tetahi o e taea te whakatika ngāwari inexpensively ranei. Kei te haere ahau ki te ingoa i te tahi o enei raruraru, me hoki ia tangata e hiahia ana ahau ki a koe korero ki ahau ranei whakaaro koutou e fakamoleki tatou rawa nui te moni ki runga ki taua mea, iti rawa te moni, ranei e pā ana ki te nui e tika ana. "

". Āwhina mo te rawakore" Next, hawhe o nga ngā ui i pā ana ki "toko i te ora" me te hawhe i ui e pā ana ki Ahakoa kia mea enei rite kīanga rerekē e rua mo te mea ano, fana'oi to ratou hua rawa rerekē (Figure 3.3); Ameliká pūrongo te nui ake te tautoko o te "āwhina ki te hunga rawakore" atu "toko i te ora" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Ahakoa whakaaro rangahau kairangahau enei pānga kupu ki hei kōhikohiko, taea hoki te whakaaro ratou ratou kitenga rangahau. E ko, ta tatou i haapii i te tahi mea e pā ana ki whakaaro tūmatanui i tenei hua.

Whakaahua 3.3: Hua i Huber and Paris (2013) . He ngā nui ake te tautoko o te "āwhina ki te hunga rawakore" atu "toko i te ora." Ko he tauira o te pānga pātai kupu ai nga tali e farii i kairangahau whakawhirinaki i runga i rite nei kupu whakamahi ratou i roto i to ratou mau uiraa tenei.

Ka rite ki enei tauira e pā ana ki te pātai pānga puka me ngā pānga kupu whakaatu, e taea te awe nga whakautu e farii i kairangahau i roto i te ara mohio i runga i te pehea ui ratou o ratou mau uiraa. E kore tenei tikanga e kore e whakamahia ruri; maha kahore he pai rawa. Engari, nga tauira whakaatu kia tatou āta hanga i to tatou mau uiraa, a e kore e ti'a ia tatou ia farii i whakautu uncritically.

Nuinga concretely, tenei te tikanga e te mea e tātari koutou raraunga rangahau kohia e tētahi atu, kia tino e kua korerotia e koe i te pātai tūturu. A, ki te kei te hanga e koe tou ake pātai, i ahau e toru mana'o. Tuatahi, whakaaro ahau ki a koutou i kite i atu e pā ana ki te hoahoa uiui (hei tauira, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); reira he nui ake ki reira atu kua kua taea ki te whakaahua i konei ahau. Tuarua, fokotu'u ahau e te tārua-kupu koe mo te kupu-pātai i rangahau-kounga tiketike. Ahakoa tangi tenei ano he tinihanga, ākina ngā pātai tāruatanga te i roto i te rangahau rangahau (rite te roa rite faahiti koe te rangahau taketake). Ki te tārua koe ngā pātai i ngā rangahau-kounga tiketike, e taea e koe mohio e kua whakamatauria ratou, a ka taea e koe whakarite i te urupare ki tou rangahau ki ngā urupare i etahi atu rangahau. I te pae hopea, whakaaro ahau ki a koutou mua whakamatautau-koutou pātai ki etahi iwi i tou taupori anga (Presser et al. 2004) ; toku wheako Ko e heheu tonu mua whakamatautau-take maere.