Ka tango tēnei wāhanga he huarahi pāngarau ki tīpako me te whakarite ai i roto i te tūponotanga, me te tūponotanga-kore tauira. Ka utu te reira i runga i Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) ko Särndal and Lundström (2005) .