3.6.1 Maori tono

Te hono koutou rangahau ki tohu mamati taea e rite tono katoa koutou pātai i nga wa katoa.

Tono tikanga mai i roto i te rua ngā kāwai matua: tauira rangahau me tatauranga. rangahau Tauira, te wahi e uru koe he maha iti o te iwi, e taea e ngāwari, te wā, me ngā cheap. Heoi, tauira rangahau, no te mea kei te hāngai ratou i runga i te tauira, kei te maha iti i roto i to ratou taumira; ki te rangahau tauira, he uaua maha ki te hanga whakatau tata e pā ana ki ngā rohe matawhenua motuhake mō ngā rōpū tatauranga motuhake ranei. Tatauranga, i runga i te tahi atu, ngana ki te uiui katoa i roto i te taupori. Ratou taumira nui, engari he ratou te tikanga utu, kuiti i roto i te arotahi (ratou ngā anake he maha iti o ngā pātai), a kihai wā (tupu ratou i runga i te hōtaka i whakaritea, pērā i nga 10 tau) (Kish 1979) . Na whakaaro ki te taea e kairangahau whakakotahi i te āhuatanga pai o te tauira rangahau me tatauranga; whakaaro ki te taea e kairangahau ui nga uiraa ki te katoa i nga ra katoa.

Oia mau, i tenei tuturu, whaikörero, tonu-i runga i rangahau ko te ahua o te wawata pūtaiao pāpori. Otira, puta reira e nehenehe ia tatou ia haamata i te fakafuofua'i 'tenei e whakakotahi pātai rangahau i te maha iti o te iwi ki te tohu mamati i te iwi maha. Karanga ahau rahi roa'tu, i tenei momo o te ngā tono. Ki te mahi pai, i taea te tauturu ia te reira whakarato tatou tata e te hunga ake rohe (mō ngā wāhi matawhenua iti), atu potakataka (mō ngā rōpū taupori motuhake), me te ake wā.

Kotahi tauira o te aniraa rahi roa'tu, mai i te mahi o Hohua Blumenstock, nei hiahia ki te kohikohi raraunga e e tauturu i te whanaketanga aratohu i roto i te whenua rawakore. More āta, hiahia Blumenstock ki te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha ki te ine i te taonga, me te pai-te oranga e ngā te faaoti o te tatauranga ki te ngāwari me te auautanga o te rangahau (Blumenstock 2014; Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On 2015) . I roto i te meka, kua whakaahuatia kua ahau mahi a Blumenstock poto i roto i te Chapter 1.

Ki te tīmata, ngätahi Blumenstock ki te kaiwhakarato waea pūkoro nui rawa i roto i Rwanda. Te kamupene whakaratohia ia pūkete tauwhitinga anonymized i pā ana ki 1.5 miriona kiritaki hipoki whanonga i 2005 me 2009. Kei roto i te rangitaki mōhiohio e pā ana ia karere karanga me te kuputuhi pērā i te wa tīmatanga, roanga, me te wāhi matawhenua āwhiwhiwhi o te kaiwaea me te kaiwhiwhi. I mua i te tīmata tatou korero e pā ana ki te take tauanga, he mea utu tuhu atu kia tenei taahiraa matamua tetahi o te faingataa. Ka rite ki whakaahuatia i roto i te Chapter 2, he uaua ki te kairangahau te nuinga o ngā raraunga wahi mamati. Na, ko ririraa feaa ia faaite i to ratou raraunga no te mea te reira tūmataiti maha kamupene; e ko to ratou kiritaki kihai i pea ti'aturi e, e kia ngā-i roto i to ratou pūkete nuinga-ki kairangahau. I roto i tenei take, ka mau te kairangahau takahanga tupato ki anonymize te raraunga, me i tokanga'i ratou mahi e te tuatoru-rōpū (arā, ratou IRB). Ko, ahakoa enei mau tautooraa, ko enei raraunga pea tonu ake, me ratou pea roto mōhiohio tairongo (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) . ka hoki mai ahau ki enei pātai matatika i roto i te Chapter 6.

A haamana'o na i hiahia i roto i te ine taonga, me te pai-oranga Blumenstock. Ko, e kore e tika enei mau huru i roto i te pūkete karanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e oti enei pūkete karanga mo tenei rangahau, he āhuatanga noa o te tohu mamati i kōrero i roto i ngā i roto i te Chapter 2. Otiia, te mea te reira pea e pea i te pūkete karanga etahi mōhiohio e pā ana ki te taonga, me te pai-oranga. Na, kotahi te ara o ui pātai o Blumenstock taea e: ko reira taea ki te matapae me pehea e pahono te tangata ki te rangahau e hāngai ana i runga i o ratou raraunga wahi mamati? Ki te pera, ka na roto i te tono i te iwi torutoru tatou e nehenehe e imi i te mau pahonoraa o te katoa atu.

Hei aromatawai i tenei empirically, Blumenstock me rangahau kaiāwhina i Kigali Institute o Pūtaiao me te Hangarau huaina he tauira o e pā ana ki te mano kiritaki waea pūkoro. faataa te kairangahau te whāinga o te kaupapa ki te kaiuru, ka ui hoki ratou whakaae ki te hono i te whakautu rangahau ki te pūkete karanga, a ka ui ratou he raupapa o ngā pātai ki te ine i to ratou taonga, me te pai-oranga, pērā i "E ake koutou he irirangi? "me te" E ake koe i te pahikara? "(kite Figure 3.11 mo te rārangi wāhanga). i utua kaiuru katoa i roto i te rangahau pūtea.

Next, whakamahia Blumenstock he tukanga rua-taahiraa noa i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga: āhuatanga engineering whai i te akoranga mātakitaki. Tuatahi, i roto i te taahiraa āhuatanga engineering, mo te katoa i uiui, tahuri Blumenstock nga pūkete karanga ki te huinga o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tangata ia; ai karanga pūtaiao raraunga enei āhuatanga "āhuatanga" a e karanga pūtaiao pāpori ratou "taurangi." No te hi'oraa, no te tangata ia, tatau Blumenstock maha katoa o nga ra ki te mahi, ko te tokomaha o nga iwi motuhake kua he tangata kua i roto i te whakapā ki, te nui o te moni i pau i runga i airtime, a na i runga i. Arohaehae, titau matauranga o te tautuhinga rangahau engineering āhuatanga pai. Hei tauira, ki te he mea nui ki te wehewehe i waenganui i ngā waea kāinga, me te ao (kia tatari tatou iwi e karanga ao ki te kia apinganui), ka kuo pau ke fai tenei i te taahiraa āhuatanga engineering. e kore ai te kairangahau ki iti māramatanga o Rwanda ngā tenei āhuatanga, a ka ka tukua te mahi mana'ohia e o te tauira.

Next, i roto i te taahiraa ako mātakitaki, hanga Blumenstock he tauira tauanga hei matapae i te whakautu rangahau mō te tangata ia e hāngai ana i runga i o ratou āhuatanga. I roto i tenei take, e whakamahia ana Blumenstock logistic regression ki 10-puninga ripeka-whakamanatanga, engari i taea kua whakamahia e ia he momo o te tahi atu huarahi tauanga mīhini ranei te ako.

Na te pai i mahi i te reira? Ko Blumenstock taea ki te matapae i whakautu ki te ruri pātai rite "E ake koe i te irirangi?" Me te "E ake koe i te pahikara?" Te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga i takea mai i karanga pūkete? Kōmaka o. Te tika o te matapae i tiketike mo etahi āhuatanga (Figure 3.11). Ko, he mea nui nga wa katoa ki te whakarite i te tikanga matapae matatini ki te rerekē ohie. I roto i tenei take, he rerekē ohie ko ki te matapae e ka hoatu katoa te whakahoki tino noa. Hei tauira, korerotia 97.3% whai i te reo irirangi kia ki i tohu Blumenstock e e pūrongo katoa whai i te reo irirangi e kua i ia te tika o 97.3%, i te mea Koinei rite ki te mahi o tona tukanga matatini ake (97.6% tika). I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i nga raraunga rerehua katoa me te whakatauira nui te tika o te matapae i 97.3% ki te 97,6%. Heoi, no te tahi atu mau uiraa, pērā i "E ake koe i te pahikara?", Ake nga matapae i 54,4% ki 67,6%. More te tikanga, whakaaturanga Figure 3.12 mo etahi āhuatanga Blumenstock i kore te whakapai ake nui i tawahi hanga noa te matapae ohie kaupapa, engari e hoki atu huru i reira ko etahi whakapai ake.

Whakaahua 3.11: tika mana'ohia e hoki tauira tauanga whakangungua ki karanga pūkete. Hua i Ripanga 2 o Blumenstock (2014) .

Whakaahua 3.12: Whakatauritenga o te tika mana'ohia e no te tauira tauanga whakangungua ki karanga lekooti ki matapae tauanga ohie. Kei te paku jittered Piro ki te karo īnaki; kite Ripanga 2 o Blumenstock (2014) mō ngā uara tangohia.

I tēnei wā ai koe kia whakaaro e he he bit matekiri enei hua, engari kotahi noa tau i muri mai, Blumenstock me rua hoa-Gabriel Cadamuro me Robert I-whakaputaina he pepa i roto i te Pūtaiao me nui pai hua (Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On 2015) . He rua ngā take hangarau matua mo te whakapai ake: 1) whakamahia ratou tikanga atu mātanga (arā, ki te huarahi hou ngā engineering me te tauira ako mīhini atu mātanga) me 2), kaua ki te ngana ki te ļa urupare ki ngā pātai rangahau takitahi (hei tauira, "e ake koe i te irirangi?"), ka whakamatau ratou ki te ļa i te taupū taonga hiato.

faaite Blumenstock me hoa te mahi o to ratou huarahi i roto i ara e rua. Tuatahi, kitea ana e ratou e hoki te iwi i roto i to ratou tauira, i taea e mahi ratou i te mahi tino pai o matapae ratou taonga i karanga pūkete (Figure 3.14). Tuarua, a ake faufaa atu, whakakitea Blumenstock me hoa e taea to ratou tukanga te whakaputa tata-kounga teitei o te tohatoha matawhenua o te taonga i roto i Rwanda. More āta, whakamahia ratou to ratou tauira akoranga mīhini, i whakaakona i runga i to ratou tauira o e pā ana ki 1,000 iwi, ki te matapae i te taonga o te katoa 1.5 miriona te iwi i roto i nga pūkete karanga. I tua atu, me nga raraunga geospatial tāmau i roto i te raraunga karanga (haamana'o e te raraunga karanga ngā te wāhi o te pourewa pūtau tata hoki ia karanga), i taea ki te whakatau tata i te wahi āwhiwhiwhi o te noho o te tangata ia i nga kairangahau. Maka ana tahi enei whakatau tata e rua, whakaputaina te rangahau he tata o te tohatoha matawhenua o te kaitango taonga i granularity tino pai mokowā. Hei tauira, i taea e tata ratou te taonga toharite i roto i ia o ngā pūtau 2148 a Rwanda (te wae whakahaere iti rawa i roto i te whenua). i pera potakataka i uaua ki te tirohia ratou i enei uara taonga tohu. Na, hiatonga nga kairangahau ratou hua ki te whakaputa i whakatau tata o te taonga toharite o te 30 rohe o Rwanda. i kaha pā ana ēnei whakatau tata taumata-rohe ki te whakatau tata i te koura i te rangahau paerewa tuku iho, te Rwandan Taupori me Hauora Survey (Figure 3.14). Ahakoa i rite nga whakatau tata i te mātāpuna e rua, nga whakatau tata i Blumenstock me hoa i pā ana ki 50 nga wa iti, me 10 nga wa tere (ka utu i roto i whanganga i roto i ngā o utu tāupe). Tenei hekenga rahi i roto i te utu te tikanga e nui atu i te rere nga tau-rite torutoru he paerewa mō te Taupori me Hauora Surveys-te kākano o te rangahau iti ngā ki nui raraunga wahi mamati taea te rere nga marama.

Whakaahua 3.13: schematic o Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) . raraunga Piiraa i te kamupene waea i tahuri ki te kopu ki tetahi rarangi mo te tangata ia me kotahi tīwae hoki ia āhuatanga (arā, te ana'iraa). Next, te kairangahau i hanga he tauira ako te mātakitaki ki te matapae i te whakautu rangahau i te tangata i te āhuatanga kopu. Na, ka whakamahia te tauira ako mātakitaki ki te whakairia nga whakautu rangahau mō te katoa. I roto i te ngako, whakamahia te kairangahau te urupare o e pā ana ki tetahi mano iwi ki whakairia te taonga o e pā ana ki kotahi miriona iwi. Ano, tata nga kairangahau te wahi āwhiwhiwhi o te noho mo te katoa iwi 1.5 miriona i runga i te wāhi o ratou piiraa. A, no te ngā-te enei whakatau tata e rua i taonga tata me te wahi tata o noho-nga hua i rite ki whakatau tata i te Taupori me Survey Hauora, he rangahau tuku iho koura-paerewa (Figure 3.14).

Whakaahua 3.14: Hua i Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) . I te taumata-takitahi, i taea ki te mahi i te mahi whaitake i matapae taonga o te tangata i to ratou pūkete karanga nga kairangahau. i rite ki ngā hua i te Taupori me Hauora Survey, he rangahau tuku iho koura-paerewa nga whakatau tata o i runga i tata taumata-takitahi o te taonga, me te wahi o te noho-nga hua taumata-rohe e taonga-.

I roto i te mutunga, a Blumenstock Maori tono huarahi ngā raraunga rangahau ki raraunga wahi mamati ki te whakaputa i tata rite ki tata rangahau koura-paerewa. haamaramarama hoki tenei tauira ngā etahi o te hokohoko-kētanga i waenga i aniraa rahi roa'tu, me ngā tikanga rangahau tuku iho. Tuatahi, i nui atu te wā, te nuinga iti, me te ake potakataka nga whakatau tata tono rahi roa'tu,. Ko, i runga i te tahi atu i te ringa, i tenei wa, e kore te mea i reira te pūtake ariā kaha mo tenei ahua o te aniraa rahi roa'tu,. E te, e kore e tenei tauira kotahi whakaatu ina ka mahi i te reira, a, no te kore e te reira. I tua atu, e kore e te huarahi aniraa rahi roa'tu, ano i ara pai ki te ine papû ore a tawhio noa ona tata. Heoi, he hononga hohonu ki ngā wāhi nui e toru i roto i hāngai-tatauranga-tauira pou-raupapatanga aniraa rahi roa'tu, (Little 1993) , peheatia ana (Rubin 2004) , me te e whakaritea e-rohe iti (Rao and Molina 2015) -pea kia mahara ahau e te ahunga whakamua e kia tere.

whai aniraa rahi roa'tu, he tohutao taketake e taea te whakahāngaitia ki tou āhuatanga ngā. E rua kai, me te rua kaupae. Nga kai e rua e 1) te huingararaunga wahi mamati e he whānui engari kikokore (e ko, kua reira nga iwi maha, engari e kore e te mōhiohio e hiahia ana koe e pā ana ki ia tangata) me te 2) te rangahau e he kuiti engari matotoru (e ko, kua reira anake i te iwi torutoru, engari te mea te mōhiohio e hiahia ana koe e pā ana ki te hunga iwi). Na, i reira e rua nga kaupae. Tuatahi, mo te iwi i roto i ngā mātāpuna raraunga e rua, hanga he tauira ako mīhini e whakamahi raraunga wahi mamati ki te matapae whakautu rangahau. Next, te whakamahi i taua tauira ako mīhini ki te whakairia nga whakautu rangahau o te katoa i roto i nga raraunga wahi mamati. Ko te kupu, ki te mea he etahi pātai e hiahia ana koe ki te ui ki ki rota o te iwi, titiro hoki raraunga wahi mamati i aua iwi e kia whakamahia ki te matapae ratou whakahoki.

Te whakatairite whakamātau tuatahi, me te tuarua o Blumenstock i te raruraru faahoho'a hoki hoê haapiiraa faufaa rahi e pā ana ki te whakawhiti i te wā tuarua ki huarahi kuonga tuatoru ki ruri rangahau: e kore ko te mutunga i te timatanga. E te, he maha nga wa, te huarahi tuatahi e kore e te pai, engari ki te kairangahau tonu mahi, e taea te tiki pai nga mea. More te tikanga, ka aro mātai huarahi hou ki te rangahau pāpori i roto i te ao mamati, he mea nui ki te hanga rua aromātai motuhake: 1) pēhea te pai e tenei mahi i teie nei, a 2) te pai te mahi whakaaro koutou ai mahi i roto i te heke mai tenei ano te whenua raraunga huringa me rite kairangahau lī'oa atu te aro ki te raruraru. Ahakoa, kei te whakangungua kairangahau ki te hanga i te ahua tuatahi o te aro mātai (pehea pai ko tenei wahi ngā o te rangahau), he maha te tuarua nui ake.