3.5.1 aromatawai rangitahi kau Ecological

Ka taea e ngā kairangahau tapatapahia ake rangahau nui, me te tauhiuhia e ratou ki oraraa iwi '.

Aromatawai rangitahi kau kaiao (Ema) ngā tango rangahau tuku iho, poroporo ratou ake ki mongamonga, a tauhiuhinga ratou ki te oraraa o ngā kaiuru. Ko te kupu, e taea te ui pātai rangahau i te wa e tika ana, me te wahi, pai atu i roto i te wiki uiuiraa roa i muri i puta te kaupapa.

āhuatanga Ema e wha āhuatanga: (1) kohinga o ngā raraunga i roto i ngā taiao tūturu-ao; (2) aromatawai e hāngai ana ki runga āhua ranei whanonga o nāianei ranei te tino tata takitahi '; (3) aromatawai kia hāngai hui-, wā-e hāngai ana, ranei matapōkeretia ue'i (i runga i te pātai rangahau); a (4) otinga o ngā aromatawai maha i runga i te wā (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . Ema He huarahi ki te tono e te nui whakahaerehia e waea atamai e pinepine taunekeneke iwi ki puta noa i te ra. I tua atu, no te mea kei te Kikī waea atamai ki pūoko-pērā i GPS me accelerometers-reira he fakautuutu taea ki te tīmata inenga i runga i mahi. Hei tauira, i taea te programmed he waea atamai ki te tīmata i te pātai rangahau, ki te haere te kaiurupare ki te tata ngā.

Te kupu whakaari a Ema te kiri faahoho'ahia e te rangahau otr o Naomi Sugie. Mai te tau 1970, kua tino nui haere te United States te tokomaha o te iwi e kopia te reira. Ka rite ki o 2005, e pā ana ki 500 i roto i nga 100,000 Ameliká i roto i te whare herehere, he auau o te hunga mauhere runga ake i hea atu i roto i te ao (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Kua hua hoki te ngaru i te maha o te iwi tomo herehere te puhake i roto i te maha o te iwi mahue herehere; waiho e pā ana ki 700,000 iwi herehere ia tau (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Enei ex-hara fehangahangai tamataraa kino ki runga ki mahue herehere, a haamo'e maha mutunga ake hoki i roto i te whare herehere. I roto i te tikanga ki te mārama me te whakaiti hara i, Me ki matau i te wheako o ex-hara rite ratou anō-tomo hapori pūtaiao pāpori me kaihanga kaupapa here. Heoi, he pakeke ki te kohikohi ki te tikanga rangahau paerewa enei raraunga no te ahu ex-hara ki te kia uaua ki te ako me te he tino iu to ratou oraraa. Huarahi ine e tohatoha rangahau nga marama torutoru mahue moni nui o te akiakinga i roto i to ratou oraraa (Sugie 2016) .

I roto i te tikanga ki te ako i te tukanga anō-urunga o ex-hara ki pū nui nui, ka mau Sugie he tauira tūponotanga paerewa o 131 iwi i te rārangi oti o takitahi mahue herehere i roto i Newark, New Jersey. whakaratohia ia ia kaiuru ki te waea atamai e riro te tūāpapa kohinga raraunga taonga. whakamahia Sugie nga waea ki te whakahaere i rua momo o rangahau. Tuatahi, ka tono tangata ia he "rangahau wheako tīpako" i te wa tīpako matapōkeretia i waenganui i te 9am, me te 6pm tono piahi e pā ana ki o ratou mahi, me mau mana'o nāianei. Tuarua, i te 7pm, ka tono tangata ia he "rangahau rā" tono e pā ana ki nga mahi katoa o taua ra. Tahi enei rangahau e rua whakarato āmiki, raraunga ahopou e pā ana ki te ora o enei ex-hara.

I tua atu ki enei rangahau, tuhia nga waea ratou wāhi matawhenua i wā auau, me te pupuri mauhanga whakamuna o te karanga me te kuputuhi meta-raraunga. Katoa o tenei kohikohinga raraunga, otirā te kohinga raraunga hāngū, whakaara tahi mau uiraa matatika, engari i whawha atu hoahoa o Sugie ratou pai. riro Sugie whakaaetanga mōhio whai kiko ana i ia kaiuru mō tenei kohinga raraunga, whakamahia whakamarutanga haumaru e tika ana, a ka whakahohea kaiuru ki te tahuri atu te aroturuki matawhenua. I tua atu, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whakaaturanga takoha o raraunga (hei tauira, he hāmene i te pirihimana), whiwhi Sugie he Tiwhikete o matatapu i te kāwanatanga e hānga ana ki te aroaro o tetahi raraunga i kohia (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008; Wolf et al. 2012) . i arotakengia ngā tukanga a Sugie i te tuatoru-rōpū (te Poari Arotake Institutional o tona whare wānanga), a haere ana ratou i tawhiti i tua atu he aha te hiahiatia e te ture ngā. Ka rite ki taua, whakaaro ahau whakarato tona mahi he tauira tino mo te tahi atu kairangahau e anga enei taua tamataraa; kite Sugie (2014) me te Sugie (2016) mo te matapaki atu taipitopito.

He nui hoki te tukanga reentry angitu te kaha ki te mau me te pupuri i te mahi pūmau. Heoi, kitea Sugie i ōpaki, rangitahi, a katea wheako mahi ona kaiuru '. I tua atu, i roto i tona poka kaiuru, i reira e wha nga tauira motuhake: "putanga wawe" (te hunga e tīmata rapu mō te mahi, engari ka maturuturu i roto i te mākete mahi), "search tamau" (te hunga e noho nui o te wā e rapu ana hoki te mahi) , "auau mahi" (te hunga e noho nui o te wā e mahi ana), me te "whakautu iti" (te hunga e kore e whakautu wā ki te rangahau). I tua atu, hiahia Sugie ki mahino atu e pā ana ki te iwi nei mutu rapu mō mahi. Ko tētahi pea ko e haaparuparu, me te tumatatenga enei tutei, me te pae hopea maturuturu atu o te mākete mahi. Mōhio o tenei pea, whakamahia Sugie ona rangahau ki te kohikohi raraunga e pā ana ki te āhua aronganui o ngā kaiuru, ka kitea ia e kore i pūrongo i te "putanga wawe" rōpū taumata teitei o te ahotea oaoa ore ranei. Engari, ko te take te ritenga: korerotia te hunga e tonu ki te rapu mō mahi atu mana'o o te raru aronganui. He nui hoki te matauranga i te ārai ratou fehangahangai me uhi ratou whakawhitinga hoki ki te hapori katoa o tenei pai-baked, roa taipitopito e pā ana ki te whanonga, me te āhua aronganui o te ex-hara. I tua atu, e kua ngaro katoa o tenei kōrero pai-baked i roto i te rangahau paerewa.

E toru haapiiraa whānui i mahi a Sugie. Tuatahi, He tino hototahi ki ngā tikanga tuku iho o te tīpako huarahi hou ki te ani; haamana'o, e tangohia e Sugie he tauira tūponotanga paerewa i te taupori anga pai-tautuhi. Ka taea e te tuarua, nui-auau, inenga ahopou kia tino nui mō te ako wheako pāpori e kōhikohiko, me te hihiri. A toru, no te ngā kohinga raraunga rangahau te ki tohu mamati, taea atu take matatika ara. ka hamani ahau matatika rangahau i roto i te kōrero atu i roto i Chapter 6, engari whakaatu mahi a Sugie e enei take e addressable e kairangahau ihupuku me whakaaro.